Chapter 8 Variation In Tactics

1. Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign, collects his army and concentrates his forces
2. When in difficult country, do not encamp. In country where high roads intersect, join hands with your allies.Do not linger in dangerously isolated¹ positions.In hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem².In desperate position, you must fight.
3. There are roads which must not be followed,armies which must be not attacked, towns which must be besieged³, positions which must not be contested,commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed.
4. The general who thoroughly⁴ understands the advantages that accompany variation of tactics knows how to handle his troops.
5. The general who does not understand these, may be well acquainted with the configuration⁵ of the country, yet he will not be able to turn his knowledge to practical account.
6. So, the student of war who is unversed in the art of war of varying his plans, even though he be acquainted with the Five Advantages, will fail to make the best use of his men.
7. Hence in the wise leader's plans, considerations of advantage and of disadvantage will be blended together.
8. If our expectation of advantage be tempered in this way, we may succeed in accomplishing the essential part of our schemes.
9. If, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties we are always ready to seize an advantage, we may extricate⁶ ourselves from misfortune.
10. Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting⁷ damage on them; and make trouble for them, and keep them constantly engaged; hold out specious⁸ allurements,and make them rush to any given point.
11. The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the enemy's not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him; not on the chance of his not attacking,but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable.
12. There are five dangerous faults which may affect a general:
(1) Recklessness, which leads to destruction;
(2) cowardice⁹, which leads to capture;
(3) a hasty temper, which can be provoked by insults;
(4) a delicacy¹⁰ of honor which is sensitive to shame;
(5) over-solicitude for his men, which exposes him to worry and trouble.
13. These are the five besetting¹¹ sins of a general,ruinous to the conduct of war.
14. When an army is overthrown¹² and its leader slain,the cause will surely be found among these five dangerous faults. Let them be a subject of meditation¹³.

      原文：　【九变第八】
      1.孙子曰：
      凡用兵之法，将受命于君，合军聚合，圮地无舍，衢地合交，绝地无留，围地则谋，死地则战，途有所不由，军有所不击，城有所不攻，地有所不争，君命有所不受。
      2.故将通于九变之利者，知用兵矣；将不通九变之利，虽知地形，不能得地之利矣；治兵不知九变之术，虽知五利，不能得人之用矣。
      3.是故智者之虑，必杂于利害，杂于利而务可信也，杂于害而患可解也。是故屈诸侯者以害，役诸侯者以业，趋诸侯者以利。
      4.故用兵之法，无恃其不来，恃吾有以待之；无恃其不攻，恃吾有所不可攻也。
      5.故将有五危，必死可杀，必生可虏，忿速可侮，廉洁可辱，爱民可烦。凡此五者，将之过也，用兵之灾也。覆军杀将，必以五危，不可不察也。
      　　 译文：　　　　【九变第八】
      1.孙子说：用兵的原则，将接受国君的命令，召集人马组建军队，
      在难于通行之地不要驻扎，在四通八达的交通要道要与四邻结交，在难以生存的地区不要停留，要赶快通过，在四周有险阻容易被包围的地区要精于谋划，误入死地则须坚决作战。有的道路不要走，有些敌军不要攻，有些城池不要占，有些地域不要争，君主的某些命令也可以不接受。
      2.所以将帅精通“九变”的具体运用，就是真懂得用兵了；将帅不精通“九变”的具体运用，就算熟悉地形，也不能得到地利。指挥作战如果不懂“九变”的方法，即使知道“五利”，也不能充分发挥部队的战斗力。

      3.智慧明达的将帅考虑问题，必然把利与害一起权衡。在考虑不利条件时，同时考虑有利条件，大事就能顺利进行；在看到有利因素时同时考虑到不利因素，祸患就可以排除。因此，用最另人头痛的事去使敌国屈服，用复杂的事变去使敌国穷于应付，以利益为钓饵引诱敌国疲于奔命。
      4.所以用兵的原则是：不抱敌人不会来的侥幸心理，而要依靠我方有充分准备，严阵以待；不抱敌人不会攻击的侥幸心理，而要依靠我方坚不可摧的防御，不会被战胜。

      5.所以，将领有五种致命的弱点：坚持死拼硬打，可能招致杀身之祸；临阵畏缩，贪生怕死，则可能被俘；性情暴躁易怒，可能受敌轻侮而失去理智；过分洁身自好，珍惜声名，可能会被羞辱引发冲动；由于爱护民众，受不了敌方的扰民行动而不能采取相应的对敌行动。所有这五种情况，都是将领最容易有的过失，是用兵的灾难。军队覆没，将领牺牲，必定是因为这五种危害，因此一定要认识到这五种危害的严重性。

1 isolated   

adj.与世隔绝的

参考例句：

• His bad behaviour was just an isolated incident. 他的不良行为只是个别事件。
• Patients with the disease should be isolated. 这种病的患者应予以隔离。

2 stratagem   

n.诡计，计谋

参考例句：

• Knit the brows and a stratagem comes to mind.眉头一皱，计上心来。
• Trade discounts may be used as a competitive stratagem to secure customer loyalty.商业折扣可以用作维护顾客忠诚度的一种竞争策略。

3 besieged   

包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Paris was besieged for four months and forced to surrender. 巴黎被围困了四个月后被迫投降。
• The community besieged the newspaper with letters about its recent editorial. 公众纷纷来信对报社新近发表的社论提出诘问，弄得报社应接不暇。

4 thoroughly   

adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地

参考例句：

• The soil must be thoroughly turned over before planting.一定要先把土地深翻一遍再下种。
• The soldiers have been thoroughly instructed in the care of their weapons.士兵们都系统地接受过保护武器的训练。

5 configuration   

n.结构，布局，形态，(计算机)配置

参考例句：

• Geographers study the configuration of the mountains.地理学家研究山脉的地形轮廓。
• Prices range from $119 to $199,depending on the particular configuration.价格因具体配置而异，从119美元至199美元不等。

6 extricate   

v.拯救，救出；解脱

参考例句：

• How can we extricate the firm from this trouble?我们该如何承救公司脱离困境呢？
• She found it impossible to extricate herself from the relationship.她发现不可能把自己从这种关系中解脱出来。

7 inflicting   

把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的现在分词 )

参考例句：

• He was charged with maliciously inflicting grievous bodily harm. 他被控蓄意严重伤害他人身体。
• It's impossible to do research without inflicting some pain on animals. 搞研究不让动物遭点罪是不可能的。

8 specious   

adj.似是而非的；adv.似是而非地

参考例句：

• Such talk is actually specious and groundless.这些话实际上毫无根据，似是而非的。
• It is unlikely that the Duke was convinced by such specious arguments.公爵不太可能相信这种似是而非的论点。

9 cowardice   

n.胆小，怯懦

参考例句：

• His cowardice reflects on his character.他的胆怯对他的性格带来不良影响。
• His refusal to help simply pinpointed his cowardice.他拒绝帮助正显示他的胆小。

10 delicacy   

n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴

参考例句：

• We admired the delicacy of the craftsmanship.我们佩服工艺师精巧的手艺。
• He sensed the delicacy of the situation.他感觉到了形势的微妙。

11 besetting   

adj.不断攻击的v.困扰( beset的现在分词 )；不断围攻；镶；嵌

参考例句：

• Laziness is my besetting sin. 懒惰是我积重难返的恶习。 来自辞典例句
• His besetting sin is laziness. 他所易犯的毛病就是懒惰。 来自辞典例句

12 overthrown   

adj. 打翻的，推倒的，倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词

参考例句：

• The president was overthrown in a military coup. 总统在军事政变中被赶下台。
• He has overthrown the basic standards of morality. 他已摒弃了基本的道德标准。

13 meditation   

n.熟虑，（尤指宗教的）默想，沉思，（pl.）冥想录

参考例句：

• This peaceful garden lends itself to meditation.这个恬静的花园适于冥想。
• I'm sorry to interrupt your meditation.很抱歉，我打断了你的沉思。