Chapter 13 The Use Of Spies

1. Sun Tzu said: Raising a host of a hundred thousand men and marching them great distances entails¹ heavy loss on the people and a drain on the resources of the State.The daily expenditure² will amount to a thousand ounces of silver. There will be commotion³ at home and abroad,and men will drop down exhausted⁴ on the highways.As many as seven hundred thousand families will be impeded⁵ in their labor⁶.
2. Hostile armies may face each other for years,striving for the victory which is decided⁷ in a single day.This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemy's condition simply because one grudges⁸ the outlay⁹ of a hundred ounces of silver in honors and emoluments¹⁰, is the height of inhumanity.
3. One who acts thus is no leader of men, no present help to his sovereign, no master of victory.
4. Thus, what enables the wise sovereign and the good general to strike and conquer, and achieve things beyond the reach of ordinary men, is foreknowledge.
5. Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited¹¹ from spirits;it cannot be obtained inductively from experience,nor by any deductive calculation.
6. Knowledge of the enemy's dispositions¹² can only be obtained from other men.
7. Hence the use of spies, of whom there are five classes:(1) Local spies; (2) inward spies; (3) converted spies;(4) doomed¹³ spies; (5) surviving spies.
8. When these five kinds of spy are all at work,none can discover the secret system. This is called "divine manipulation of the threads." It is the sovereign's most precious faculty¹⁴.
9. Having local spies means employing the services of the inhabitants of a district.
10. Having inward spies, making use of officials of the enemy.
11. Having converted spies, getting hold of the enemy's spies and using them for our own purposes.
12. Having doomed spies, doing certain things openly for purposes of deception¹⁵, and allowing our spies to know of them and report them to the enemy.
13. Surviving spies, finally, are those who bring back news from the enemy's camp.
14. Hence it is that which none in the whole army are more intimate relations to be maintained than with spies.None should be more liberally rewarded. In no other business should greater secrecy¹⁶ be preserved.
15. Spies cannot be usefully employed without a certain intuitive sagacity.
16. They cannot be properly managed without benevolence¹⁷ and straightforwardness¹⁸.
17. Without subtle ingenuity¹⁹ of mind, one cannot make certain of the truth of their reports.
18. Be subtle! be subtle! and use your spies for every kind of business.
19. If a secret piece of news is divulged²⁰ by a spy before the time is ripe, he must be put to death together with the man to whom the secret was told.
20. Whether the object be to crush an army, to storm a city, or to assassinate²¹ an individual, it is always necessary to begin by finding out the names of the attendants,the aides-de-camp, and door-keepers and sentries²² of the general in command. Our spies must be commissioned to ascertain²³ these.
21. The enemy's spies who have come to spy on us must be sought out, tempted²⁴ with bribes²⁵, led away and comfortably housed. Thus they will become converted spies and available for our service.
22. It is through the information brought by the converted spy that we are able to acquire and employ local and inward spies.
23. It is owing to his information, again, that we can cause the doomed spy to carry false tidings to the enemy.
24. Lastly, it is by his information that the surviving spy can be used on appointed occasions.
25. The end and aim of spying in all its five varieties is knowledge of the enemy; and this knowledge can only be derived²⁶, in the first instance, from the converted spy.Hence it is essential that the converted spy be treated with the utmost liberality.
26. Of old, the rise of the Yin dynasty was due to I Chih who had served under the Hsia. Likewise, the rise of the Chou dynasty was due to Lu Ya who had served under the Yin.
27. Hence it is only the enlightened ruler and the wise general who will use the highest intelligence of the army for purposes of spying and thereby²⁷ they achieve great results. Spies are a most important element in water,because on them depends an army's ability to move.

      原文：　 【用间第十三】
      1.孙子曰：
      凡兴师十万，出征千里，百姓之费，公家之奉，日费千金，内外骚动，怠于道路，不得操事者，七十万家。相守数年，以争一日之胜，而爱爵禄百金，不知敌之情者，不仁之至也，非民之将也，非主之佐也，非胜之主也。
      2.故明君贤将所以动而胜人，成功出于众者，先知也。先知者，不可取于鬼神，不可象于事，不可验于度，必取于人，知敌之情者也。
      　
      3.故用间有五：有因间，有内间，有反间，有死间，有生间。五间俱起，莫知其道，是谓神纪，人君之宝也。乡间者，因其乡人而用之；内间者，因其官人而用之；反间者，因其敌间而用之；死间者，为诳事于外，令吾闻知之而传于敌间也；生间者，反报也。
      4.
      故三军之事，莫亲于间，赏莫厚于间，事莫密于间，非圣贤不能用间，非仁义不能使间，非微妙不能得间之实。微哉微哉！无所不用间也。间事未发而先闻者，间与所告者兼死。
      凡军之所欲击，城之所欲攻，人之所欲杀，必先知其守将、左右、谒者、门者、舍人之姓名，令吾间必索知之。
      5.必索敌间之来间我者，因而利之，导而舍之，故反间可得而用也；因是而知之，故乡间、内间可得而使也；因是而知之，故死间为诳事，可使告敌；因是而知之，故生间可使如期。五间之事，主必知之，知之必在于反间，故反间不可不厚也。

      6.昔殷之兴也，伊挚在夏；周之兴也，吕牙在殷。故明君贤将，能以上智为间者，必成大功。此兵之要，三军之所恃而动也。
      　 译文：　　　　【用间第十三】
      1、孙子说：凡兴兵十万，征战千里，百姓的耗费，
      国家的开支，每天都要花费千金，前后方动乱不安，戌卒疲备地在路上奔波，不能从事正常生产的有七十万家。这样相持数年，就是为了决胜于一旦，如果吝惜爵禄和金钱，不肯用来重用间谍，以致因为不能掌握敌情而导致失败，那就是不仁到极点了。这种人不配作军队的统帅，算不上国家的辅佐，也不是胜利的主宰。

      2、所以，明君和贤将之所以一出兵就能战胜敌人，功业超越众人，就在于能预先掌握敌情。要事先了解敌情，不可求神问鬼，也不可用相似的现象作类比推测，不可用日月星辰运行的位置去验证，一定要取之于人，从那些熟悉敌情的人的口中去获取。
      3、间谍的运用有五种，即乡间、内间、反间、死间、生间。五种间谍同时用起来，使敌人无从捉摸我用间的规律，这是使用间谍神妙莫测的方法，也正是国君克敌制胜的法宝。所谓乡间，是指利用敌人的同乡做间谍；所谓内间，就是利用敌方官吏做间谍；所谓反间，就是使敌方间谍为我所用；所谓死间，是指制造散布假情报，通过我方间谍将假情报传给敌间，诱使敌人上当，一旦真情败露，我间难免一死；所谓生间，就是侦察后能活着回来报告敌情的人。
      4、所以在军队中，没有比间谍更亲近的人，没有比间谍更为优厚奖赏的，没有比间谍更为秘密的事情了。不是睿智超群的人不能使用间谍，不是仁慈慷慨的人不能指使间谍，不是谋虑精细的人不能得到间谍提供的真实情报。微妙啊，微妙！无时无处不可以使用间谍。间谍的工作还未开展，而已泄露出去的，那么间谍和了解内情的人都要处死。凡是要攻打的敌方军队，要攻占的敌方城市，要刺杀的敌方人员，都须预先了解其主管将领、左右亲信、负责传达的官员、守门官吏和门客幕僚的姓名，指令我方间谍一定要将这些情况侦察清楚。
      5、一定要搜查出敌方派来侦察我方军情的间谍，从而用重金收买他，引诱开导他，然后再放他回去，这样，反间就可以为我所用了。通过反间了解敌情，乡间、内间也就可以利用起来了。通过反间了解敌倩，就能使死间传播假情报给敌人了。通过反间了解敌情，就能使生间按预定时间报告敌情了。五种间谍的使用，国君都必须了解掌握。了解情况的关键在于使用反间，所以对反间不可不给予优厚的待遇。
      6、从前殷商的兴起，在于重用了在夏朝为臣的伊挚，他熟悉并了解夏朝的情况；周朝的兴起，是由于周武王重用了了解商朝情况的吕牙。所以，明智的国君，贤能的将帅，能用智慧高超的人充当间谍，就一定能建树大功。这是用兵的关键，整个军队都要依靠间谍提供的敌情来决定军事行动。

1 entails   

使…成为必要( entail的第三人称单数 )； 需要； 限定继承； 使必需

参考例句：

• The job entails a lot of hard work. 这工作需要十分艰苦的努力。
• This job entails a lot of hard work. 这项工作需要十分努力。

2 expenditure   

n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗

参考例句：

• The entry of all expenditure is necessary.有必要把一切开支入账。
• The monthly expenditure of our family is four hundred dollars altogether.我们一家的开销每月共计四百元。

3 commotion   

n.骚动，动乱

参考例句：

• They made a commotion by yelling at each other in the theatre.他们在剧院里相互争吵，引起了一阵骚乱。
• Suddenly the whole street was in commotion.突然间，整条街道变得一片混乱。

4 exhausted   

adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的

参考例句：

• It was a long haul home and we arrived exhausted.搬运回家的这段路程特别长，到家时我们已筋疲力尽。
• Jenny was exhausted by the hustle of city life.珍妮被城市生活的忙乱弄得筋疲力尽。

5 impeded   

阻碍，妨碍，阻止( impede的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Work on the building was impeded by severe weather. 楼房的施工因天气恶劣而停了下来。
• He was impeded in his work. 他的工作受阻。

6 labor   

n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦

参考例句：

• We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
• He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后，他已经疲惫不堪了。

7 decided   

adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的

参考例句：

• This gave them a decided advantage over their opponents.这使他们比对手具有明显的优势。
• There is a decided difference between British and Chinese way of greeting.英国人和中国人打招呼的方式有很明显的区别。

8 grudges   

不满，怨恨，妒忌( grudge的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• He never grudges money. 他从不吝惜金钱。
• They bear grudges against each other. 他俩有过节儿。

9 outlay   

n.费用，经费，支出；v.花费

参考例句：

• There was very little outlay on new machinery.添置新机器的开支微乎其微。
• The outlay seems to bear no relation to the object aimed at.这费用似乎和预期目的完全不相称。

10 emoluments   

n.报酬，薪水( emolument的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• The emoluments of this profession is not satisfactory. 此行业的报酬不令人满意。 来自辞典例句
• Emoluments connected with this position include free education for the children. 与这职务有关的酬劳包括为子女提供免费教育。 来自互联网

11 elicited   

引出，探出( elicit的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• Threats to reinstate the tax elicited jeer from the Opposition. 恢复此项征税的威胁引起了反对党的嘲笑。
• The comedian's joke elicited applause and laughter from the audience. 那位滑稽演员的笑话博得观众的掌声和笑声。

12 dispositions   

安排( disposition的名词复数 )； 倾向； （财产、金钱的）处置； 气质

参考例句：

• We got out some information about the enemy's dispositions from the captured enemy officer. 我们从捕获的敌军官那里问出一些有关敌军部署的情况。
• Elasticity, solubility, inflammability are paradigm cases of dispositions in natural objects. 伸缩性、可缩性、易燃性是天然物体倾向性的范例。

13 doomed   

命定的

参考例句：

• The court doomed the accused to a long term of imprisonment. 法庭判处被告长期监禁。
• A country ruled by an iron hand is doomed to suffer. 被铁腕人物统治的国家定会遭受不幸的。

14 faculty   

n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员

参考例句：

• He has a great faculty for learning foreign languages.他有学习外语的天赋。
• He has the faculty of saying the right thing at the right time.他有在恰当的时候说恰当的话的才智。

15 deception   

n.欺骗，欺诈；骗局，诡计

参考例句：

• He admitted conspiring to obtain property by deception.他承认曾与人合谋骗取财产。
• He was jailed for two years for fraud and deception.他因为诈骗和欺诈入狱服刑两年。

16 secrecy   

n.秘密，保密，隐蔽

参考例句：

• All the researchers on the project are sworn to secrecy.该项目的所有研究人员都按要求起誓保守秘密。
• Complete secrecy surrounded the meeting.会议在绝对机密的环境中进行。

17 benevolence   

n.慈悲，捐助

参考例句：

• We definitely do not apply a policy of benevolence to the reactionaries.我们对反动派决不施仁政。
• He did it out of pure benevolence. 他做那件事完全出于善意。

18 straightforwardness   

n.坦白，率直

参考例句：

• They were impressed by his sincerity and straightforwardness. 他的诚恳直率给他们留下了很深的印象。
• What some people take for rudeness is really straightforwardness. 一些人所认为的无礼实际上却是直率的表现。

19 ingenuity   

n.别出心裁；善于发明创造

参考例句：

• The boy showed ingenuity in making toys.那个小男孩做玩具很有创造力。
• I admire your ingenuity and perseverance.我钦佩你的别出心裁和毅力。

20 divulged   

v.吐露，泄露( divulge的过去式和过去分词 )

参考例句：

• He divulged nothing to him save the terrible handicap of being young. 他想不出个所以然来，只是想到自己年纪尚幼，极端不利。 来自辞典例句
• The spy divulged the secret plans to the enemy. 那名间谍把秘密计划泄漏给敌人。 来自辞典例句

21 assassinate   

vt.暗杀，行刺，中伤

参考例句：

• The police exposed a criminal plot to assassinate the president.警方侦破了一个行刺总统的阴谋。
• A plot to assassinate the banker has been uncovered by the police.暗杀银行家的密谋被警方侦破了。

22 sentries   

哨兵，步兵( sentry的名词复数 )

参考例句：

• We posted sentries at the gates of the camp. 我们在军营的大门口布置哨兵。
• We were guarded by sentries against surprise attack. 我们由哨兵守卫，以免遭受突袭。

23 ascertain   

vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清

参考例句：

• It's difficult to ascertain the coal deposits.煤储量很难探明。
• We must ascertain the responsibility in light of different situtations.我们必须根据不同情况判定责任。

24 tempted   

v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词）

参考例句：

• I was sorely tempted to complain, but I didn't. 我极想发牢骚，但还是没开口。
• I was tempted by the dessert menu. 甜食菜单馋得我垂涎欲滴。

25 bribes   

n.贿赂( bribe的名词复数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂v.贿赂( bribe的第三人称单数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂

参考例句：

• It was alleged that he had taken bribes while in office. 他被指称在任时收受贿赂。
• corrupt officials accepting bribes 接受贿赂的贪官污吏

26 derived   

vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取

参考例句：

• Many English words are derived from Latin and Greek. 英语很多词源出于拉丁文和希腊文。 来自《简明英汉词典》
• He derived his enthusiasm for literature from his father. 他对文学的爱好是受他父亲的影响。 来自《简明英汉词典》

27 thereby   

adv.因此，从而

参考例句：

• I have never been to that city,,ereby I don't know much about it.我从未去过那座城市，因此对它不怎么熟悉。
• He became a British citizen,thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了英国公民，因而得到了投票权。