Not long after King’s Hall had received its new eastern gateway, which implies a considerable extension of the college, Henry VIII. dissolved the lesser16 foundations and founded Trinity as we know it. Henry’s chief wish was to provide a sufficient chapel. It was not, however, until Mary’s reign that any activity was shown in this work. Mary furthered her father’s project, and[215] allowed the builders to use the ruins of Cambridge Castle as their quarry17. The work was finished by Elizabeth. Trinity Chapel is an excellent example of late Perpendicular18 work. As Gothic work, it is stiff and debased, and forms a striking contrast to the elegance19 of the Renaissance20 Hall. Its exterior21 has been very little altered. Internally, however, it belongs to a much later period. The west window was filled up by Nevile; the east window is obscured by a huge baldachino of the last century. During Bentley’s mastership, Father Smith built the present organ, one of the largest in England; and the whole chapel was refitted to suit the capacities of this instrument. Opinions may differ about the beauty of the heavy wooden screen in an uncompromisingly classical taste which supports the organ and divides the chapel from the antechapel; but it is unquestionably a very appropriate addition to a stately, if ugly, interior. The carving23 of the stalls is by Grinling Gibbons. Alterations24 did not stop here. The present century has made the building what it is. Within the last thirty years the roof and walls have been highly decorated in accordance with the rest of the[216] chapel, and the result is very imposing25. Mr Henry Holiday’s stained glass, which represents the saints and worthies26 of the Church from the earliest period, is good, although its merits are a little various. The western windows near the organ, devoted27 to members of Trinity, are the best. In the antechapel the glass is very bad indeed. Otherwise, this part of the building is not much altered, and its panelling of dark oak makes it one of the most impressive sights in either university. This is much increased by the fine statues. Of these, that of Newton, by Roubiliac, was given in 1755 by the master, Dr Smith. The rest are more modern. Bacon’s statue, by Weekes, was given by Dr Whewell; Barrow’s by the late Lord Lansdowne. The statues of Macaulay and Whewell are both by Woolner.
These various buildings and others which had grown about them were gathered together in the reign of James I., and the result is the Great Court, one of the largest and certainly without exception the most beautiful of quadrangles in the world. Trinity owes a great debt to Thomas Nevile, who was master from 1593 to[217] 1615. To bring his buildings into a systematic28 form, he took down King Edward III.’s tower and rebuilt it west of the chapel. He added the upper storey to the great gateway, and placed the statue of Henry VIII. in a niche29 outside, while on the side towards the court he set up in corresponding niches30 statues of James I., Prince Charles, and the Princess Elizabeth. On the south side he built the Queen’s tower, which contains the figure of Queen Mary, and is exactly opposite King Edward’s tower. Finally, to the west he built the Hall, north of the old hall of Michael House, and, further north still, the Master’s Lodge31. His architect was that admirable genius, Ralph Symons. Although the Great Court has been partly faced with stucco and, in certain places, refronted, its beauty is indestructible. The sets of rooms which join the towers and other buildings together, have their height in very just proportion to the size of the quadrangle. What the effect would be, were they higher than they are, may be seen by comparing the Jacobean buildings with Essex’s classical addition near the kitchen, and the modern Gothic buildings between the Chapel[218] and Lodge. The beauty of the court finds its central point, perhaps, in Nevile’s exquisite32 fountain, built in 1602, which has all the best attributes of English Renaissance work. It may be compared with the gateway just outside the south-western corner of the court.
The Hall, with its light oriels and graceful33 louvre, was finished in 1604. Its interior is, perhaps, a little over-decorated, but possesses a certain splendour which finds no parallel in England. The western gallery, covered with rich carving and highly gilded34, may be compared with the similar galleries at Audley End and other contemporary houses. The portraits are interesting, although of no great excellence35 as a whole. Newton, Bacon, and Barrow occupy the north end, and other celebrities36, such as Dryden, Cowley and Pearson, are to be found on the side walls above the panelling. Sir Joshua Reynolds’ charming portrait of the little Duke of Gloucester hangs close to the western oriel, and near it is Mr Watts’ portrait of Tennyson. Other modern portraits are those of Thackeray (Lockhart Bogle), Dr Thompson (Herkomer), Dr Lightfoot (Richmond), and,[219] of living celebrities, Professor Michael Foster (Herkomer) and Dr Henry Jackson (C. W. Furse).
Beyond the Hall, Nevile built the court, which bears his name, and, for a certain beauty of its own, is not far behind the Great Court. Ralph Symons was again his architect. This building consisted of two wings, shorter than at present, at right angles to the Hall, and built above a cloister37. These splendid arcades38 are the very crown of Renaissance work in Cambridge; their cloistered39 ground-floor recalls Bologna or Padua rather than the court of an English university; but their upper stories are thoroughly40 English work. Nevile’s Court did not assume its present secluded41, aristocratic appearance until considerably42 more than a hundred years later. Isaac Barrow, one of the many great Masters of Trinity, began the library in 1675, with Sir Christopher Wren43 as his architect. The court was completed by the generous addition of two compartments44 to the original arcades, which was paid for by some of the fellows. Wren’s Library is so prominent that its incongruity45 with the rest[222] of the court is not at once obvious, but there can be no doubt that it is seen at its best on the river side. Its front towards the court is adorned47 with a bas-relief which represents the dedication48 of the Septuagint to Ptolemy Philadelphus. On the roof are four statues of learned nymphs by Gabriel Cibber, which are chiefly remarkable49 for the part they played in one of Byron’s most senseless freaks. The interior of the Library is matchless for its magnificent simplicity50. It is a pity that the arbiters51 of taste in the last century should have allowed Cipriani to design the window at the south end, but this is the sole fault. The numerous busts53 (some by Roubiliac), the carvings54 on the bookcases (Grinling Gibbons) and Thorwaldsen’s statue of Byron are remarkable.
Wren is also supposed to have harmonised the side of the Hall which stands opposite, with his Library. The present meaningless alcoves55 and the balustrade which have superseded56 Nevile’s work on this side, are probably by Essex, who was brought in to prop22 up the Hall and build the Combination Room and[223] Kitchen Offices in 1771. A little while before Wren began working at Trinity, John Hacket, Bishop57 of Lichfield and Coventry, founded Bishop’s Hostel58, the small building south of the Great Court, and close to the Trinity Lane entrance. These buildings (1670) are now somewhat overlapped59 by the modern buildings of Garret Hostel, which are also of red brick. Garret Hostel is, however, a much older component60 of Trinity, and the modern buildings are simply a revival61.
During the eighteenth century Bentley effected his famous alterations in the Lodge and Chapel, and Essex made the additional changes to which I have referred. No actual addition was made to the college until, in 1823, William Wilkins began his court in the revived Gothic taste, adjoining Nevile’s Court on the south. George IV. proved a benefactor62 to the extent of ￡1000, and the official name of the new building is for this reason King’s Court. It was finished about six years later. Cambridge, as we have seen, has a long tale to tell of Georgian Gothic, and the New Court of Trinity is a very typical[224] example of that period. It nevertheless is a far more pleasant building than Wilkins’ court at Corpus or Rickman’s at St John’s, although there is not much to praise in it. To a much better period of modern Gothic belong Mr Beresford Hope’s improvements in the Lodge and the Master’s Courts, usually known as Whewell’s Court (and by more familiar names), which are opposite the great gate of Trinity, and are one of the thoroughfares between Trinity Street and Sidney Street. Dr Whewell built this court at his own expense, with Salvin as his architect. Outside, it is gloomy but imposing. The darkness of its interior was till quite recently almost to be felt; but now (1898) they are being refaced, and the depressing rooms are being made into comfortable and picturesque63 habitations.
The grounds of Trinity are spacious64 and pleasant, and the famous lime-walk is one of the wonders of Cambridge. When Dr Nevile built his court, he filled up a branch of the Cam which ran northwards from Garret Hostel Bridge and rejoined the main stream at the north-west corner of the present Library. The[225] bridge which connects the lime-walk with the new court was built by Essex, and is his best work in Cambridge, if that is any praise.
The royal foundation of Trinity College is, as a matter of fact, one of the youngest colleges in Cambridge. At the same time, it is to Cambridge what Christ Church is to Oxford65, and, more than that, its name, to a great number of people, is almost synonymous with Cambridge. Henry VIII., the most learned of our English sovereigns, was naturally a great patron of learning. In 1546, the year in which, with his characteristic want of scruple66, he took upon himself the credit of founding Wolsey’s great college at Oxford, he also founded Trinity at Cambridge. His material was ready to hand, for the small colleges and hostels67 which filled up the space between the present Trinity Street and the river provided scanty68 room for their members, and needed amalgamation69. Trinity, in fact, as it now exists, is composed of a number of separate foundations, the principal of which were Michael House, founded in 1324, and King’s Hall, founded by Edward III. in 1337. These two colleges had gradually absorbed many of the smaller hostels. The founder70 of Michael House was Hervé de Staunton, treasurer71 to King Edward II. In spite of its limited situation, it had a certain amount of prestige, and one of its last masters was John Fisher, afterwards President of Queens’[226] and Bishop of Rochester. It used the church of St Michael as its chapel. King’s Hall, on the other hand, had, by the time of Henry VIII., extended its boundaries and built its own chapel. It had grown out of a corporation of scholars, which had found a patron in Edward II., and had been presented by Edward III., in 1336, with a piece of ground belonging to one Robert of Crowland—which may point to a connection between the foundation and Crowland Abbey, the great centre of English learning. A regular charter was granted in 1337. The accounts of the institution remain, and point to a style of living which would not be very highly accounted of now, but was positively72 luxurious73 for medieval Cambridge. The scholars attended chapel at St Mary’s by the Market and All Saints’ in the Jewry, until, in Edward IV.’s reign, they obtained leave to found a chapel for themselves. King’s Hall naturally became the nucleus of Henry’s college, and the lesser buildings found their centre in its court, enlarged and beautified. John Redman, the last master of King’s Hall, became the first master of Trinity College.
Under the charter of 1546, Henry VIII. founded Trinity College for a master and sixty fellows and scholars. The full title was “Trinity College within the Town and University of Cambridge of King Henry the Eighth’s foundation.” Michael House, dedicated74 primarily to St Michael the Archangel, had been founded under the secondary invocations[227] of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, St Mary, and All Saints; and it is probable that the first of these suggested the name under which the college has become so famous. Trinity College is the most distinguished75 fruit of that revived learning which paved the way for and accompanied the Reformation: from the very beginning its tendencies were liberal and progressive; every genius which it nourished was eminently76 constructive77. The names of its three greatest alumni, Newton, Bacon, and Barrow, form, so to speak, the three fountain-heads of organized philosophical78 thought in England; and there are a hundred less monumental names which are sufficient guarantee of the intellectual supremacy79 of Trinity over her sisters. The history of the college divides itself naturally into periods. The first is a period of consolidation80, extending from 1546 to 1593. During this time, the college suffered the ordinary vicissitudes81 of the Reformation. Its chapel, which had been projected by Henry VIII., was begun by Mary and finished, probably out of a sense of duty, by Elizabeth. In 1553, William Bill, the second master, who had been appointed under Edward VI., had to retire in favour of a Catholic master, John Christopherson, but was of course restored at the accession of Elizabeth. He was succeeded in 1561 by Robert Beaumont, who presented to the Master’s Lodge a portrait of the founder by Lucas van Heere, one of the most excellent portrait-painters of the sixteenth century. Beaumont, in his turn, was succeeded[228] by John Whitgift, who was already well known in Cambridge as Master of Peterhouse and Pembroke, and Fellow of Queens’. Whitgift, with Matthew Parker and Matthew Hutton, is one of the three divines who may be taken as typical of Elizabethan Cambridge—strongly anti-papal in their sentiments, but keeping nevertheless a cautious eye on the political balance. It is hardly necessary to add that Whitgift’s long list of Cambridge preferments eventually led to the Archbishoprick of Canterbury. And it was during his mastership that the greatest intellect of the age was trained at his college. Under the yoke82 of the Aristotelian system of philosophy, Francis Bacon, while still at Cambridge, perceived the fallacies of the stereotyped83 methods of thought, and laid the foundation of inductive science. Bacon’s life is connected more intimately with affairs of state than with his University; but Trinity regards him as one of the principal saints in her kalendar, and his memory greets the visitor at every turn. His portrait is one of the three at the end of the Hall; there is another in the Master’s Lodge; his bust52, by Roubiliac, is in the Library; and, in 1845, his statue was placed, side by side with that of Newton, in the antechapel.
Bacon is the great figure of this early period. Nine years older than he, the Lord Chief Justice Coke (* Whood: bust by Roubiliac) is the first of the great lawyers connected with Trinity. Another celebrated84 name is that of Dr Donne, Dean of St Paul’s, divine and poet. Sir[229] Henry Spelman (* Whood), the antiquary and translator of Xenophon, was a contemporary of Bacon, and, some years after, Sir Robert Cotton (* bust by Roubiliac) furnished Trinity with another arch?ologist. Whitgift, after his translation to Canterbury, was succeeded by John Still, who became Bishop of Bath and Wells. With Still’s successor, Dr Thomas Nevile,* master from 1593 to 1615, the second period opens. Nevile held the Deanery of Canterbury with his mastership, but his life was spent in Cambridge, and his architectural work in Trinity, while it is the most important in the University, stamps him as the chief benefactor of the college. In that great age of building, Nevile’s work has an honourable85 pre-eminence86: it is the sign of a monumental perseverance87 and an artistic88 taste which, even in that fine era of Renaissance culture, was never surpassed. We may with justice echo the words of Fuller, who says that Dr Nevile performed this work “answering his anagram most heavenly, and practising his own allusive89 motto ne vile2 velis.” Higher praise could not be given. Nevile’s buildings, if architecture may be considered to reflect contemporary history, may be regarded as a turning-point in Cambridge thought. When we look at the reactionary90 tendency to the Gothic taste in Jacobean Oxford, and compare it with the distinct preference shown in Cambridge for classical and Renaissance models, the radical divergence91 of the two Universities is clear. Nevile’s courts at Trinity were the beginning[230] of a long series of collegiate buildings which, often very defective92, took the place of Gothic work and held it for the next two centuries. The sole exception to this rule is Matthew Wren’s chapel at Peterhouse. Besides his building energy, Nevile acquired land for the college, so that, when the Society enlarged its buildings in after years, it found itself in possession of the requisite93 site. The King’s Court occupies part of this property. One can only say that Nevile’s memory might be honoured with a better building.
One of the first scholars of Trinity who saw Nevile’s work in its complete state was George Herbert. He was born in 1593, the first year of Nevile’s mastership, and entered Trinity at a very early age. Although it is more natural to think of him as a parish priest and the writer of the most beautiful devotional poetry in English, his career at Cambridge was not without distinction. His early Latinity was as perfect as Milton’s, and he filled the office of Public Orator94 of the University. He is unique among Trinity men as the only important member of the college who belonged to the most illustrious school of English churchmen—the school which, under Andrewes, Laud95 and Cosin, placed the Church of England on a logical and independent footing. The honours of this school are shared rather unequally between the two Universities, but Cambridge contributed a substantial quota96 to the whole sum. There is no portrait of Herbert in the college, but he is[231] commemorated97 in one of the chapel windows. He died at the early age of forty, before the troubles of the Great Rebellion. John Hacket,* the Royalist Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, was probably at Trinity with Herbert. He is remembered, not so much for his divinity as for his gallant98 defence of his cathedral against the Puritan destroyers. He was born in 1592 and did not die till 1670, ten years after the Restoration. In his seventieth year, having been mercifully preserved throughout the troubles, he desired to bestow100 some mark of his affection upon Trinity, “that Society,” as he said with a noble pathos101 characteristic of the party to which he had attached himself, “which is more precious to me, next to the Church of Jesus Christ, than any place upon earth.” The result of his bequest102 was the present Bishop’s Hostel, which occupied part of the site of the old Garret’s or Gerrard’s Hostel.
The seventeenth century is fertile in great men. During the century, however, none of the masters of the college were very conspicuous103 men, and the mastership, between 1615 and 1683, changed hands no less than twelve times. It is also worthy of remark that three successive masters ended their lives as Bishops104 of Chester, thus uniting Henry VIII.’s collegiate foundation with one of his bishopricks. These were John Wilkins (* Whood), master in 1659, Henry Ferne, master in 1660, and John Pearson (* Whood), master from 1662 to 1673. This last is the only exception to[232] the general insignificance105 of the masters at this time. He was a distinguished scholar who had been connected with several colleges, and had held the mastership of Jesus. His work on the Apostles’ Creed106 is still one of the classics of English theology. About the middle of the century, Dryden (* Hudson) came to Trinity from Westminster School. Both he and Abraham Cowley (* Slaughton) were strongly attached to the Royalist side during the Commonwealth107 disturbances108, and Cowley, who entered the college in 1637 and proceeded to his master’s degree, was expelled in 1643 on account of his too strongly expressed loyalty109. He found more congenial soil at St John’s College, Oxford, the college of Laud, Juxon, and others of the same party. If to these poets we add the names of the naturalists110 Ray (* Hudson: bust by Roubiliac) and Willoughby (bust by Roubiliac) we shall have enumerated111 the most illustrious Trinity men of their time. Ray and Willoughby, who studied natural history with special reference to its religious character, were, in fact, the founders112 of the modern science, just as Dryden may be said to have struck the first note of modern poetry.
Pearson became Bishop of Chester in 1672, and removed there in 1673. Under his successor, Isaac Barrow, began the golden age of Trinity. Barrow is, in many ways, the most extraordinary genius of whom Cambridge can boast. He was one of that rare class[233] whose knowledge is practically universal. He was born in 1630, a year before his great contemporary, John Locke, who went up to Oxford from Westminster about the time when Barrow went up from Charterhouse to Cambridge. Barrow was a man of surprising energy and, at Cambridge, he appears to have read deeply in every subject which was then studied. He was classic, mathematician113, scientist, theologian, and orator; and in each of these branches he excelled. He was appointed Regius Professor of Greek in 1655, and, subsequently, Lucasian Professor of Mathematics—a feat114 which, to the scholars of to-day, would seem next to impossible. Undoubtedly115, however, his promotion116 to the mastership of his college and his subsequent celebrity117 were due to his fame as a divine. His sermons bear the same relation to his age that those of Jeremy Taylor bear to the Stewart period. He was in high favour as a preacher at court, and, on Pearson’s retirement118, his appointment was obvious. He did not hold the mastership for more than four years, as in 1677 he died at the age of forty-seven. His portrait by Hudson hangs in the college Hall; his bust, by Roubiliac, is in the Library; and his statue, by Noble, was placed in the antechapel during the mastership of his worthy successor, Whewell.
At this time, the mathematical attainments119 of the Society must have been overpowering. Barrow’s fame in this department has perhaps been obscured by that of Sir Isaac Newton;[234] but, if we are to believe Newton’s generous compliment, the early death of Roger Cotes robbed Trinity of an even greater prodigy120. The college may nevertheless be well content with Newton, who was emphatically a Trinity man, spending very little of his life away from Cambridge. He was twelve years younger than Barrow, and entered Trinity in the year of the Restoration, when he was eighteen. Nine years later, his studies proved so fruitful that Barrow gave up the Lucasian professorship in his favour. For more than half a century, he was the chief ornament121 of the University. His discoveries revolutionised the whole theory of mathematics, and it was owing to his personality that the subsequent energies of Cambridge were so largely mathematical. He occupied rooms between the Great Gateway and the Chapel. Although he made Cambridge his home, he had a large share in public business, sitting as Member for the University and receiving the mastership of the Mint. This office he probably owed to another member of the college, Charles Montague, Earl of Halifax (* Kneller), whose recall of the specie is among the most famous of English financial operations. In 1703, Newton was elected President of the Royal Society, which, it is interesting to note, had been founded, forty years before, mainly through the energy of Dr Wilkins, Master of Trinity and one of the three Bishops of Chester mentioned above. Newton was knighted by Queen Anne in 1705, and died in 1727.[235] His scientific studies were not his exclusive pursuits, for he was, to a certain extent, one of the group of literary men who are the glory of Anne’s reign, and was also much occupied with the elucidation122 of prophecy, which probably attracted him from its mathematical side. Trinity has very justly regarded him as her greatest son. His portrait, by Ritz, occupies the place of honour in the Hall, and every visitor to Cambridge knows—
The antechapel where the statue stood
Of Newton with his prism and silent face,
The marble index of a mind for ever
Voyaging through strange seas of Thought, alone.
The statue, which is by Roubiliac, and is that master’s most famous work, bears the inscription from Lucretius “Qui genus humanum ingenio superavit.” There is a bust of him in the Library, also by Roubiliac, and several portraits are to be found throughout the college.
After Barrow’s death, the mastership was filled successively by the Hon. John North* and the Hon. John Montague,* whose rule was calculated to foster a comfortable laziness rather than industry. On the death of the second of these, Dr Richard Bentley, fellow of St John’s, was elected master. There was, in those days, a strong feeling of rivalry123 between the two foundations—not only academical, but also in political and social matters. Bentley was a rare genius, whose scholarship was just then acknowledged as the finest in England, but he was utterly[236] devoid124 of good feeling and tact125, and had a peculiar126 faculty127 for exciting hatred128. His fame, for the most of us, is due to his high place in the Dunciad. He arrived in Trinity with the intention of managing the college on his own lines. There was a party in the Society which thoroughly enjoyed the comfort of a position it did not adorn46, and in this body Bentley found his most devoted enemies. Instead of conciliating them, he treated them with undisguised contempt and arrogance129; and his conduct was so injudicious that he alienated130 all the better members of the college from himself. Matters came to a head when Bentley made radical alterations in the Master’s Lodge, and presented the fellows with a bill considerably larger than the original estimate. Open war broke out; the fellows refused to pay; and Bentley in consequence applied131 methods of coercion132, withholding133 privileges which were in his gift. The fellows found themselves obliged to give in after some time, and Bentley followed up this victory by altering the interior of the chapel to suit the new organ. At this point, however, the Society revolted for good. Bentley required a large subscription134 of each fellow. The fellowship dividends135 had been much reduced during the previous years, and, with this additional burden, poverty stared many of the dons in the face. In this crisis, the fellows, who undoubtedly had justice on their side, called in Serjeant Milne, a London lawyer and one of their number, and, under his guidance, addressed a gravamen against[237] the Master to the Bishop of Ely. Things would have gone hardly for Bentley, had not the Bishop died opportunely136. This Bishop, by the way, was John Moore, whose books George I. gave to the University Library. However, Bentley’s tyranny was not suffered to continue, for, in 1718, the Senate passed a grace degrading him from his high positions in the University. After this, the quarrel was less prominent. Bentley occupied the Lodge till 1742, but the bad feeling which he had excited continued till the end of his life. His judgment137 and taste may be estimated from the reply which he is said to have given to some congratulatory address after his election. Referring to his original college of St John’s, he said, “By the help of my God, I have leaped over a wall.” His arrogance might have been excusable in a young man whose promotion was early, but Bentley, in 1700, was past middle life. His scholarship was sound, and there is no doubt that his arguments against the Epistles of Phalaris crushed the position of his adversary138 Boyle; but his lack of proper feeling always put him in the wrong, and his memory lives in the satire139 of Pope and Swift rather than in his own work. Hudson’s portrait of him is in the Hall, and his bust, by Roubiliac, is in the Library.
The quarrels of Bentley’s mastership form a period by themselves in the college history. At the same time, it must be remembered that the quarrel was confined to a section of the Society, and that the better members kept aloof140 from it.[238] It had nevertheless a marked effect on the college throughout the eighteenth century, with the consequence that famous names are comparatively scanty. Of Bentley’s opponents, the most distinguished was Dr Conyers Middleton, whose life of Cicero was good enough to merit a century of abuse. Lesser scholars of the same time were Roger Gale141,* the antiquary, who is often confounded with the learned Theophilus Gale of Magdalen, Oxford, author of the once famous Court of the Gentiles; and Beaupré Bell* of Outwell, Norfolk, who was an enthusiastic lover of church architecture, and left his valuable manuscripts to the college library. Bentley’s immediate142 successor, Dr Robert Smith,* master from 1742 to 1768, bequeathed his name to the Smith’s Prizes. He was succeeded by John Hinchliffe, Bishop of Peterborough, a typical prelate of the last century and a born pluralist. Lord Orford, in his Tour of the Fens143, describes his entertainment at the Palace of Peterborough; from which we may divine that Hinchliffe was fond of a good dinner and liked the vicinity of a nobleman. On one occasion, he put a man with no voice into the Trinity choir144, because he happened to have a vote for Peterborough. A fellow of the college, named Mansel, who was more remarkable for his ponderous145 wit than his piety146, wrote the following epigram:—
A singing man, and yet not sing?
How justify147 your patron’s bounty148?
Forgive me; you mistake the thing;
My voice is in another county.
This same Mansel* came, some years later, to great dignity as Bishop of Bristol and Master of Trinity. His mastership, from 1798 to 1820, closes the eighteenth century. The most distinguished member of the college at this time was the great Professor of Greek, Richard Porson,* who died in 1808 at the age of forty-nine. His beautiful Greek handwriting may be seen in one of the cases in the college library. Otherwise, the scholars of the last century are few and far between. Trinity was, however, the great nursing-place for noblemen; and among the number of her sons may be mentioned the famous Marquess of Granby (* Reynolds) whose head serves as the sign for so many inns; John Jefferies Pratt, Marquess Camden and Chancellor149 of the University (* Lawrence), George Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Grafton (* Lawrence), and, of royal blood, William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester (* Gainsborough, Romney, Opie), Chancellor of the University, and Frederick Augustus, Duke of Sussex (* Lonsdale). A great statesman of the day was Spencer Perceval,* who was assassinated150 in the lobby of the Houses of Parliament. But, if we turn to men of letters and poets, we merely find such men as the parodist151, Isaac Hawkins Browne.*
Lord Byron received his education under Mansel. His career at Cambridge would be scarcely worth recording152, were he not Byron; for it is the record of a foolish series of silly exploits and eccentricities153 bordering on madness.[240] The place of honour which is given to his statue in the library always seems a little better than his merits. He occupied rooms in Nevile’s Court, and contrived154, during his residence, to irritate the college authorities. Mansel, as master, had a very exalted155 idea of the virtues156 of his position, and, from the anecdotes157 which are told of him, must have made himself peculiarly unpleasant. He was the last master of Trinity who combined that office with episcopal dignity. His successor, Christopher Wordsworth,* master from 1820 to 1841, was brother to the poet, and father of the late saintly Bishop of Lincoln.
During Wordsworth’s time, the college was full of great men. Adam Sedgwick* was Professor of Geology. Another member of the college was Thomas Babington Macaulay, who was born with the century. As Fellow of Trinity, the great historian was thoroughly identified with the college, and, nine years after his death, his statue, by Woolner, was placed among the distinguished society of the antechapel. Younger by nine years than Macaulay was Alfred Tennyson (* Watts), who, in a few exquisite verses, made himself peculiarly the poet of Trinity. The chief event of his Cambridge life was, of course, his friendship for Arthur Henry Hallam, who lived, as is well known, in the New Court. Tennyson himself was otherwise not greatly attached to Cambridge. He lived at some distance from Trinity, in Corpus Buildings, and went down without[241] taking his degree. In this respect, Thackeray (* Bogle), two years his junior, was very different from him. Through all his life, Thackeray, although he was so closely identified with London, kept his love for Cambridge, and was at heart a don. While still in residence, he would walk reading along one of the paths in the Great Court, and, in after life, he constantly returned. His rooms were close to Newton’s, north of the Great Gate. Probably no one has handled University life with more success—the subject is proverbially difficult—than Thackeray in the early chapters of Pendennis; and, in most of his novels, he sent his heroes to colleges which, whether he placed them in Oxford or Cambridge, have all the features of his beloved Trinity.
With Thackeray we are hard on the heels of our own age. The modern period of Trinity’s history begins with the mastership of William Whewell, whose name is inseparable from his college. The twenty-five years of his mastership, from 1841 to 1866, form a very distinguished epoch158. As scholar, organiser, and benefactor to the foundation, he was pre-eminent. The famous epigram which said of him that “Science was his forte159 and omniscience160 his foible” was in the main true, but he carried to everything he attempted an immense interest and a sound judgment. His statue very worthily161 completes the group in the antechapel. It was erected162 during the mastership of his successor, William Hepworth[242] Thompson (* Herkomer) the Platonist, famous for his erudition and his bons mots. Before his elevation163 to the mastership, Dr Thompson had been Regius Professor of Greek. The men of his generation who belonged to the Society were men of the highest eminence; the best known are, perhaps, Joseph Barber Lightfoot (* Richmond, Dickinson), the commentator164 on St Paul’s Epistles and Bishop of Durham; James Clerk Maxwell,* Professor of Experimental Physics in the University; the late Arthur Cayley (* Dickinson), the greatest mathematician whom Trinity boasts since the days of Newton; and the Public Orator, W. G. Clark (bust by Woolner), Thompson’s life-long friend. When Thompson died in 1886, he was succeeded by the present master, Dr Butler, who had been Head Master of Harrow and Dean of Gloucester. Beneath these rulers, and with the highest prestige in the world as her tradition, Trinity fully99 justifies165 her distinction as a royal foundation and a nursing-mother of sound and religious learning. To select from the present society is invidious; but the names of Professor Henry Sidgwick, Professor Michael Foster (* Herkomer), Dr Henry Jackson (* Furse), and Professor Jebb, are of European repute, to say nothing of the present vice-master, Mr Aldis Wright, editor of Shakspeare, and Mr John Willis Clark, the present Registrary, whose investigations166 in Cambridge history and antiquities167 are well known everywhere. In the Church one may point to the theologian Dr Westcott,[243] Bishop of Durham, to Dr Farrar, Dean of Canterbury, and to the late Charles Alan Smythies, Bishop of Zanzibar; among politicians, to Mr Arthur and Mr Gerald Balfour, and Sir William Harcourt; while of doctors, lawyers and men of letters the crowd cannot be numbered.
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1
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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vile
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| adj.卑鄙的，可耻的，邪恶的；坏透的 | |
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radical
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| n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的 | |
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alteration
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| n.变更，改变；蚀变 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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nucleus
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| n.核，核心，原子核 | |
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relic
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| n.神圣的遗物，遗迹，纪念物 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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gateway
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| n.大门口，出入口，途径，方法 | |
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inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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quarry
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| n.采石场；v.采石；费力地找 | |
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perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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elegance
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| n.优雅；优美，雅致；精致，巧妙 | |
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renaissance
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| n.复活，复兴，文艺复兴 | |
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exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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prop
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| vt.支撑；n.支柱，支撑物；支持者，靠山 | |
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carving
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| n.雕刻品，雕花 | |
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alterations
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| n.改动( alteration的名词复数 )；更改；变化；改变 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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worthies
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| 应得某事物( worthy的名词复数 )； 值得做某事； 可尊敬的； 有（某人或事物）的典型特征 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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systematic
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| adj.有系统的，有计划的，有方法的 | |
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niche
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| n.壁龛；合适的职务(环境、位置等) | |
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niches
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| 壁龛( niche的名词复数 )； 合适的位置[工作等]； （产品的）商机； 生态位（一个生物所占据的生境的最小单位） | |
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31
lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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32
exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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gilded
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| a.镀金的，富有的 | |
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excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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celebrities
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| n.（尤指娱乐界的）名人( celebrity的名词复数 )；名流；名声；名誉 | |
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37
cloister
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| n.修道院；v.隐退，使与世隔绝 | |
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arcades
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| n.商场( arcade的名词复数 )；拱形走道（两旁有商店或娱乐设施）；连拱廊；拱形建筑物 | |
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39
cloistered
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| adj.隐居的，躲开尘世纷争的v.隐退，使与世隔绝( cloister的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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40
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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41
secluded
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| adj.与世隔绝的；隐退的；偏僻的v.使隔开，使隐退( seclude的过去式和过去分词) | |
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42
considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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43
wren
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| n.鹪鹩；英国皇家海军女子服务队成员 | |
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44
compartments
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| n.间隔( compartment的名词复数 )；（列车车厢的）隔间；（家具或设备等的）分隔间；隔层 | |
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45
incongruity
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| n.不协调，不一致 | |
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adorn
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| vt.使美化，装饰 | |
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adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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dedication
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| n.奉献，献身，致力，题献，献辞 | |
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49
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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50
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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51
arbiters
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| 仲裁人，裁决者( arbiter的名词复数 ) | |
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52
bust
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| vt.打破；vi.爆裂；n.半身像；胸部 | |
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busts
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| 半身雕塑像( bust的名词复数 )； 妇女的胸部； 胸围； 突击搜捕 | |
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54
carvings
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| n.雕刻( carving的名词复数 )；雕刻术；雕刻品；雕刻物 | |
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55
alcoves
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| n.凹室( alcove的名词复数 )；（花园）凉亭；僻静处；壁龛 | |
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56
superseded
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| [医]被代替的，废弃的 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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58
hostel
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| n.（学生）宿舍，招待所 | |
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overlapped
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| _adj.重叠的v.部分重叠( overlap的过去式和过去分词 )；（物体）部份重叠；交叠；（时间上）部份重叠 | |
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component
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| n.组成部分，成分，元件；adj.组成的，合成的 | |
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61
revival
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| n.复兴，复苏，（精力、活力等的）重振 | |
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benefactor
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| n. 恩人，行善的人，捐助人 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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scruple
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| n./v.顾忌，迟疑 | |
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67
hostels
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| n.旅舍，招待所( hostel的名词复数 )；青年宿舍 | |
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scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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amalgamation
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| n.合并，重组；；汞齐化 | |
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Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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treasurer
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| n.司库，财务主管 | |
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positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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luxurious
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| adj.精美而昂贵的；豪华的 | |
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dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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eminently
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| adv.突出地；显著地；不寻常地 | |
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constructive
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| adj.建设的，建设性的 | |
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philosophical
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| adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的 | |
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supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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consolidation
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| n.合并,巩固 | |
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81
vicissitudes
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| n.变迁，世事变化；变迁兴衰( vicissitude的名词复数 )；盛衰兴废 | |
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82
yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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83
stereotyped
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| adj.(指形象、思想、人物等)模式化的 | |
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84
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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86
eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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87
perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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artistic
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| adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的 | |
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allusive
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| adj.暗示的；引用典故的 | |
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reactionary
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| n.反动者，反动主义者；adj.反动的，反动主义的，反对改革的 | |
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divergence
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| n.分歧，岔开 | |
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defective
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| adj.有毛病的，有问题的，有瑕疵的 | |
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requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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orator
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| n.演说者，演讲者，雄辩家 | |
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laud
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| n.颂歌；v.赞美 | |
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quota
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| n.（生产、进出口等的）配额，（移民的）限额 | |
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commemorated
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| v.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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101
pathos
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| n.哀婉，悲怆 | |
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102
bequest
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| n.遗赠；遗产，遗物 | |
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103
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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104
bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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105
insignificance
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| n.不重要；无价值；无意义 | |
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106
creed
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| n.信条；信念，纲领 | |
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107
commonwealth
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| n.共和国，联邦，共同体 | |
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108
disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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naturalists
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| n.博物学家( naturalist的名词复数 )；（文学艺术的）自然主义者 | |
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111
enumerated
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| v.列举，枚举，数( enumerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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112
founders
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| n.创始人( founder的名词复数 ) | |
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113
mathematician
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| n.数学家 | |
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114
feat
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| n.功绩；武艺，技艺；adj.灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的 | |
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115
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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116
promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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117
celebrity
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| n.名人，名流；著名，名声，名望 | |
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118
retirement
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| n.退休，退职 | |
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119
attainments
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| 成就，造诣； 获得( attainment的名词复数 )； 达到； 造诣； 成就 | |
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120
prodigy
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| n.惊人的事物，奇迹，神童，天才，预兆 | |
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121
ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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122
elucidation
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| n.说明，阐明 | |
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123
rivalry
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| n.竞争，竞赛，对抗 | |
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124
devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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125
tact
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| n.机敏，圆滑，得体 | |
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126
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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127
faculty
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| n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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129
arrogance
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| n.傲慢，自大 | |
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130
alienated
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| adj.感到孤独的，不合群的v.使疏远( alienate的过去式和过去分词 )；使不友好；转让；让渡（财产等） | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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132
coercion
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| n.强制，高压统治 | |
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133
withholding
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| 扣缴税款 | |
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134
subscription
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| n.预订，预订费，亲笔签名，调配法，下标（处方） | |
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dividends
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| 红利( dividend的名词复数 )； 股息； 被除数； （足球彩票的）彩金 | |
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136
opportunely
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| adv.恰好地，适时地 | |
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137
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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138
adversary
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| adj.敌手，对手 | |
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139
satire
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| n.讽刺，讽刺文学，讽刺作品 | |
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140
aloof
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| adj.远离的；冷淡的，漠不关心的 | |
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141
gale
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| n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等） | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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143
fens
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| n.（尤指英格兰东部的）沼泽地带( fen的名词复数 ) | |
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144
choir
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| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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145
ponderous
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| adj.沉重的，笨重的，(文章)冗长的 | |
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146
piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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147
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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148
bounty
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| n.慷慨的赠予物，奖金；慷慨，大方；施与 | |
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149
chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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assassinated
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| v.暗杀( assassinate的过去式和过去分词 )；中伤；诋毁；破坏 | |
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151
parodist
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| n.打油诗作者，诙谐文作者 | |
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152
recording
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| n.录音，记录 | |
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153
eccentricities
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| n.古怪行为( eccentricity的名词复数 )；反常；怪癖 | |
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154
contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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155
exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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156
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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157
anecdotes
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| n.掌故，趣闻，轶事( anecdote的名词复数 ) | |
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158
epoch
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| n.(新)时代；历元 | |
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159
forte
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| n.长处，擅长；adj.(音乐)强音的 | |
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160
omniscience
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| n.全知，全知者，上帝 | |
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161
worthily
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| 重要地，可敬地，正当地 | |
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162
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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163
elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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164
commentator
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| n.注释者，解说者；实况广播评论员 | |
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165
justifies
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| 证明…有理( justify的第三人称单数 )； 为…辩护； 对…作出解释； 为…辩解（或辩护） | |
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166
investigations
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| （正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究 | |
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167
antiquities
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| n.古老( antiquity的名词复数 )；古迹；古人们；古代的风俗习惯 | |
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