Chapter 9 The Army On The March

1. Sun Tzu said: We come now to the question of encamping the army, and observing signs of the enemy.Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the neighborhood of valleys.
2. Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb heights in order to fight. So much for mountain warfare¹.
3. After crossing a river, you should get far away from it.
4. When an invading force crosses a river in its onward² march, do not advance to meet it in mid-stream.It will be best to let half the army get across,and then deliver your attack.
5. If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader³ near a river which he has to cross.
6. Moor⁴ your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun. Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy.So much for river warfare.
7. In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them quickly, without any delay.
8. If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near you, and get your back to a clump⁵ of trees. So much for operations in salt-marches.
9. In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with rising ground to your right and on your rear,so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie behind.So much for campaigning in flat country.
10. These are the four useful branches of military knowledge which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish⁶ four several sovereigns.
11. All armies prefer high ground to low and sunny places to dark.
12. If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard ground, the army will be free from disease of every kind,and this will spell victory.
13. When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the slope on your right rear.Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers and utilize⁷ the natural advantages of the ground.
14. When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country,a river which you wish to ford⁸ is swollen⁹ and flecked with foam¹⁰, you must wait until it subsides¹¹.
15. Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents¹² running between, deep natural hollows,confined places, tangled¹³ thickets¹⁴, quagmires¹⁵ and crevasses,should be left with all possible speed and not approached.
16. While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to approach them; while we face them,we should let the enemy have them on his rear.
17. If in the neighborhood of your camp there should be any hilly country, ponds surrounded by aquatic¹⁶ grass,hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched;for these are places where men in ambush¹⁷ or insidious¹⁸ spies are likely to be lurking¹⁹.
18. When the enemy is close at hand and remains²⁰ quiet,he is relying on the natural strength of his position.
19. When he keeps aloof²¹ and tries to provoke a battle,he is anxious for the other side to advance.
20. If his place of encampment is easy of access,he is tendering a bait.
21. Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is advancing. The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious.
22. The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade. Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming.
23. When there is dust rising in a high column,it is the sign of chariots advancing; when the dust is low,but spread over a wide area, it betokens²² the approach of infantry²³. When it branches out in different directions,it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood.A few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the army is encamping.
24. Humble²⁵ words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is about to advance. Violent language and driving forward as if to the attack are signs that he will retreat.
25. When the light chariots come out first and take up a position on the wings, it is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle.
26. Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant²⁶ indicate a plot.
27. When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank, it means that the critical moment has come.
28. When some are seen advancing and some retreating,it is a lure²⁷.
29. When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears,they are faint from want of food.
30. If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the army is suffering from thirst.
31. If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort to secure it, the soldiers are exhausted²⁸.
32. If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied.Clamor by night betokens nervousness.
33. If there is disturbance²⁹ in the camp, the general's authority is weak. If the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition³⁰ is afoot. If the officers are angry,it means that the men are weary.
34. When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for food, and when the men do not hang their cooking-pots over the camp-fires, showing that they will not return to their tents, you may know that they are determined³¹ to fight to the death.
35. The sight of men whispering together in small knots or speaking in subdued³² tones points to disaffection amongst the rank and file.
36. Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his resources; too many punishments betray a condition of dire²⁴ distress³³.
37. To begin by bluster³⁴, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy's numbers, shows a supreme³⁵ lack of intelligence.
38. When envoys³⁶ are sent with compliments in their mouths,it is a sign that the enemy wishes for a truce³⁷.
39. If the enemy's troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a long time without either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the situation is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection³⁸.
40. If our troops are no more in number than the enemy,that is amply sufficient; it only means that no direct attack can be made. What we can do is simply to concentrate all our available strength, keep a close watch on the enemy,and obtain reinforcements.
41. He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents is sure to be captured by them.
42. If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you, they will not prove submissive; and,unless submissive, then will be practically useless.If, when the soldiers have become attached to you,punishments are not enforced, they will still be unless.
43. Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity, but kept under control by means of iron discipline. This is a certain road to victory.
44. If in training soldiers commands are habitually³⁹ enforced, the army will be well-disciplined; if not,its discipline will be bad.
45. If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual⁴⁰.

      原文：　 【行军第九】
      1.孙子曰：
      凡处军相敌，绝山依谷，视生处高，战隆无登，此处山之军也。绝水必远水，客绝水而来，勿迎之于水内，令半渡而击之利，欲战者，无附于水而迎客，视生处高，无迎水流，此处水上之军也。绝斥泽，唯亟去无留，若交军于斥泽之中，必依水草而背众树，此处斥泽之军也。平陆处易，右背高，前死后生，此处平陆之军也。凡此四军之利，黄帝之所以胜四帝也

      2.凡军好高而恶下，贵阳而贱阴，养生而处实，军无百疾，是谓必胜。丘陵堤防，必处其阳而右背之，此兵之利，地之助也。上雨水流至，欲涉者，待其定也。

      　
      3.凡地有绝涧、天井、天牢、天罗、天陷、天隙，必亟去之，勿近也。吾远之，敌近之；吾迎之，敌背之。军旁有险阻、潢井、葭苇、林木、翳荟者，必谨覆索之，此伏奸之所处也。

      4.敌近而静者，恃其险也； 远而挑战者，欲人之进也； 其所居易者，利也； 众树动者，来也； 众草多障者，疑也； 鸟起者，伏也； 兽骇者，覆也；
      尘高而锐者，车来也； 卑而广者，徒来也； 散而条达者，樵采也； 少而往来者，营军也；
      　
      5.辞卑而益备者，进也； 辞强而进驱者，退也； 轻车先出居其侧者，陈也； 无约而请和者，谋也； 奔走而陈兵者，期也； 半进半退者，诱也；

      6.杖而立者，饥也； 汲而先饮者，渴也； 见利而不进者，劳也； 鸟集者，虚也； 夜呼者，恐也； 军扰者，将不重也； 旌旗动者，乱也； 吏怒者，倦也；
      杀马肉食者，军无粮也； 悬缸不返其舍者，穷寇也； 谆谆翕翕，徐与人言者，失众也； 数赏者，窘也； 数罚者，困也； 先暴而后畏其众者，不精之至也；
      来委谢者，欲休息也。 兵怒而相迎，久而不合，又不相去，必谨察之。
      7.兵非贵益多也，惟无武进，足以并力、料敌、取人而已。夫惟无虑而易敌者，必擒于人。卒未亲而罚之，则不服，不服则难用。卒已亲附而罚不行，则不可用。故合之以文，齐之以武，是谓必取。令素行以教其民，则民服；令素不行以教其民，则民不服。令素行者，与众相得也。

      　　 译文：　　　【行军第九】
      1、孙子说：在各种不同地形上处置军队和观察判断敌情时，应该注意：通过山地，必须依靠有水草的山谷，驻扎在居高向阳的地方，敌人占领高地，不要仰攻，这是在山地上对军队的处置原则。横渡江河，应远离水流驻扎，敌人渡水来战，不要在江河中迎击，而要等它渡过一半时再攻击，这样较为有利。如果要同敌人决战，不要紧靠水边列阵；在江河地带扎营，也要居高向阳，不要面迎水流，这是在江河地带上对军队处置的原则。通过盐碱沼泽地带，要迅速离开，不要逗留；如果同敌军相遇于盐碱沼泽地带，那就必须靠近水草而背靠树林，这是在盐碱沼泽地带上对军队处置的原则。在平原上应占领开阔地域，而侧翼要依托高地，前低后高。这是在平原地带上对军队处置的原则。以上四中“处军”原则的好处，就是黄帝之所以能战胜其他四帝的原因。
      　
      2、大凡驻军总是喜欢干燥的高地，避开潮湿的洼地；重视向阳之处，避开阴暗之地；靠近水草地区，军需供应充足，将士百病不生，这样就有了胜利的保证。在丘陵堤防行军，必须占领它向阳的一面，并把主要侧翼背靠着它。这些对于用兵有利的措施，是利用地形作为辅助条件的。上游下雨，洪水突至，禁止徒涉，应等待水流稍平缓以后。
      　
      3、凡遇到或通过“绝涧”、“天井”、“天牢”、“天罗”、“天陷”、“天隙”这几种地形，必须迅速离开，不要接近。我们应该远离这些地形，而让敌人去靠近它；我们应面向这些地形，而让敌人去背靠它。军队两旁遇到有险峻的隘路、湖沼、水网、芦苇、山林和草木茂盛的地方，必须谨慎地反复搜索，这些都是敌人可能埋设伏兵和隐伏奸细的地方。
      　
      4、敌人离我很近而安静的，是依仗它占领险要地形；敌人离我很远但挑战不休，是想诱我前进；敌人之所以驻扎在平坦地方，是因为对它有某种好处。许多树木摇动，是敌人隐蔽前来；草丛中有许多遮障物，是敌人布下的疑阵；群鸟惊飞，是下面有伏兵；野兽骇奔，是敌人大举突袭；尘土高而尖，是敌人战车驶来；尘土低而宽广，是敌人的步兵开来；尘土疏散飞扬，是敌人正在拽柴而走；尘土少而时起时落；是敌人正在扎营。
      　
      5、敌人使者措辞谦卑却又在加紧战备的，是准备进攻；措辞强硬而军队又做出前进姿态的，是准备撤退；轻车先出动，部署在两翼的，是在布列阵势；敌人尚未受挫而来讲和的，是另有阴谋；敌人急速奔跑并排并列阵的，是企图约期同我决战；敌人半进半退的，是企图引诱我军。
      　
      6、抵兵倚着兵器而站立的，是饥饿的表现；供水兵打水自己先饮的，是干渴的表现；敌人见利而不进兵争夺的，是疲劳的表现；敌人营寨上聚集鸟雀的，下面是空营；敌人夜间惊叫的，是恐慌的表现；敌营惊扰纷乱的，是敌将没有威严的表现；旌旗摇动不整齐的，是敌人队伍已经混乱。敌人军官易怒的，是全军疲倦的表现；用粮食喂马，杀马吃肉，收拾起汲水器具，部队不返营房的，是要拼死的穷寇；低声下气同部下讲话的，是敌将失去人心；不断犒赏士卒的，是敌军没有办法；不断惩罚部属的，是敌人处境困难；先粗暴然后又害怕部下的，是最不精明的将领；派来使者送礼言好的，是敌人想休兵息战；敌人逞怒同我对阵，但久不交锋又不撤退的，必须谨慎地观察他的企图。
      　
      7、打仗不在于兵力越多越好，只要不轻敌冒进，并集中兵力、判明敌情，取得部下的信任和支持，也就足够了。那种既无深谋远虑而又轻敌的人，必定会被敌人俘虏。士卒还没有亲近依附就执行惩罚，那么他们会不服，不服就很难使用。士卒已经亲近依附，如果不执行军纪军法，也不能用来作战。所以，要用怀柔宽仁使他们思想统一，用军纪军法使他们行动一致，这样就必能取得部下的敬畏和拥戴。平素严格贯彻命令，管教士卒，士卒就能养成服从的习惯；平素从来不严格贯彻命令，管教士卒，士卒就会养成不服从的习惯。平时命令能贯彻执行的，表明将帅同士卒之间相处融洽。

1 warfare   

n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突

参考例句：

• He addressed the audience on the subject of atomic warfare.他向听众演讲有关原子战争的问题。
• Their struggle consists mainly in peasant guerrilla warfare.他们的斗争主要是农民游击战。

2 onward   

adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先

参考例句：

• The Yellow River surges onward like ten thousand horses galloping.黄河以万马奔腾之势滚滚向前。
• He followed in the steps of forerunners and marched onward.他跟随着先辈的足迹前进。

3 invader   

n.侵略者，侵犯者，入侵者

参考例句：

• They suffered a lot under the invader's heel.在侵略者的铁蹄下，他们受尽了奴役。
• A country must have the will to repel any invader.一个国家得有决心击退任何入侵者。

4 moor   

n.荒野，沼泽；vt.(使)停泊；vi.停泊

参考例句：

• I decided to moor near some tourist boats.我决定在一些观光船附近停泊。
• There were hundreds of the old huts on the moor.沼地上有成百上千的古老的石屋。

5 clump   

n.树丛，草丛；vi.用沉重的脚步行走

参考例句：

• A stream meandered gently through a clump of trees.一条小溪从树丛中蜿蜒穿过。
• It was as if he had hacked with his thick boots at a clump of bluebells.仿佛他用自己的厚靴子无情地践踏了一丛野风信子。

6 vanquish   

v.征服，战胜；克服；抑制

参考例句：

• He tried to vanquish his fears.他努力克服恐惧心理。
• It is impossible to vanquish so strong an enemy without making an extensive and long-term effort.现在要战胜这样一个强敌，非有长期的广大的努力是不可能的。

7 utilize   

vt.使用，利用

参考例句：

• The cook will utilize the leftover ham bone to make soup.厨师要用吃剩的猪腿骨做汤。
• You must utilize all available resources.你必须利用一切可以得到的资源。

8 Ford   

n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过

参考例句：

• They were guarding the bridge,so we forded the river.他们驻守在那座桥上，所以我们只能涉水过河。
• If you decide to ford a stream,be extremely careful.如果已决定要涉过小溪，必须极度小心。

9 swollen   

adj.肿大的，水涨的；v.使变大，肿胀

参考例句：

• Her legs had got swollen from standing up all day.因为整天站着，她的双腿已经肿了。
• A mosquito had bitten her and her arm had swollen up.蚊子叮了她，她的手臂肿起来了。

10 foam   

v./n.泡沫，起泡沫

参考例句：

• The glass of beer was mostly foam.这杯啤酒大部分是泡沫。
• The surface of the water is full of foam.水面都是泡沫。

11 subsides   

v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的第三人称单数 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上

参考例句：

• Emotion swells and subsides. 情绪忽高忽低。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• His emotion swells and subsides. 他的情绪忽高忽低。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

12 torrents   

n.倾注；奔流( torrent的名词复数 )；急流；爆发；连续不断

参考例句：

• The torrents scoured out a channel down the hill side. 急流沿着山腰冲刷出一条水沟。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
• Sudden rainstorms would bring the mountain torrents rushing down. 突然的暴雨会使山洪暴发。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》

13 tangled   

adj. 纠缠的，紊乱的 动词tangle的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• Your hair's so tangled that I can't comb it. 你的头发太乱了，我梳不动。
• A movement caught his eye in the tangled undergrowth. 乱灌木丛里的晃动引起了他的注意。

14 thickets   

n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 )；丛状物

参考例句：

• Small trees became thinly scattered among less dense thickets. 小树稀稀朗朗地立在树林里。 来自辞典例句
• The entire surface is covered with dense thickets. 所有的地面盖满了密密层层的灌木丛。 来自辞典例句

15 quagmires   

n.沼泽地，泥潭( quagmire的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The deer, looking soaked, leave quagmires, where they pass. 湿淋淋的野鹿经过的地方，留下了一个个的泥塘。 来自辞典例句

16 aquatic   

adj.水生的，水栖的

参考例句：

• Aquatic sports include swimming and rowing.水上运动包括游泳和划船。
• We visited an aquatic city in Italy.我们在意大利访问过一个水上城市。

17 ambush   

n.埋伏(地点)；伏兵；v.埋伏；伏击

参考例句：

• Our soldiers lay in ambush in the jungle for the enemy.我方战士埋伏在丛林中等待敌人。
• Four men led by a sergeant lay in ambush at the crossroads.由一名中士率领的四名士兵埋伏在十字路口。

18 insidious   

adj.阴险的，隐匿的，暗中为害的，（疾病）不知不觉之间加剧

参考例句：

• That insidious man bad-mouthed me to almost everyone else.那个阴险的家伙几乎见人便说我的坏话。
• Organized crime has an insidious influence on all who come into contact with it.所有和集团犯罪有关的人都会不知不觉地受坏影响。

19 lurking   

潜在

参考例句：

• Why are you lurking around outside my house? 你在我房子外面鬼鬼祟祟的，想干什么？
• There is a suspicious man lurking in the shadows. 有一可疑的人躲在阴暗中。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》

20 remains   

n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹

参考例句：

• He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
• The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。

21 aloof   

adj.远离的；冷淡的，漠不关心的

参考例句：

• Never stand aloof from the masses.千万不可脱离群众。
• On the evening the girl kept herself timidly aloof from the crowd.这小女孩在晚会上一直胆怯地远离人群。

22 betokens   

v.预示，表示( betoken的第三人称单数 )

参考例句：

• His smile betokens his satisfaction. 他的微笑表示他满意了。 来自辞典例句

23 infantry   

n.[总称]步兵(部队)

参考例句：

• The infantry were equipped with flame throwers.步兵都装备有喷火器。
• We have less infantry than the enemy.我们的步兵比敌人少。

24 dire   

adj.可怕的，悲惨的，阴惨的，极端的

参考例句：

• There were dire warnings about the dangers of watching too much TV.曾经有人就看电视太多的危害性提出严重警告。
• We were indeed in dire straits.But we pulled through.那时我们的困难真是大极了，但是我们渡过了困难。

25 humble   

adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低

参考例句：

• In my humble opinion,he will win the election.依我拙见，他将在选举中获胜。
• Defeat and failure make people humble.挫折与失败会使人谦卑。

26 covenant   

n.盟约，契约；v.订盟约

参考例句：

• They refused to covenant with my father for the property.他们不愿与我父亲订立财产契约。
• The money was given to us by deed of covenant.这笔钱是根据契约书付给我们的。

27 lure   

n.吸引人的东西，诱惑物；vt.引诱，吸引

参考例句：

• Life in big cities is a lure for many country boys.大城市的生活吸引着许多乡下小伙子。
• He couldn't resist the lure of money.他不能抵制金钱的诱惑。

28 exhausted   

adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的

参考例句：

• It was a long haul home and we arrived exhausted.搬运回家的这段路程特别长，到家时我们已筋疲力尽。
• Jenny was exhausted by the hustle of city life.珍妮被城市生活的忙乱弄得筋疲力尽。

29 disturbance   

n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调

参考例句：

• He is suffering an emotional disturbance.他的情绪受到了困扰。
• You can work in here without any disturbance.在这儿你可不受任何干扰地工作。

30 sedition   

n.煽动叛乱

参考例句：

• Government officials charged him with sedition.政府官员指控他煽动人们造反。
• His denial of sedition was a denial of violence.他对煽动叛乱的否定又是对暴力的否定。

31 determined   

adj.坚定的；有决心的

参考例句：

• I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
• He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。

32 subdued   

adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词

参考例句：

• He seemed a bit subdued to me. 我觉得他当时有点闷闷不乐。
• I felt strangely subdued when it was all over. 一切都结束的时候，我却有一种奇怪的压抑感。

33 distress   

n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛

参考例句：

• Nothing could alleviate his distress.什么都不能减轻他的痛苦。
• Please don't distress yourself.请你不要忧愁了。

34 bluster   

v.猛刮；怒冲冲的说；n.吓唬，怒号；狂风声

参考例句：

• We could hear the bluster of the wind and rain.我们能听到狂风暴雨的吹打声。
• He was inclined to bluster at first,but he soon dropped.起初他老爱吵闹一阵，可是不久就不做声了。

35 supreme   

adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的

参考例句：

• It was the supreme moment in his life.那是他一生中最重要的时刻。
• He handed up the indictment to the supreme court.他把起诉书送交最高法院。

36 envoys   

使节( envoy的名词复数 )； 公使； 谈判代表； 使节身份

参考例句：

• the routine tit for tat when countries expel each other's envoys 国家相互驱逐对方使节这种惯常的报复行动
• Marco Polo's travelogue mentions that Kublai Khan sent envoys to Malgache. 马可波罗游记中提到忽必烈曾派使节到马尔加什。

37 truce   

n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束

参考例句：

• The hot weather gave the old man a truce from rheumatism.热天使这位老人暂时免受风湿病之苦。
• She had thought of flying out to breathe the fresh air in an interval of truce.她想跑出去呼吸一下休战期间的新鲜空气。

38 circumspection   

n.细心，慎重

参考例句：

• The quality of being circumspection is essential for a secretary. 作为一个秘书，我想细致周到是十分必要的。 来自互联网
• Circumspection: beware the way of communication, always say good to peoples. 慎言：要说于人于己有利的话，注意沟通方式。 来自互联网

39 habitually   

ad.习惯地，通常地

参考例句：

• The pain of the disease caused him habitually to furrow his brow. 病痛使他习惯性地紧皱眉头。
• Habitually obedient to John, I came up to his chair. 我已经习惯于服从约翰，我来到他的椅子跟前。

40 mutual   

adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的

参考例句：

• We must pull together for mutual interest.我们必须为相互的利益而通力合作。
• Mutual interests tied us together.相互的利害关系把我们联系在一起。