Under the Georgian régime Peterhouse suffered a great deal. Sir James Burrough of Caius, then neither Master nor a Knight16, had a grand plan for taking down Perne’s library and Wren’s cloisters and putting up buildings of his own. Happily, the funds for this undertaking17 allowed[33] him to finish only the imposing18 northern wing, next to Little St Mary’s Church. Like most of his work, this wing, completed in 1742, is in very good taste, and the influence of Gibbs’ building at King’s is to be traced throughout. Nearly half a century later came Essex with a neat taste acquired, perhaps, in the neighbourhood of St Marylebone, and made a beautiful structure exceptionally ugly. Last of all, Mr Francis Gisborne’s trustees, after his death in 1821, built a new western court in the then fashionable sort of Gothic with a part of ￡20,000 bequeathed to the College in his will. This court calls for little remark.
Too late to stay the hand of the spoiler, the Gothic revival19 has nevertheless done much for Peterhouse. Mr Gilbert G. Scott in 1870 rebuilt the Hall and Combination Room and incorporated in them the remains20 of the medieval[34] Master’s Lodge21, which had been long ago superseded22 by the comfortable brick house just across Trumpington Street. Good, unassuming and appropriate work in themselves, these buildings are further decorated with some very successful stained glass by the late Sir Edward Burne-Jones and Mr William Morris. The bright oriel of the Hall is especially beautiful, and the small figures of poets and of the good women of Chaucer’s dream in the windows of the comfortable parlour, share, with the chapel glass, the impartial23 admiration24 of the visitor. It is satisfactory to think that this historical college has received some compensation for all the damage inflicted25 on it.
In 1281 Hugh de Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded St Peter’s College. The reign26 of Edward I. is the date from which our universities derive27 their organisation28, and in many other ways it marks an epoch29 in English history. Walter de Merton, Bishop of Rochester, had, seventeen years before, founded Merton College at Oxford30.[2] It was therefore emulation31 which, to a certain extent,[35] inspired Hugh de Balsham in his new departure. He was a native of Cambridgeshire: his native place is about ten miles distant from Cambridge, on the confines of Essex; and he had probably received his education in one of the numerous religious houses which filled the Cambridge of that period. As Bishop of Ely, and therefore as titular32 abbot of the monastery33, he had much to do with the monastic institutions of the town, and it was only natural that, with Walter de Merton’s example before his eyes, he should wish to make his name famous in the same way. He lived just long enough to see the college established and in a fair way to success, with a master and fourteen scholars in residence. His successors at Ely continued his favours to the college, and during the next century we find the names of Bishops34 Simon Montague, Thomas de L’Isle, Simon Langham and John de Fordham among the benefactors35. It is interesting to note how purely36 local University education must have been at first. Although the first two masters of Peterhouse appear to have been natives of distant parts of England, the names of most of the masters during the fourteenth century recall the neighbouring fenland. Roger of Mildenhall, Ralph of Holbeach, William of Whittlesea, Richard of Wisbech, John of Bottisham, all are natives of Cambridgeshire or the counties immediately adjoining. Thomas of Barnard’s Castle, who became master in 1400, takes us further north, and he is the last of the list who derives38 his surname from his native place.
[36]
The early history of Peterhouse is concerned chiefly with its buildings. Under the rule of John Holbrook (1418-1431) and during the long mastership of Dr Thomas Lane (1431-73) the college assumed a definite shape. The old buildings north of it belong to Holbrook’s mastership. It took in the house of the Friars of the Sack, which existed on part of its site, and thus set a precedent39 which was followed almost universally—the substitution of learned foundations for monasteries40 and convents. The Peterhouse of that day, substantially the building of our own time, was scarcely in Cambridge. St Peter’s Church lay north of it, and was itself just outside the Trumpington or South Gate of the town. It had given its name to the college, and was used as its chapel from the earliest period. About the beginning of Edward III.’s reign, the church was pulled down, and the present beautiful church of St Mary’s the Less was built on its site, the college still continuing to use it as their place of worship. We may assume that the scholars were required to assist at mass every morning and at the parochial mass on Sundays, and that they formed, as it were, the choir41, using the chancel stalls. They entered the church by the passage and staircase which still exist south of the chancel.
No famous names occur in connection with the college before the Reformation. The early sixteenth century produced a good number of benefactors, and Hugh de Balsham’s original provisions were considerably amplified42. In[37] 1553 Andrew Perne became master. His fame is largely local, but he is a very significant figure in an age chiefly remarkable43 for the strength of its religious convictions. His mastership begins at the end of Edward VI.’s reign, and lasted for thirty-six years. He combined with it the Deanery of Ely, and showed great sagacity in the tenure44 of both offices. During Mary’s reign, he was Chancellor45 of the University, and under his auspices46 the burning of Bucer’s and Fagius’ remains took place. However, although this somewhat unnecessary act of vengeance47 might have stamped his opinions, he seems to have veered48 at the accession of Elizabeth with great suppleness49, and to have trimmed his sails to the royal wind up to the day of his death. The wits of the University made his accommodating policy their butt50, and, with the heavy wit of the day, coined the verb pernare, which signified “to turn one’s coat.” Perne, although he possibly merits some contempt, made nevertheless a very good use of his unscrupulous comfort. I have already mentioned his additions to the college. He also originated that water-supply which is now so ornamental51 a feature in certain parts of the town. The broad gutters52 along which streams run down Trumpington Street for most of the year were not constructed till after his death, but it was he who first suggested that healthy water might be brought from the neighbouring Gogmagog Hills.
To the society of Peterhouse, for some years[38] of Perne’s time, belonged the celebrated53 John Whitgift. Whitgift was an example of a system which has now ceased to a great extent in Cambridge. He was an undergraduate of Queens’ to begin with; he then obtained a fellowship at Peterhouse, and was in succession Master of Pembroke and Trinity before his elevation54 to a bishoprick. His connection with Peterhouse is very passing, but, while a member of the college, he held the Lady Margaret Professorship of Divinity. In 1567, when he became Master of Pembroke, he vacated it for the Regius Professorship, which he held until his translation to the See of Worcester. At the same time Peterhouse held also another professor, Dr Thomas Lorkin, who occupied the Regius Chair of Physic. Professorships were then commonly held with other offices, and John Richardson, fellow of Emmanuel, who was Master of Peterhouse from 1609 to 1615 was also Regius Professor of Divinity.
Richardson became Master of Trinity in 1615. In the time of his successor, Thomas Turner, one of Peterhouse’s most celebrated sons was in residence, the poet Richard Crashaw. The beginning of the sixteenth century found many poets at Cambridge, of whom Crashaw is certainly not the least remarkable. Like George Herbert, who was some twenty years his senior, he was brought up in the traditions of the Church of England, but scarcely had time to prove his principles before the outbreak of the Civil War. He was by temperament55 a mystic, and his early[39] love-poems show a certain religious tendency. It is probable that his study of St Theresa and the bigotry56 of the Puritan party drove him, between them, into the Church of Rome. He eventually took orders and died as a Canon of Loreto. His mystical poems have become very fashionable of late years, and he certainly deserves a very high place among our lyric57 poets. He was also a musician. Although we know little of his life at Cambridge, it is certain that he must have been a prominent figure in the intellectual life of a period when University life was entirely58 intellectual.
In 1632 the chapel was finished and was consecrated in the next year by Bishop Francis White of Ely. Next year the master, Dr Matthew Wren, was succeeded by Dr John Cosin. The new master was one of the most acute theologians of the century, and was deeply impressed, like most contemporary churchmen, with the possibilities of the Church of England. He was one of the first to vindicate59 its position and maintain its orders as valid60. His proceedings61 at Peterhouse were hardly popular. Cambridge has never been guilty of over-rating external forms of worship, and, in the case of Cosin, she showed her indignation very plainly. The Puritans were furious at his ritual; they complained of his bowings and genuflexions, and of the crucifix he set up over the altar of his chapel. In 1643 the iconoclast62 Dowsing paid a visit to Cambridge, and used the most drastic remedies at Peterhouse. Fortunately, the beautiful[40] east window, which would have provoked his zealous63 wrath64, was hidden by the Society and escaped damage. Cosin was ejected by Parliament in 1644, and for sixteen years the college was ruled by Lazarus Seaman65. Cosin returned at the Restoration, and the “idols” were restored to their proper place. But in the same year Cosin was rewarded for his long exile with the See of Durham. In the magnificent chapel which he built at Auckland Castle, we may trace in some measure his affection to Peterhouse; for its beautiful late Gothic was doubtless suggested by Dr Wren’s chapel.
Cosin has had no very conspicuous successors. He was the last Master of Peterhouse but one who became a bishop. His immediate37 predecessors66, Leonard Maw and Matthew Wren, were both translated to bishopricks: Maw to Bath and Wells, and Wren, whose name is most famous, to Ely. During the time of Dr Law,* Bishop of Carlisle, who was master from 1754 to 1788, and filled for a short time the chair of Moral Philosophy, the poet Gray was obliged to change his residence to Pembroke. Gray is one of those persons, uncommon68 in the last century, who saw beauty in nature, and he became a kind of artistic69 apostle at Cambridge. This position, which usually connotes a superiority amounting to superciliousness70, did not render him popular at Peterhouse. He had a horror of fire, and kept a fire-escape attached to his window. One night, some of the more normal members of the college raised[41] an alarm of fire, and Gray descended71 his fire-escape into a bucket of water which had been prepared for him. Having all that lack of humour which is distinctive72 of ?sthetic reformers, he migrated to Pembroke, where he seems to have been better appreciated than in his own college. He lived in Pembroke for the last twenty-five years of his life, and, for the last three (1768-71), was Regius Professor of Modern History.
Dr Law died in 1788, and was succeeded by Dr Francis Barnes,* who continued in his seat for fifty years, holding, like his predecessor67, the Professorship of Moral Philosophy from 1813 to his death in 1838. Then Dr Hodgson was master for nine years, and his successor, Dr Cookson, was succeeded in 1876 by the present Master. Among the notable men of the present day Peterhouse claims the Archbishop of York and Lord Kelvin.* Through Lord Kelvin’s generosity73, it was the first college in Cambridge to use electric light. None of the rest have adopted this modern improvement till quite recently, and even now it is by no means general. Peterhouse, however, has kept up its traditions and occupies a leading place in the history of scientific progress: for, beside Lord Kelvin, its books contain the names of the mathematician74 Dr Routh* and the well-known Professor Dewar (* Orchardson).
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1
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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unities
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| n.统一体( unity的名词复数 )；（艺术等） 完整；（文学、戏剧） （情节、时间和地点的）统一性；团结一致 | |
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conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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portico
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| n.柱廊，门廊 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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wren
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| n.鹪鹩；英国皇家海军女子服务队成员 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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cloister
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| n.修道院；v.隐退，使与世隔绝 | |
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cloisters
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| n.（学院、修道院、教堂等建筑的）走廊( cloister的名词复数 )；回廊；修道院的生活；隐居v.隐退，使与世隔绝( cloister的第三人称单数 ) | |
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picturesqueness
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stilted
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| adj.虚饰的；夸张的 | |
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specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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knight
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| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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revival
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| n.复兴，复苏，（精力、活力等的）重振 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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superseded
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| [医]被代替的，废弃的 | |
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impartial
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| adj.(in,to)公正的，无偏见的 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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derive
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| v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自 | |
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organisation
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| n.组织，安排，团体，有机休 | |
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epoch
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| n.(新)时代；历元 | |
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Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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emulation
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| n.竞争；仿效 | |
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titular
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| adj.名义上的，有名无实的；n.只有名义（或头衔）的人 | |
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monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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benefactors
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| n.捐助者，施主( benefactor的名词复数 )；恩人 | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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derives
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| v.得到( derive的第三人称单数 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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precedent
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| n.先例，前例；惯例；adj.在前的，在先的 | |
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monasteries
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| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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41
choir
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| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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amplified
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| 放大，扩大( amplify的过去式和过去分词 )； 增强； 详述 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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tenure
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| n.终身职位；任期；(土地)保有权，保有期 | |
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chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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auspices
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| n.资助，赞助 | |
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47
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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48
veered
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| v.（尤指交通工具）改变方向或路线( veer的过去式和过去分词 )；（指谈话内容、人的行为或观点）突然改变；（指风） （在北半球按顺时针方向、在南半球按逆时针方向）逐渐转向；风向顺时针转 | |
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49
suppleness
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| 柔软； 灵活； 易弯曲； 顺从 | |
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50
butt
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| n.笑柄；烟蒂；枪托；臀部；v.用头撞或顶 | |
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51
ornamental
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| adj.装饰的；作装饰用的；n.装饰品；观赏植物 | |
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52
gutters
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| （路边）排水沟( gutter的名词复数 )； 阴沟； （屋顶的）天沟； 贫贱的境地 | |
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53
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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54
elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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55
temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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56
bigotry
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| n.偏见，偏执，持偏见的行为[态度]等 | |
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57
lyric
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| n.抒情诗，歌词；adj.抒情的 | |
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58
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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59
vindicate
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| v.为…辩护或辩解，辩明；证明…正确 | |
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60
valid
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| adj.有确实根据的；有效的；正当的，合法的 | |
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61
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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62
iconoclast
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| n.反对崇拜偶像者 | |
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63
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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64
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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65
seaman
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| n.海员，水手，水兵 | |
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66
predecessors
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| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
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67
predecessor
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| n.前辈，前任 | |
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68
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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69
artistic
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| adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的 | |
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70
superciliousness
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| n.高傲，傲慢 | |
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71
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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72
distinctive
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| adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的 | |
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73
generosity
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| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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mathematician
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| n.数学家 | |
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