Charles VIII. died April 7, 1498, and was succeeded by Louis XII., who was endeavouring to secure from the Pope the necessary dispensation to enable him to repudiate5 his wife Jeanne and marry his predecessor’s widow, Queen Anne, whose dowry would include the Duchy of Bretagne.
The Pope, with his usual clairvoyance6 with respect to his personal interests, immediately saw an opportunity to profit by the circumstances, and he made a bargain by which, in return for his dispensation, the King agreed to bestow7 the county of Valence—which was to be raised to a duchy—upon Caesar, who was to renounce1 his cardinalate. The King also promised to find him a princess for wife. The Cardinal of Valencia was thus to become the Duke of Valentinois. The King also agreed to give him a pension of twenty thousand livres—a great sum for those days—and also to maintain a company of one hundred men-at-arms for him. The bargain also included a cardinal’s hat for the King’s Prime Minister, Georges d’Amboise, Bishop8 of Rouen, who was always careful not to overlook his own interests.
LVIGI XII·RE DI FRANCIA
LOUIS XII. OF FRANCE.
From an early engraving9.
To face p. 122.
123 In addition the Pope and the King entered into an alliance, offensive and defensive10, the Holy Father agreeing to assist the King in the conquest of the Regno, and Louis promising11 to aid Alexander to reduce the rebellious12 lords in the Romagna and to re-establish the integrity of the Papal domain13. Thus did sovereigns play fast and loose with human destinies. This vast intrigue14 developed during the first eight months of the year 1498; and August 17th, in a secret consistory, Caesar asked for a special dispensation to enable him to resign his ecclesiastical offices and again become a layman15 in order that he might marry. On the Pope’s promise that all the offices and benefices his son had enjoyed should revert16 to the Sacred College, the cardinals17 promptly18 consented to the dispensation. The same day Louis de Villeneuve, Baron19 of Trans, representing Louis XII., arrived in Rome for the purpose of escorting Caesar to France.
Sure of the cardinals’ consent, everything had been arranged in advance for Caesar’s departure, even those who were to accompany him had been selected. His gorgeous wardrobe, which set all Rome to talking, had been prepared. The Baron of Trans had brought the patents of Caesar’s new domain, and, accompanied by a numerous retinue20, they set out for Ostia October 1st “for the purpose of going to France by sea, and,” Burchard adds, “I heard that he had a vast amount of money124 with him and that several of his horses were shod with silver.” The new Duke took with him 200,000 gold ducats, confiscated21 shortly before from Pedro de Aranda, Bishop of Calahorra, who had recently—most opportunely—been convicted on the charge of heresy—Alexander VI. always endeavoured to pluck his victims and compass his iniquities22 strictly23 in accordance with the forms of law. Three hundred Jews and usurers, found guilty of various offences, had been imprisoned24, but their terms were commuted25 into heavy fines, the money going to swell26 Caesar’s exchequer27.
Louis XII. had promised to send a fleet of several vessels28 to Ostia to conduct him to France, and it was expected about the end of August, but it did not arrive until October 27th, when the new Duke embarked29 with a hundred pages, servants, equerries, and retainers. Besides his horses he had fifty mules30 and wagons32 to carry his personal effects.
In his suite33 were his secretary, Agapito, the famous Spanish physician, Gaspare Torrella, and his majordomo, Remiro de Lorca, whom he subsequently had beheaded in Cesena for fraudulent and oppressive acts as governor of that place.
Six days were required to make the voyage to Marseilles, where Caesar was received upon the quay34 by the Archbishop of Dijon. Thence they went to Avignon, where the Duke met Giuliano della Rovere, the implacable enemy of his family, who was compelled in consequence of his quarrel with them to live abroad, and who was then residing at the Court of France, although since August, when Ostia had been restored to the cardinal, they125 had been on somewhat better terms. A month before Caesar’s departure for Marseilles the Pope had written the Cardinal San Pietro ad Vincola recommending Caesar to him, and Della Rovere had replied in the friendliest manner. In one of his letters to the Pope he said: “I cannot refrain from telling you that the Duke of Valence is so modest, sensible, and capable, and endowed with such fine qualities, both mental and physical, that every one is charmed by him. He is in high favour at Court and with the King. All love and esteem35 him; it gives me real pleasure to say this.”
In cunning and duplicity Della Rovere was a match for Borgia, and he was waiting for a more favourable36 opportunity to destroy his enemy.
From Avignon Caesar went to Valence, the capital of his duchy, but he declined to accept the honours which were offered him until he was formally placed in possession of his State. Almost immediately on his arrival there a royal messenger appeared and in the King’s name presented him with the Order of St. Michael—an honour at that time reserved for princes of the blood and the great nobles of the kingdom—but Caesar declared he would accept it only from the hands of the sovereign.
Benoit Maillard, Prior of the Abbey of Savigny, records Caesar’s arrival in Lyons in November “with great magnificence in his apparel and trappings.” The 7th of the month an extraordinary banquet was given for Valentinois, and the account of the expenditures37 throws a curious light on the manners of the day. The list of viands38 is astonishing: 28 capons, 168 white partridges,126 24 red ones, 192 ducks, 420 turtle-doves, 36 wood-cock, 144 peafowl, 120 pheasants, a round of veal39, a quarter of beef, 150 pounds of lard, oranges, vanilla40, 2 goneaux, 18 quince pies, 18 English tarts41, 18 bride faveaulx, 18 platters of minced42 meat fritters, 18 platters of foub, 18 platters of lambs’ tongues in aspic, 18 platters of mestier, 18 patés of capon, 18 patés of lark43, 18 cream cakes, almonds, eggs, rose-water, suet, quantities of cinnamon, candied orange-peel, annis, pignons, colliander-seed, mandrians, sugar-plums seasoned with musk44, hippocras, ginger45, nutmegs, cloves46, sugar, malmsey, muscat, grapes, plums, dates, pomegranates, &c.—truly a gargantuan47 feast.
Caesar finally met the King at Chinon, December 18th. Louis did not wish to treat Caesar as the son of a sovereign, but at the same time did not want to incur48 the Pope’s enmity by offending him; he therefore hit upon the ingenious expedient49 of meeting Caesar by chance—under pretext50 of going to the chase—about two leagues from the city gates. There he greeted him warmly, even treating him familiarly, but did not accompany him to the city, where he was met by the Cardinal of Rouen and a brilliant escort representing the King.
Brant?me gives a detailed51 account of Caesar’s entry into Chinon.19 The Sieur de Bourdeille says he found the account among his family papers written in rather crude verse, and that he rewrote it in prose—au plus clair et net langage.
“First came M. the Cardinal of Rouen, M. de127 Ravastain, M. the Seneschal of Toulouse, and M. de Clermont, who together with many lords and gentlemen of the court accompanied the Duke on his entry as far as the end of the bridge. Then there were eighty-four very beautiful mules laden52 with trunks and chests covered with red cloth with the arms and escutcheon of the said Duke. Then came twenty-four more mules with trappings of red and yellow, the livery of the King, for these were his colours; then followed twelve mules covered with striped yellow satin. Then came ten mules covered with cloth of gold in stripes, first one smooth and then one wavy53.
“When all had passed the bridge they went to the castle.
“Then came sixteen magnificent coursers covered with red and yellow cloth of gold, each led by a groom54, and with Turkish bridles56. These were followed by eighteen pages each mounted on a handsome steed, and sixteen of them were clad in crimson57 velvet58 and the other two in crinkled cloth of gold. Then followed six lackeys59, according to the custom of the day, leading six beautiful mules harnessed and with saddle and bridle55, and with trappings of crimson velvet, and the lackeys were clothed with the same.
“Then came two mules bearing coffers on their backs and all were covered with cloth of gold—and the people in the crowd said that these contained something more exquisite60 than all the others—rich and precious stones for his mistress, and for others—perhaps some bulls and fine indulgences from Rome, or perhaps some holy relics61, said others. Then came thirty gentlemen clothed in cloth of128 gold and silver—but there were not enough of these, said the Court; in view of the large number that had preceded them there should have been at least a hundred, or a hundred and twenty clad in the French or Danish fashion.
“Then followed three musicians, two small drums and a violin—which were at this time in great favour—just as the great lords of Germany and generals of armies now have them when on the march. The two drummers above mentioned were clad in cloth of gold and their instruments were of silver and were provided with great chains of gold and the said musicians went before the gentlemen named above and the Duke of Valentinois, playing their instruments the while.
“Then came four trumpets62 or clarions of silver, the musicians being richly dressed and playing continually. These were followed by eighty lackeys clad in crimson velvet and yellow silk, who surrounded the Duke and M. the Cardinal of Rouen, who was conversing63 with him.
“As to the Duke himself he was mounted upon a magnificent charger richly accoutred with a robe of red satin and cloth of gold, with a border of precious stones and pearls.
“On his bonnet64 were five or six rubies65 as large as beans which flashed most brilliantly; on his cuffs66 were great quantities of precious stones and even his boots were covered with gold and gems67.
‘Et un collier, pour en dire68 le cas, Qui valoit bien trente mille ducats,’
so says the rhyme.
“The horse which he rode was covered with129 gold and jewels with pearls and precious stones galore.
“In addition he had a beautiful little mule31 to ride about the city; and its harness, saddle, bridle, and brest band were covered with rosettes of fine gold as thick as one’s finger.
“Bringing up the rear there were eighty mules more, with red trappings and the arms of the said Duke and also a great number of wagons laden with other necessities such as camp beds, utensils69, &c.
‘Ainsi entra, pour avoir bruict et nom, Ledict seigneur au chasteau de Chinon,’
“The King was at a window watching his arrival and there is no doubt that he and his courtiers made merry over him and said that it was too much for a little Duke of Valence.”
The chateau70 of Chinon had been selected for the Duke’s residence and there the King, accompanied by Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, called upon him. When the Duke was about to kneel the King restrained him; a few words were exchanged and then the Cardinal of Rouen informed his Majesty71 that Monseigneur, the Duke, had not yet dined, whereupon the King replied: “Very well, then let his Highness go to dinner”—thus ending the interview; Louis evidently was bored and not greatly impressed. After dinner the King received Caesar and the following day they took a walk together. A few days later the King went to Nantes to meet the Queen and the marriage was celebrated72. Caesar’s fopperies and extravagance in dress caused general amusement and disgust and the King and130 his courtiers ridiculed73 the “vain glory and stupid pomposity75 of this little duke of Valentinois.” Louis, however, wished to use Caesar in his schemes, consequently he was careful not to offend him.
The Duke had brought the King a letter from the Pope in which he said: “In order that your Majesty may see how great is our desire to please you in all things we are sending you our heart, that is our beloved son, the Duke of Valentinois, and we beseech76 your Majesty to treat him in such a way that all may know how dear this Caesar, whom I entrust77 to your kingly good faith, has become to you in all ways.”
Thus far but one of the articles of the agreement between the Pope and the King had been carried out. By letters patent, dated August 13, 1498, Caesar had been created Duke of Valentinois and he had been received as such at the Court of France. The negotiations78, however, which were intended eventually to make him the heir to a crown had failed. Louis had undertaken to secure the marriage of Caesar and Carlotta of Aragon, daughter of the King of Naples, but Frederic opposed it and the young woman herself absolutely refused to consent to the union.
The brilliant entry into Chinon therefore was a fiasco, as Giuliano della Rovere, in a letter dated January 18, 1499, informed the Pope, who shortly after complained to the cardinal that the King had exposed him to ridicule74, as it was known everywhere that Caesar had gone to France expressly to marry.
Caesar, however, had displayed the astuteness79 and cunning that never deserted80 him, for when131 obstacles began to be interposed in the way of marrying Carlotta he pretended that he did not have the dispensation permitting Louis XII. to marry Anne of Bretagne.
The King, however, had been informed by the Pope himself that the dispensation had been granted, consequently he had proceeded with his plans and the decree of divorce had been obtained.
The political interests of the King of France in Italy were, however, more important than the purely81 personal question of his marriage with the widow of Charles VIII.; consequently it was greatly to his interest to find some way to gratify the Pope’s wishes, therefore he made another effort to overcome the opposition82 of Frederic and his daughter, but in vain. Louis thereupon decided83 to substitute his own niece, the daughter of the Count de Foix, but she, too, declined.
Caesar, however, treated the matter in a cavalier manner, saying that if the King of Naples would have none of him because he was a natural son, Frederic himself was also illegitimate, merely a king’s bastard84, while he himself—and he was proud of it—was the bastard of a pope!
Among the demoiselles who had come from various parts of France to acquire the graces of the polished Court of the Queen was Charlotte d’Albret, sister of Jean d’Albret, King of Navarre, and daughter of Alain, Duke of Guyenne. While Charlotte was still a child she had been placed under the care of Anne of Bretagne, and she had grown into a beautiful young woman, gracious and intelligent, and Louis decided to endeavour to bring about a union between her and Caesar. Alain,132 the father, looked with little favour upon the proposed marriage, but the political interests of the House of Navarre were such that he decided to consent, provided, of course, he could drive a good bargain—for in the days of chivalry85 fair women were exceedingly valuable pieces in the great game of politics. Throughout the negotiations Charlotte’s father showed himself to be cold, calculating, avaricious86, and suspicious, but as Louis felt that everything depended upon securing a wife for Caesar, and as he himself was anxious to set out for Italy he granted all of Alain’s demands. The negotiations were protracted87, almost interminable, but finally the marriage contract was drawn88 up at the chateau of Blois, May 10, 1499, in the presence of the King, Queen Anne, the Cardinal d’Amboise, Chancellor89 of France, the Archbishop of Sens, the proxies90 of the Duke of Guyenne, and numerous other dignitaries. By its terms Alain d’Albret was to give his daughter a dowry of 30,000 livres Tournois. The marriage was celebrated May 12, 1499, and the bride was said to be the most beautiful woman of France, while Caesar was described as possessing fine features and a most elegant bearing; one writer said that, like the Emperor Tiberius, he was the handsomest man of his century. Charlotte d’Albret must have known that the marriage was purely a political one. Burchard records that May 23rd a courier arrived from France with a letter to the Pope from Caesar in which he made a brutal91 confession92 with regard to his wife.
Charlotte wrote the Pope expressing filial devotion and a desire to come to Rome to make his133 acquaintance—and she added that she was very much pleased with her new spouse93.
Alain’s daughter was the sacrifice and Alexander VI. and Louis XII. were to reap the benefits. Among the documents containing the negotiations with Alain d’Albret are some which clearly reveal their plans.
The treaty made by the Pope and the King has often been published; but the one under discussion when they were endeavouring to bring about a marriage between Caesar and King Frederic’s daughter had never been printed until M. Yriarte reproduced20 the entire document as an example of the duplicity which then marked all political transactions—and, it might be added, which continues to characterise them.
“Minutes of an agreement between our Holy Father, the Pope Alexander VI. and the Most Christian94 King:—
“1. In order that the Pope may appreciate the love which the King bears toward him and his, the said lord promises His Holiness to marry Mgr. de Valence to the eldest95 daughter of Don Frederic, with her express consent, the said daughter being with the queen.
“2. In order that the said seigneur of Valence may have the necessary means for maintaining his proper estate the King will give him, for himself and his heirs in perpetuity, the county of Valence and Diois which is estimated to be worth twenty thousand francs a year; and in case it should not prove to be worth the sum named the King will furnish him from some other source enough to make134 up the said sum, and as the brothers of the said sieur de Valence are dukes and princes the King will raise the said county into a duchy.
“3. He will give to the said seigneur de Valence one hundred lances, maintained by France, both in time of war and in peace, for carrying on his projects in Italy and elsewhere. The King will increase this number with two or three hundred lances whenever it should seem to him to be for the best.
“4. He will give the said seigneur de Valence an annual pension of twenty thousand francs for his personal expenses.
“5. In case that the said King recovers his duchy of Milan he will give the said seigneur de Valence his county of Asti for him and his, to hold under the King in loyalty96 and homage97.
“Item. He will give the said seigneur de Valence his order of St. Michael; and in order that the King may be satisfied of the good will of our Holy Father, His Holiness will place the said Sieur de Valence in his service and will have him marry the person selected. To conduct the affair more secretly and surely the King will, by the middle of August, place six vessels in order in the port of Ciotat, Bishopric of Aix, to bring the said Sieur de Valence and the legate whom the Pope shall select to perform the requirements of the King. Item because ... runs danger by the absence of Mgr. de Valence the King will send the Pope a thousand men for his guard during his absence for which the King will pay each month four thousand ducats which shall be paid the Pope secretly by Mgr. the Cardinal of St. Denis, who is in Rome,135 and this engagement shall be for three or four months.
“And in case the Holy Father should feel that this confederation and agreement of perpetual friendship was endangered by any prince of the league the King will give him letters patent signed with his hand and sealed with his seal by which he will promise and swear to God and the Virgin98 Mary to defend, guard, and protect His Holiness in temporal as well as spiritual affairs.
“Item. Regarding the kingdom of Naples whatever the King may do, the said seigneur promises to do nothing and determine upon nothing except by the hand of His Holiness.
“Item. He will have our seigneurs the Cardinals ad Vincula and Gurk return to Rome and the Pope agrees to treat them with all friendliness99 and gentleness as his good brothers, of which the King shall assure them, at the same time exhorting100 them to obey and respect our Holy Father.
“All of which the King promises on his word as King to maintain, observe, and keep, and in whatever concerns the estate of Mgr. de Valence regarding the said counties he will have the same ratified101 and agreed to by the chamber102 of accounts.
“And so far as the other articles are concerned the King will give the Bishop of Cette and the Archdeacon of Chalais such private letters as the Pope may wish and which will be sent with the memorandum103, &c., &c.”
When news reached Rome that Caesar had received the coveted104 order of St. Michael from the King there was a great celebration in the city and bonfires were lighted by order of the Pope136 before the palaces of Cardinals Orsini and St. Dionysius and also before that of Lucretia; the evening of May 23rd the Spaniards indulged in an orgy which Burchard says was a disgrace to the Pope and the Holy See.
From the secret agreement it is clear that the conquest of Milan and the expedition against Naples had been decided upon. The King of France, now sure of the Pope and Caesar, signed a treaty of alliance, both offensive and defensive, with Venice April 15, 1499, which was directed against all the Italian princes. The negotiations had been kept secret from Ludovico il Moro; that prince sans foi et sans loi, whose destruction was determined105 upon, was the last to learn of it. The price the Venetians demanded for joining the league was the cities of Cremona and Chiari. Although the Duke of Savoy was in accord with Louis XII. he did not formally join the alliance.
Ludovico il Moro was the most hated man in Italy: he had betrayed Florence, Venice, and the King of France one after the other; without regard to the other powers of Italy he had treated with Charles VIII. when the French first descended106 into the peninsula. Consequently when he was again threatened he found himself without friend or ally.
Louis’s pretensions107 to Milan were based, not only on his inheritance of the rights of Charles VIII. but also on the claims of his grandmother, Valentina Visconti, and as he was also determined to recover Naples he was wise in securing a strong place in the north. Before attempting the conquest of Milan Louis renewed the treaties of Charles VIII. with his neighbours. The Duke of Savoy gave him permission to pass through his territory and promised him troops; in return for Venice’s assistance Louis agreed to give her the two places she had demanded; the Pope and Caesar had already been paid.
LUDOVICO SFORZA.
From the woodcut in Antonio Campo’s “Istoria di Cremona.”
To face p. 136.
137 The King dispatched his armies to Italy under the command of Louis de Ligny and the Count d’Aubigny but did not immediately go himself.
Ludovico il Moro was attacked simultaneously108 by the French and the Venetians, and as his own people hated him and his governors proved false, he lost all his cities one by one and was reduced to the last extremity109 and finally compelled to make his escape to Germany. When the Gascon archers110 entered Milan, October 2, 1499, they shot his statue—the work of Leonardo da Vinci—to pieces with their arrows.
Caesar was still in France but was preparing to come to Italy; before leaving he gave his wife a power of attorney to enable her to act as administrator111 of his new possessions, the Duchy of Valentinois, the County of Diois, and all his seignories and property in the Kingdom of France, and in Dauphiné.
Valentinois had lived with his wife from the last of April until September, and early in 1500 Charlotte bore him a daughter, who was christened Louise and who was destined112 never to know her father. The Duchess of Valentinois never saw Caesar again.
Valentino may have returned to Italy with the King of France, for the chronicler Jean d’Auton records that the Duke was among the great lords who accompanied Louis XII. when he entered138 Milan, Sunday, October 6, 1499.21 The cardinals Delia Rovere and Amboise were also present, together with the dukes of Savoy and Ferrara, the Marquis of Mantua, the ambassadors of Genoa, Florence, Pisa, Siena, and Bologna, and innumerable other high dignitaries. Baldessare Castiglione, who accompanied the Marquis of Mantua, describes Valentinois as molte galante. A month later when Louis XII. set out to return to France, having left the government of the conquered duchy to Trivulzio, he directed two of his captains, Yves d’Allegre and the Bailli of Dijon to place themselves under Valentino’s orders. The former had a company of three hundred lances and the latter four thousand Swiss and Gascons, while Caesar himself had collected a considerable number of men.
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1
renounce
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| v.放弃；拒绝承认，宣布与…断绝关系 | |
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renounces
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| v.声明放弃( renounce的第三人称单数 )；宣布放弃；宣布与…决裂；宣布摒弃 | |
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cardinalate
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| 枢机主教之职 | |
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cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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repudiate
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| v.拒绝，拒付，拒绝履行 | |
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clairvoyance
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| n.超人的洞察力 | |
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bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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engraving
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| n.版画；雕刻（作品）；雕刻艺术；镌版术v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的现在分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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rebellious
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| adj.造反的，反抗的，难控制的 | |
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domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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intrigue
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| vt.激起兴趣，迷住；vi.耍阴谋；n.阴谋，密谋 | |
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layman
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| n.俗人，门外汉，凡人 | |
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revert
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| v.恢复，复归，回到 | |
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cardinals
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| 红衣主教( cardinal的名词复数 )； 红衣凤头鸟（见于北美，雄鸟为鲜红色）； 基数 | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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retinue
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| n.侍从；随员 | |
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confiscated
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| 没收，充公( confiscate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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iniquities
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| n.邪恶( iniquity的名词复数 )；极不公正 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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commuted
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| 通勤( commute的过去式和过去分词 )； 减（刑）； 代偿 | |
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swell
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| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
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exchequer
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| n.财政部；国库 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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mule
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| n.骡子，杂种，执拗的人 | |
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wagons
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| n.四轮的运货马车( wagon的名词复数 )；铁路货车；小手推车 | |
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suite
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| n.一套(家具)；套房；随从人员 | |
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quay
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| n.码头，靠岸处 | |
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esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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expenditures
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| n.花费( expenditure的名词复数 )；使用；（尤指金钱的）支出额；（精力、时间、材料等的）耗费 | |
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38
viands
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| n.食品，食物 | |
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39
veal
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| n.小牛肉 | |
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40
vanilla
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| n.香子兰，香草 | |
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41
tarts
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| n.果馅饼( tart的名词复数 )；轻佻的女人；妓女；小妞 | |
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42
minced
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| v.切碎( mince的过去式和过去分词 )；剁碎；绞碎；用绞肉机绞（食物，尤指肉） | |
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43
lark
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| n.云雀，百灵鸟；n.嬉戏，玩笑；vi.嬉戏 | |
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musk
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| n.麝香, 能发出麝香的各种各样的植物，香猫 | |
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45
ginger
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| n.姜，精力，淡赤黄色；adj.淡赤黄色的；vt.使活泼，使有生气 | |
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46
cloves
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| n.丁香（热带树木的干花，形似小钉子，用作调味品，尤用作甜食的香料）( clove的名词复数 )；蒜瓣(a garlic ~|a ~of garlic) | |
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47
gargantuan
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| adj.巨大的，庞大的 | |
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48
incur
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| vt.招致，蒙受，遭遇 | |
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49
expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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50
pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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51
detailed
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| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
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laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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wavy
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| adj.有波浪的，多浪的，波浪状的，波动的，不稳定的 | |
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groom
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| vt.给（马、狗等）梳毛，照料，使...整洁 | |
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55
bridle
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| n.笼头，束缚；vt.抑制，约束；动怒 | |
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bridles
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| 约束( bridle的名词复数 )； 限动器； 马笼头； 系带 | |
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57
crimson
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| n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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velvet
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| n.丝绒，天鹅绒；adj.丝绒制的，柔软的 | |
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lackeys
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| n.听差( lackey的名词复数 )；男仆（通常穿制服）；卑躬屈膝的人；被待为奴仆的人 | |
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exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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61
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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62
trumpets
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| 喇叭( trumpet的名词复数 )； 小号； 喇叭形物； （尤指）绽开的水仙花 | |
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63
conversing
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| v.交谈，谈话( converse的现在分词 ) | |
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bonnet
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| n.无边女帽；童帽 | |
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rubies
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| 红宝石( ruby的名词复数 )； 红宝石色，深红色 | |
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66
cuffs
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| n.袖口( cuff的名词复数 )v.掌打，拳打( cuff的第三人称单数 ) | |
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gems
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| growth； economy； management； and customer satisfaction 增长 | |
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dire
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| adj.可怕的，悲惨的，阴惨的，极端的 | |
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utensils
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| 器具，用具，器皿( utensil的名词复数 )； 器物 | |
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chateau
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| n.城堡，别墅 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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ridiculed
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| v.嘲笑，嘲弄，奚落( ridicule的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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75
pomposity
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| n.浮华；虚夸；炫耀；自负 | |
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beseech
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| v.祈求，恳求 | |
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entrust
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| v.信赖，信托，交托 | |
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negotiations
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| 协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过 | |
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79
astuteness
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| n.敏锐；精明；机敏 | |
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80
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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82
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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83
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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84
bastard
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| n.坏蛋，混蛋；私生子 | |
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85
chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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86
avaricious
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| adj.贪婪的，贪心的 | |
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87
protracted
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| adj.拖延的；延长的v.拖延“protract”的过去式和过去分词 | |
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88
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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89
chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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90
proxies
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| n.代表权( proxy的名词复数 )；（测算用的）代替物；（对代理人的）委托书；（英国国教教区献给主教等的）巡游费 | |
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91
brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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92
confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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93
spouse
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| n.配偶(指夫或妻) | |
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94
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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96
loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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97
homage
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| n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬 | |
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98
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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99
friendliness
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| n.友谊，亲切，亲密 | |
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100
exhorting
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| v.劝告，劝说( exhort的现在分词 ) | |
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101
ratified
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| v.批准，签认（合约等）( ratify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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102
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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103
memorandum
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| n.备忘录，便笺 | |
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104
coveted
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| adj.令人垂涎的；垂涎的，梦寐以求的v.贪求，觊觎(covet的过去分词)；垂涎；贪图 | |
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105
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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106
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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107
pretensions
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| 自称( pretension的名词复数 )； 自命不凡； 要求； 权力 | |
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108
simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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109
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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110
archers
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| n.弓箭手，射箭运动员( archer的名词复数 ) | |
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111
administrator
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| n.经营管理者，行政官员 | |
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112
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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