Pembroke escaped Essex and Wilkins, but it can hardly be congratulated on what it has acquired instead. The south side of the old court has perished; the quaint13 two-storied building which contained the Hall and Library, has disappeared, and, instead, we have the modern Hall, a very insignificant14 Gothic apartment quite out of keeping with the traditions of Pembroke. Mr Waterhouse’s street front, south of the chapel, is quite the worst modern building in Cambridge so far as appearance goes; his library and clock-tower are, fortunately, in a not very obtrusive15 position. Of late years, Mr G.[57] G. Scott has built a very pretty court in a French Renaissance16 style at the back of the college, where Downing Street meets Tennis Court Lane, but, in building the Laboratory opposite in precisely17 the same style, he has committed an error which he would have done well to avoid. This court belongs to 1883; the Master’s Lodge18, between it and the rest of the college, is by Waterhouse, and was finished ten years earlier.
“O Domus antiqua et religiosa!” said Queen Elizabeth, as she passed by the gates of Pembroke Hall. Very few colleges deserve the epithet19 better, for Pembroke has been one of the most religious of all Cambridge foundations, and its history is closely connected with the Church. Like Clare, Pembroke owes its origin to a woman. Marie de St Paul, daughter of Guy, Count of St Paul and Chatillon, married Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke. There is a legend that the Earl was killed at a tournament on his wedding day, and Gray embodied20 the tradition in his noble Installation Ode—
“Sad Chatillon, on her bridal morn,
That wept her princely love.”
History, however, has made short work with this story. At all events, after her husband’s death, the Countess retired21 from the world, and, among other charitable works, founded Pembroke[58] Hall or, as she called it, the Hall of Valence-Mary. This name did not continue long in use; the college was very soon known, on the analogy of Clare, as Pembroke Hall, and the title of College was given to it in the last century. The foundation dates from 1347, when a Master, fifteen scholars and four Bible-clerks were established on the present site. Robert de Thorpe was first master.
Pembroke is intimately connected with the revival22 of learning in England. Henry VI. contributed generously to the foundation, and practically set it upon a new footing. Laurence Booth, who became master in 1450 and held the office until his death, was a man of great learning. His ecclesiastical promotion24 was rapid; he became Bishop of Durham in 1457, and Archbishop of York in 1476. Thomas Rotherham* succeeded him as Archbishop of York and Master of Pembroke. Rotherham, whose actual surname was Scott, was one of the most active promoters of learning in England. He had previously25 filled the sees of Rochester and Lincoln, and was Archbishop of York for twenty-one years. While Bishop of Lincoln, he had built the east side of the University Library, and he became the second founder26 of Lincoln College at Oxford. As Lord Chancellor27 of England, his political career was stormy. Fuller, in speaking of his library at Pembroke, says “Many have mistaken this for the performance of Richard the Third, merely because his Crest28 the Boar is set up therein. Whereas the truth[59] is that Rotheram having felt the sharp Tuskes of that Boar (when imprisoned29 by the aforesaid King for resigning the Great Seal of England to Queen Elizabeth, the relict of King Edward the Fourth) advanced his arms thereon that he might ingratiate himself.” Rotherham fell on more peaceful days when Henry VII. came to the throne. He resigned the mastership in 1488, and died of the plague at Cawood in 1501.
Curiously30 enough, the next master but two, Richard Foxe (* copy of Oxford pictures) founded Corpus Christi College at Oxford, just as Rotherham had re-founded Lincoln. He was at that time Master of Pembroke and Bishop of Winchester. Foxe was one of the greatest prelates of that great age. His benefactions to learning were innumerable and priceless; three colleges at Oxford and three at Cambridge count him among their benefactors31; his splendid chantry at Winchester, one of the finest pieces of Renaissance sculpture which we possess, is entirely32 characteristic of this princely ecclesiastic23. His enlightened religious views made him the friend and patron of the great scholars who flourished during the reign33 of Henry VII. He was also remarkable34 for his political activity; he was the chief agent in the establishment of the Tudor dynasty, and was one of the supporters of the throne against Perkin Warbeck’s rebellion. Ford3, in his historical drama of Perkin Warbeck, drew Foxe’s character with admirable force. He died in 1528, old and almost blind, but still retaining all his vigour[60] and adhering to his bishoprick with great tenacity35. Foxe may be regarded as one of our earliest and wisest Reformers: he died too early for the final quarrel with Rome, but there can hardly be any doubt that he would have exerted his influence to prevent a formal breach36.
A reformer of a different kind was Nicholas Ridley,* master from 1540 to 1553, and Bishop of London during the last three of these thirteen years. It is easy to see the tendencies which the enthusiasm of Rotherham and Foxe for the New Learning had directed, in the fact that Bradford* and Rogers, also martyrs37 for Protestantism, were members of this college. After Elizabeth’s accession, Edmund Grindal,* a Protestant of a somewhat extreme type, became master for three years, during which, like Ridley, he held the see of London. He resigned the mastership in 1562. In 1570 he was translated from London to York, and in 1575 became Archbishop of Canterbury. His successor at Pembroke was the equally famous Matthew Hutton, a learned theologian. His life was closely connected with Cambridge; he took his bachelor’s degree in 1551, and ten years later, became Margaret Professor. Becoming head of Pembroke in the following year, he obtained the Regius Professorship of Divinity. He also was married twice to ladies of the neighbourhood. His first wife, Katherine Fulmetby, was niece to Bishop Goodrich of Ely; his second, Beatrice Fincham, also came from Ely. In 1567 he was made Dean of York and left Pembroke. His[61] preferment was almost entirely due to his scholastic38 disputations before Elizabeth on her visit to Cambridge. While at York, he married a third time, with the true zeal39 of a post-Reformation prelate for the married state. He was made Bishop of Durham in 1589 and was translated to York in 1594. His effigy40, brilliantly painted and attired41 in the costume of an Elizabethan prelate, stands upright against the south wall of the choir42 at York Minster.
Whitgift’s mastership, lasting43 for a few months in 1567, gives another Archbishop to Pembroke. But he soon left the college for Trinity. Twenty-two years later, Lancelot Andrewes* became master. As Bishop successively of Chichester, Ely and Winchester, his name is familiar to students of the Laudian movement. He was one of those great men who, by their spirituality rather than their energy, vindicated44 the Church of England from Papal claims on one side and from Genevan doctrine45 on the other. He is buried, as is well known, in the Collegiate Church of St Saviour46 at Southwark. His influence is noticeable in the characters of his immediate47 successors. Samuel Harsnet, master from 1605 to 1616, was also Bishop of Chichester from 1609 to 1619 and of Norwich from 1619 to 1629; and distinguished48 himself in all these offices by his peaceful and devout49 spirit. Nicholas Felton,* Bishop of Bristol, was master from 1616 to 1618, and Bishop of Ely from 1619 to 1628. His next successor but one, Benjamin Laney,* was a stout50 Royalist, and[62] was conspicuous51 for his fidelity52 to the exiled King during the Commonwealth53. At the Restoration, he received much recompense. He was made Bishop of Peterborough in 1660, Bishop of Lincoln in 1663, and Bishop of Ely in 1667. This unique example of promotion in the Eastern sees closes the list of Pembroke bishops54 for some time. Since then, the most famous prelate connected with the college has been Edward Maltby,* Bishop of Chichester in 1831 and of Durham from 1836 to 1856. He was the first of the Bishops of Durham under the regulations by which at the death of Bishop Van Mildert, the Prince-Bishoprick was finally disestablished.
While these “men of much motion and promotion” were occupying the mastership of the college, the foundation was not without its famous sons. They are not, however, very many, and the chief lustre55 of the college seems to have found its centre in the master. Richard Crashaw was in residence here for some time, doubtless attracted by the saintly fame of the masters of the Stewart epoch56. But undoubtedly57 the greatest son of the college is Edmund Spenser,* who entered the house probably during Hutton’s mastership. Of this splendid name Pembroke may well be proud, although it has no very intimate relation with the life of the University. Bishop Matthew Wren,* Master of Peterhouse, was a fellow here. His benefactions are remarkable; they include the fine chapel. He also bequeathed his silver mitre to[63] the College; and this, although somewhat ugly in itself, is one of the most valuable pieces of plate in Cambridge.
Passing over the age of Anne and George I. we come to the long mastership of Dr Roger Long (* Benj. Wilson) who ruled the college from 1733 to 1770. Long became Lowndean Professor of Astronomy in 1750. His astronomical58 studies were commemorated59 at Pembroke by a hollow sphere of metal, which had a diameter of eighteen feet and was a complete guide to the solar system. It was contained in a building which terminated the north side of the second court, but it was destroyed in 1871. Dr Long was also much interested in the liberal arts; he was a musician and mechanic; he was also a wit of a not very refined order. His “Musick Speech” delivered in Great St Mary’s at the Commencement of 1714, is quoted in Mr J. W. Clark’s book on Cambridge. He was then fellow of his college. As master, he was a friend of Thomas Gray. When that sensitive poet left Peterhouse, he met with a royal reception at Pembroke, which proves that the college was progressive in the direction of culture. Gray joined the society, and resided in the second court for fifteen years. His rooms were famous for their comfort in a day when no one thought of furnishing a room with more than a table and a few chairs, and the blue pots in his window were the wonder of Cambridge. He was devoted60 to his adopted college, and the influence of its structure may be traced in several[64] passages of his poems. From 1768 to 1771, he held the chair of Modern History. There are one or two portraits of him in the college. That by Benjamin Wilson, now in the Combination Room, was painted after his death. Another poet, his close friend and personal admirer, William Mason (* Reynolds) belonged to the society for many years, and died in 1797.
If among poets Pembroke claims Spenser, she can also claim William Pitt among statesmen. There are two portraits of the illustrious Prime Minister, one, by Harlow, in the Hall; the other, by Gainsborough, in the Combination Room. Pitt is, however, the property not so much of a single college as of the University, whose politics have been largely directed by his memory. His name is preserved in the Pitt Club, which was established soon after his death and took his coat of arms. It is to-day the best social club in the University, and has rooms in Jesus Lane. In later years, Pembroke elected John Couch Adams (* Herkomer), the discoverer of Neptune61, to a fellowship, thus adding to a list which, if not long, is at least highly distinguished. Under the mastership of Dr Searle (* Ouless), who was elected in 1880, it has become an exceedingly popular college, and its numbers are very largely augmented62. Dr Edward Bickersteth, the late Bishop of the Church of England in Japan, was among the most celebrated63 of its recent members, and held an Honorary Fellowship. The present Bishop of Wakefield is the latest addition to its roll of prelates.
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1
vestiges
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| 残余部分( vestige的名词复数 )； 遗迹； 痕迹； 毫不 | |
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Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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Ford
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| n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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ivy
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| n.常青藤，常春藤 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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wren
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| n.鹪鹩；英国皇家海军女子服务队成员 | |
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superseded
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| [医]被代替的，废弃的 | |
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consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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cloister
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| n.修道院；v.隐退，使与世隔绝 | |
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exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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obtrusive
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| adj.显眼的；冒失的 | |
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renaissance
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| n.复活，复兴，文艺复兴 | |
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precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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epithet
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| n.（用于褒贬人物等的）表述形容词，修饰语 | |
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embodied
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| v.表现( embody的过去式和过去分词 )；象征；包括；包含 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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revival
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| n.复兴，复苏，（精力、活力等的）重振 | |
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ecclesiastic
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| n.教士，基督教会；adj.神职者的，牧师的，教会的 | |
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promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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29
imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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benefactors
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| n.捐助者，施主( benefactor的名词复数 )；恩人 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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tenacity
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| n.坚韧 | |
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breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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martyrs
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| n.martyr的复数形式；烈士( martyr的名词复数 )；殉道者；殉教者；乞怜者（向人诉苦以博取同情） | |
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scholastic
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| adj.学校的，学院的，学术上的 | |
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zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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effigy
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| n.肖像 | |
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41
attired
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| adj.穿着整齐的v.使穿上衣服，使穿上盛装( attire的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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42
choir
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| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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43
lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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44
vindicated
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| v.澄清（某人/某事物）受到的责难或嫌疑( vindicate的过去式和过去分词 )；表明或证明（所争辩的事物）属实、正当、有效等；维护 | |
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45
doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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46
saviour
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| n.拯救者，救星 | |
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47
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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48
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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49
devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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51
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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52
fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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53
commonwealth
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| n.共和国，联邦，共同体 | |
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54
bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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55
lustre
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| n.光亮，光泽；荣誉 | |
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56
epoch
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| n.(新)时代；历元 | |
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57
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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58
astronomical
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| adj.天文学的，（数字）极大的 | |
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59
commemorated
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| v.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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Neptune
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| n.海王星 | |
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62
Augmented
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| adj.增音的 动词augment的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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