While the Gate of Virtue subordinates its ornament11 to general effect, the last gate, the Gate of Honour, leading appropriately to the[67] Senate House and schools, attracts by beauty of detail. It was finished in 1574, the year after Caius’ death, and its design, the heavy architrave with an Ionic order, and the hexagonal, domed12 structure at the top, is purely13 classical. It is the most charming building of its date in England, and is a good instance of that love of mere fancy which marks the builders of the late Italian Renaissance. Caius’ architect was a certain Theodore Have of Cleves in the Rhenish provinces, who also remodelled14 the chapel between this and Gonville’s court, and probably designed the sarcophagus in which Caius is buried. The bell-tower of the chapel, which agrees very well with the two gateways15, is comparatively new. It is worth while to enter the chapel, which, although, after numerous alterations16, it is of no particular date or style, has a very pleasant interior, and, in addition to Caius’ monument, contains that of Dr Perse, the founder of the Perse Free School in Cambridge. This excellent gentleman, who died in 1617, built most of the original entrance court of the college, in which Caius’ Gate of Humility was incorporated. In Loggan’s beautiful view of[68] Caius, these buildings seem to have been of the same style as those in the second court of St John’s College, the style of which Ralph Symons built so many delightful17 examples in Cambridge. They belong to 1617. The portion of this court south of the Gate of Humility was built in 1619, in accordance with the will of a late master, Dr Legge.
In 1719, the older courts were faced and the chapel was newly decorated. This work was continued at intervals18 through the century. Mr (afterwards Sir James) Burrough was a fellow in these days, and was the leading spirit in the work. The college remained untouched until the mastership of the late Dr Guest. Then, in 1854, Salvin built the Hall, whose exterior19 is as hideous20 as the interior, with its fine open timber roof, is imposing21 and beautiful. In 1867 Mr Waterhouse entirely22 rebuilt Perse’s court, and, in the following year, added an apse to the chapel. His court has given a new feature to Cambridge, certainly. But, where colleges are concerned, Mr Waterhouse is not happy, and this huge pile, with its square windows, its pyramidal tower, medallions, and rows of waterspouts,[69] would make a praiseworthy bank or hotel, but, in its present position, is painfully incongruous.
Very shortly after Marie de Valence had founded Pembroke, Edmund Gonville, rector of Terrington St Clement’s in Norfolk, founded Gonville Hall for the instruction of twenty scholars in dialect and other sciences. He found a site for his hall in what is now Free School Lane, just behind St Botolph’s Church. The foundation took place in 1348, and, during Gonville’s lifetime, the name given to the hall was “The Hall of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin23.” But Gonville died in 1351, when his executor, the famous William Bateman, Bishop24 of Norwich, removed the buildings and placed them opposite his own college of Trinity Hall. Henceforward, the college was known as Gonville Hall, and the old name was retained when Caius re-founded it. The small society—for the college was at first very poor—took possession of its new tenements25 in 1353, when William de Rougham became master. The previous master of the house in Free School Lane was John Colton, who became Primate26 of Ireland; and among the masters of Gonville Hall we find the names of John Rickingale, Bishop of Chichester in 1426, and John Skippe, Bishop of Hereford in 1539.
It was during the mastership of Skippe’s predecessor28, William Bokenham, that John Caius[70] entered the college as an undergraduate. After he had taken his degree he was for a few years Principal of Physwick Hostel29, a small house affiliated30 to Gonville Hall. He left Cambridge, however, about 1540, and travelled to foreign universities, studying medicine at Padua and other academies. He was a man of culture, and his taste was doubtless stimulated31 by the splendid productions of the Italian Renaissance. We may, in fact, regard him as one of the greatest English humanists, and, like so many of them, as one of the greatest benefactors32 to his university. On his return to England he practised as a physician, and received the appointment of court physician to Edward VI. and, afterwards, to Queen Mary. In 1555, he was elected President of the College of Physicians. Having thus risen to considerable eminence33, he determined34 to do something for Gonville Hall. Philip and Mary granted him letters patent in 1557, with which he refounded the college. In this way he gave that impetus35 to medical study which has since made Caius pre-eminently a doctor’s college. His beautiful buildings are sufficient testimony36 to the elegant taste which he had matured in Italy. Thomas Bacon, master of Gonville Hall and first master of the new foundation, died in 1559, and the society elected Caius to the mastership. At first he was reluctant to accept the dignity, and prevailed so far as to refuse his income as master. His mastership lasted until his death in 1573. He was one of the most disinterested37 of all Cambridge[71] benefactors, and his learning and talents are beyond praise. One odd feature of his career, which is very characteristic of the uncritical spirit of the time, is his dispute with Dr Key of Oxford38 as to the relative antiquity39 of the two universities. To some astonishing legend of Key’s, he replied that Cambridge was founded in the year 3538 B.C. by one Cantaber, a Spanish prince, alleging40 many weighty statements on behalf of his accurate chronology. His History of Cambridge contains more trustworthy information than this, but he was singularly prone41 to the acceptation of spurious etymologies42 and vain traditions. His contemporaries held him to be something of an atheist43, and complained that he showed “a perverse44 stomach to professors of the gospel.” This probably means little more than that he was content with the old religion. He died away from Cambridge, but his body was brought from London to be buried. It was met at Trumpington Ford27 by the Vice-Chancellor45 and a procession, who escorted it into Cambridge with almost royal honours.
Among other gifts to the college, Caius left the silver mace46 encircled with serpents, which is called Caduceus prudentis gubernatoris. It was directed to be carried in procession before the master with the Liber Cognitionis and the Pulvinar reverentiae. There are three portraits of Caius in various parts of the college. That in the Hall, which represents him holding a pink, is the best.
A notable son of Gonville Hall was Sir[72] Thomas Gresham, well known as the founder of the Royal Exchange. He died in 1579, so that he had probably taken his degree before Caius’ time. Caius was succeeded in the mastership by Dr Legge, a lawyer and Master in Chancery, who was also Regius Professor of Civil Law. In his day came into residence William Harvey of Folkestone, one of the great glories of the college. His discovery of the circulation of the blood created a revolution in medical science. There are three portraits of Harvey in Caius: one of them, in the Master’s Lodge47, is attributed to Rembrandt; another in the Combination Room, is a replica48 of the picture at the Royal College of Physicians. Another great doctor, John Gostlin,* Regius Professor of Physic, became master in 1618. He is said to have objected to the wearing of boots as “more fit for gallants than for civil students.” He also gave the Bull Inn, which was his property, to Catharine Hall.
If Caius has its doctors, it has also its prelates. William Linwood, Lord Keeper under Henry VI., and Bishop of St David’s in 1442, is commemorated49 by one of the medallions on the west front. A famous name among others is that of Nicholas Shaxton, Bishop of Salisbury in 1535. The long mastership of Thomas Batchcroft,* who was ejected by the Parliamentary Commissioners50 and restored in 1660, was distinguished51 by the residence of Jeremy Taylor. This great divine’s father was a barber in Cambridge, and sent his son to Dr Perse’s new[73] Free School. Naturally, as a scholar brought up at a school which had been founded from Caius, Taylor became an undergraduate at Caius. He was a precocious52 theologian, and early attracted the notice of Laud53, who transferred him to Oxford and procured54 him a fellowship at All Souls’. He became Bishop of Down and Connor, and died at Lisburn in 1667. Among theologians his name stands very high, and, as a writer of English, he is in his own style unsurpassed. Cosin also, a no less illustrious example of piety55 and devout56 Churchmanship, was bred at Caius, before he became Master of Peterhouse. Both Taylor and Cosin figure in the medallions of the fa?ade. The portrait of Taylor in the Hall is a copy of his picture at All Souls’. There is also a portrait of Cosin painted in 1666. Other prelates of this period are Francis Marsh57, Bishop of Limerick and Archbishop of Dublin, Hartstrong, Bishop of Ossory, and Francis White, Bishop, first of Norwich, and then of Ely. To much the same date belongs Judge Jeffreys. A very disreputable undergraduate was Titus Oates, of whom a vehement58 writer says that he was “a liar59 from the beginning, cheated his tailor of a gown, which he denied with horrid60 imprecations.” His career at Cambridge had a sudden end, but he managed to obtain a doctor’s degree at Salamanca. Thomas Shadwell, who is famous as one of Dryden’s bêtes noires, was also a member of Caius.
Robert Brady,* Keeper of the Records[74] and Regius Professor of Physic, was master for forty years after Batchcroft’s death. He was a supporter of the royal prerogative61 in its most extreme form, and wrote a History of England to prove his views. Two clergymen were educated at Caius in his time; Prince, who wrote the Worthies62 of Devon, and Jeremy Collier, the stout63 antagonist64 of Restoration drama. Another long mastership was that of Sir Thomas Gooch,* from 1716 to 1754, who, during the same period, was Bishop successively of Bristol, Norwich and Ely. He was succeeded in 1754 by Sir James Burrough, who, for many years before, had interested himself in the architectural condition of Cambridge, and had had a hand in altering almost every college. He was not an unsuccessful architect, although an amateur, but his work is very unequal and it degenerated65 with the taste of the epoch66. Although one of the best known masters, as far as Cambridge is concerned, there is no portrait of him in the college. Another Cambridge architect, William Wilkins, was also a Caius man.
Burrough’s successor was Dr John Smith, afterwards Lowndean Professor of Astronomy, who lived till 1795. There is a portrait of him by Reynolds in the Master’s Lodge. Later masters have not been so famous. Mr Clark tells us that Dr Benedict Chapman (* Philips) was the last head of a house who rode out in top-boots. Perhaps the name on which Cambridge men will dwell with most affection in connexion with Caius is that of John Hookham[75] Frere, whose translations of Aristophanes have a place in English literature. The mastership of Dr Ferrers,* which began in 1880, has been marked by great progress. The college is no longer exclusively medical, but is winning yearly honours in all the schools, and it has created a good precedent67 by granting fellowships as a reward of proficiency68 rather than of mere academic distinction. It has, however, produced, all through its history, great members of every profession. Among its lawyers have been Lord Chancellor Thurlow* and Baron69 Alderson.* And of its divines, while it reckons the late Dr Harvey Goodwin, Bishop of Carlisle, among the number, the last, but not the least, is the heroic Charles Frederick Mackenzie,* first Bishop of the Universities Mission to Central Africa. Its latest living bishop is Dr Wallis, who was consecrated70 Bishop of Wellington in New Zealand a year or two ago.
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1
chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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humility
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| n.谦逊，谦恭 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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renaissance
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| n.复活，复兴，文艺复兴 | |
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curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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turret
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| n.塔楼，角塔 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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domed
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| adj. 圆屋顶的, 半球形的, 拱曲的 动词dome的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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remodelled
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| v.改变…的结构[形状]( remodel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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gateways
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| n.网关( gateway的名词复数 )；门径；方法；大门口 | |
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alterations
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| n.改动( alteration的名词复数 )；更改；变化；改变 | |
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delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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tenements
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| n.房屋，住户，租房子( tenement的名词复数 ) | |
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primate
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| n.灵长类（目）动物，首席主教；adj.首要的 | |
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Ford
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| n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过 | |
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predecessor
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| n.前辈，前任 | |
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hostel
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| n.（学生）宿舍，招待所 | |
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affiliated
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| adj. 附属的, 有关连的 | |
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stimulated
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| a.刺激的 | |
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benefactors
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| n.捐助者，施主( benefactor的名词复数 )；恩人 | |
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eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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impetus
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| n.推动，促进，刺激；推动力 | |
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testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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disinterested
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| adj.不关心的，不感兴趣的 | |
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Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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alleging
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| 断言，宣称，辩解( allege的现在分词 ) | |
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prone
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| adj.(to)易于…的，很可能…的；俯卧的 | |
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etymologies
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| n.词源学，词源说明( etymology的名词复数 ) | |
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atheist
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| n.无神论者 | |
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perverse
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| adj.刚愎的；坚持错误的，行为反常的 | |
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chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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mace
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| n.狼牙棒，豆蔻干皮 | |
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lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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replica
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| n.复制品 | |
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49
commemorated
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| v.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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50
commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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51
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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52
precocious
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| adj.早熟的；较早显出的 | |
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laud
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| n.颂歌；v.赞美 | |
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procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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vehement
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| adj.感情强烈的；热烈的；(人)有强烈感情的 | |
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liar
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| n.说谎的人 | |
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60
horrid
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| adj.可怕的；令人惊恐的；恐怖的；极讨厌的 | |
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prerogative
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| n.特权 | |
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worthies
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| 应得某事物( worthy的名词复数 )； 值得做某事； 可尊敬的； 有（某人或事物）的典型特征 | |
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antagonist
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| n.敌人，对抗者，对手 | |
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degenerated
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| 衰退，堕落，退化( degenerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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epoch
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| n.(新)时代；历元 | |
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precedent
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| n.先例，前例；惯例；adj.在前的，在先的 | |
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proficiency
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| n.精通，熟练，精练 | |
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baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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