The plea of reprisals1 is no more valid2 in the case of children, old people and priests than it is in the case of women. All these classes of people have a right to consideration and to absolute respect from the invader3. Every crime committed against them can bear no other name than wanton cruelty.
In the foregoing pages we have seen how children were killed with their mothers, and old women were outraged5 and killed. We must now unfold the chapter of crimes against the weak and against those whose character should have saved them from the violences of war. Ill-treatment, imprisonment7, wounds, murder, torture—all these we hardly like to think that children, the personification of weakness and innocence8, have had to suffer. Such has been the cruelty of the German troops in the field, that what has moved all men’s interest and compassion9 has, in several cases, only urged them on the more readily to violence.
Belgian and French Children ill-treated, wounded and killed
We have already told the story of the ill-treatment to which six to eight thousand people, who were packed together standing10 in the riding-school and had to pass the night there, were exposed at Louvain. A number of children were included in these. Several endured[118] great hardships, and the youngest died in their mothers’ arms. At Dinant, in the slaughter11 which took place, several children were massacred.
In other cases we see that children were exposed to exceptional acts of violence. “On the way back from Tirlemont,” writes the special correspondent of the Times (29th August, 1914), “I met a little girl of eleven years old, who was stumbling and groping before her as if blind. A stroke of a lance had laid open her cheek and her eye. A poor peasant woman, her face wet with tears, told me that her husband had been killed in her presence by German horsemen, that two of her children, who were under nine years of age, had been trampled13 by their horses and that two others were missing. And this” (concluded the English journalist) “is not an isolated14 case; it is an example of what happens day by day in the areas occupied by the German soldiers, and, I regret to say, it is only an example among hundreds which have been attested15 beyond any possibility of doubt.”
Instances abound16, and the following are a selection. At Louguyon, out of 153 people who were shot on the 23rd, 24th and 25th August by soldiers of the 102nd and 112th Prussian regiments17, there were twelve children.
At Bantheville (Meuse), young Felix Miquel, aged6 about fifteen years, who had hidden behind a heap of wood so that he might not be arrested, got a violent sabre thrust from the soldier who discovered him, which split his lips; afterwards, as he was being led away, when he tried to hide in a wood, he stumbled against a sentinel, who with a bayonet stroke cut off a joint19 of his left hand.
At Mouchy Humières (Oise) a little four-year-old[119] girl, who belonged to a family living in Verdun, was wounded on the 31st August by a German soldier. On the way from Bouligny to Mourière (Meuse) a child of fifteen years was shot in the groin as she was passing quietly by a wood in which a German patrol was concealed20.
At Spontin, near Dinant, fearful reprisals were carried out because a poacher had killed a Prussian officer, and children of all ages were shot or butchered with their mothers.
In the outskirts21 of Malines many corpses22 of children were found on the spot where the Germans had left them unburied. At Morfontaine, near Longwy, two children of fifteen were shot for having warned the French gendarmes23 of the arrival of the enemy. At Gerbeviller a young girl named Parmentier, who was barely seven years old, was also shot. At Dinant, too, several children met with the same fate. At Aerschot the burgomaster’s two children were shot; the murder of the little girls Luychx and Ooyen, aged twelve and nine years, both of whom were shot, was also confirmed. Pierre Nothomb quotes the case of two little children two years old, named Neef and Deekers, who were massacred at Testelt. Sometimes the despicable torturers added obscenity to cruelty. At Bertrex a grown-up brother and sister were killed and, when the penalty was paid, their bodies were put naked, clasping each other as if they had been embracing.
Children tortured by Germans
At Hofstade, said Pierre Nothomb, a lad of less than fifteen years was found with hands crossed behind his back and his body pierced with bayonet thrusts.[120] At Pin, near Izel, two young boys saw the Uhlans coming; the latter took them as they passed, and made them run, with hands bound, between their galloping24 horses. Their dead bodies were found an hour afterwards in a ditch; as an eye-witness said, their knees were “literally worn out”; one had his throat cut and his breast laid open; each had a bullet in his head. At Schaffen a lad was bound to a shutter25, sprinkled with petrol, and burnt alive. The soldiers who marched on Antwerp took a butcher’s cleaver26 at Sempst; they seized a little servant boy, cut off his legs, then his head, and roasted him in a burning house. At Lebbeke-les-Termonde, Frans Mertens and his comrades, Van Dooren, Dekinder, Stobbelaer and Wryer27, were bound arm to arm; their eyes were gouged28 out with a pointed29 weapon, then they were killed by rifle shots.
In France, at Dompierre-aux-Bois, the children who were wounded in the bombardment of the church found themselves left to their agony, without attendance and without food. The dead bodies of two children who had been killed by bayonet thrusts were found at Neuville-en-Artois. At Vingras a little girl of eight years was thrust into the flames with her parents, whose farmhouse30 had been set on fire. At Sommeilles the dead body of a child of eleven was found with its foot cut off. At Triaucourt the wretches31 burnt a two-year-old child.
In Serbia similar outrages32 were committed. M. Reiss, Professor of Lausanne University, has proved that children of two months old were massacred. “I found children in common ditches who were not more than two or three years old. Amongst the 109 hostages of Lechnitza who were shot in front of a ditch[121] which had previously33 been dug out, and which was not less than twenty metres long, there were some children of not more than eight years old.”
German Admissions
We read above the admission of a soldier of the Prussian Guard, Paul Spielmann, about the massacre12 of a village which “had been in telephonic communication with the enemy.” Among those who were massacred he adds that there were three children. “I saw this morning (2nd September) four little boys carrying on two sticks a cradle in which was a child of five to six months old. All that is fearful to behold34. Blow for blow. Cannon35 for cannon. Everything was given up to pillage36.
“… I saw also a mother with her two little ones; one had a great wound on the head and the other had its eye gouged out.”
The German soldier, Karl Johann Kaltendshner, Ninth Company of the Regiment18 of Count Bülow Tervuenwist, who deserted37 and fled to Holland, and whose statements in the Telegraaf we have already quoted, tells the following story: “I have seen children in tears, clinging to their defenceless mothers’ skirts, coming out of a threshing-mill where they had sought shelter, and I have seen how these mothers and their children were killed in cowardly and cold-blooded fashion. Although we were compelled, under penalty of death, to obey all the orders of our officers, I have seen some of my companions who joyfully38 performed their melancholy39 work of massacre. At a certain moment I was myself required to shoot two boys, aged fifteen and twelve years old respectively, whose father had already been killed. I had not the heart to do[122] it, and I had lowered my arm, expecting to be executed myself, when one of my comrades, jeering40 at my sentimentality, saved me by pushing me aside and himself firing on the two children. The eldest41 fell stark42 dead, and the second, who got a bullet in the back, was dispatched with a revolver shot” (Temps, 3rd January, 1915).
Outrages on Old People
At every place where the civil population was brutally44 treated, outraged or shot en masse—at Louvain, at Dinant—no exception was made in the case of old folk. People of seventy and eighty years of age had to bear forced marches, to remain standing in packed masses, where they were kept for whole nights, at the risk of death, as was the result for a large number. But, in addition to these common instances, outrages of a peculiar45 kind are not wanting. At Rebais-en-Brie an old man of sixty-nine years old, Auguste Griffaut, was struck with blows of the fist on the head, and finally wounded by a revolver shot. At Sablonnières another old man of the same name, Jules Griffaut, aged sixty-six, was tending his cows in an enclosed field when a German soldier, who was at the rear of a column, fired on him. In Belgium an old man of seventy years, formerly46 steward47 to M. Davignon, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Belgium, was shot by the Germans because to the first question that the latter put to him he replied that he was deaf, which was true.
Another was shot without mercy at Montmirail because he tried to protect a widow, named Naudé, who was in danger of being outraged by a non-commissioned officer.
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At Lamath, in Lorraine, an old man called Louis, aged seventy years, was shot. At Domèvre-sur-Vezouze Adolphe Claude, aged seventy-five years, met with the same fate. At Lunéville an old alderman, Théophile Martin, aged sixty-three years, was commanded by an officer to come out of his house with his two daughters. As soon as they came out the old man saw from the revolvers and guns that were levelled at him that he was about to be killed. The young girls threw themselves on their knees and begged the Germans to spare their father’s life. It was in vain. Shots rang out and the old man fell. Again at Lunéville, M. édouard Bernard, municipal councillor, aged sixty-five years, who had six sons at the front, was arrested. He was hardly allowed time to dress himself. He was taken away, and it is not known what became of him. M. Charles Chérer, husbandman, aged sixty-four, first cousin to M. Lébrun, ex-minister, got four bullets in his body. As none of the wounds which they made was mortal, the Uhlans dispatched him with revolver shots.
At Nomény M. Petitjean, aged eighty-six years, was struck as he was sitting in his armchair by a bullet which cracked his skull48, and a German took pleasure in doing violence to the dead body (vide p. 148).
Finally, the number of old people who were taken away as hostages or simply deported49 to Germany was very large. Of that we shall speak in a subsequent chapter, but let us only note here that among the hostages who were taken away to Vareddes four old men were shot or bludgeoned with the butt-ends of rifles, their names being Jourdaine (73 years old), Liévin (61), Ménil (65) and Milliardet (78 years).
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Torture of Old People
On the 26th August, not far from Malines, the dead body of an old man was found bound by the arms to a beam in the ceiling of his farmhouse. The body was completely burnt, except the head, arms and feet.
At Triaucourt, in France, an old man of seventy, Jean Lecouturier, was thrown into the flames of a burning house.
At Champuis, Jacquemin was bound to his bed by a non-commissioned officer, and left in this state without food for three days. He died some days afterwards. At Lavigneville (Meuse), on the 23rd September, MM. Woimbée, aged sixty-one years, and Fortin, aged sixty-five years, both farmers, were arrested in their own homes on the plea that they were francs-tireurs. Now, Woimbée had had his foot shattered two months before, and Fortin, who was afflicted50 with chronic51 rheumatism52, had for long been unable to walk without the help of a stick. The Germans carried them off in their working garb53, without allowing them to take any other clothes, and attached them to a convoy54 which contained about thirty soldiers who had been taken prisoner. Fortin, who could not get on, was bound by a rope, the ends of which were held by two horsemen, and, notwithstanding his infirmity, he had to keep up with the horses. As he fell every minute, he was struck with lances to compel him to get up again. The wretched man, covered with blood, besought55 them in mercy to kill him. At last Woimbée obtained permission to carry him to the village of Saint-Maurice-sous-les-C?tés, with the help of several of our soldiers. There the Germans made the two old men go into a[125] house, compelled them to remain standing for two hours face to the wall and arms crossed, whilst they themselves rattled56 their arms noisily so as to make their victims believe they were going to shoot them. At last they decided57 to let them lie on the ground, and gave them a little bread and water. For more than twenty-four hours Woimbée and Fortin had had no food.
In Poland, at Andrief, the Germans, displeased58 because they had only got a little money from the alderman of the town, closed up the latter, M. Krassinsky, aged seventy years, in his house and set fire to it.
Outrages on Priests
The crimes committed in Belgium and France against the priests deserve separate treatment.
The German newspapers and the Emperor alleged59, in justification60 of these acts, that at the beginning of hostilities61 the curés and nuns62 of the invaded regions had abused their spiritual authority over the civil population by rousing them to frenzy63 and inciting64 them to act as francs-tireurs. But of such acts Germany has brought forward no proof. On the contrary, the German Catholic bureau Pax and the K?lnische Volkszeitung took the trouble personally to refute a great number of accusations65 against the clergy66, amongst others the famous legend of eyes being gouged out, of which we spoke67 above and with which German newspapers had connected the names of several priests who had been carried away to Germany.
As for the general plea that they had encouraged the civil population to resist, far from justifying68 the German conduct, it only makes it more odious69, for[126] what finer praise could be given to a priest in time of war than to say that he tried to stimulate70 the love of country among the faithful, especially when it is traitorously71 attacked by people who violate their pledged word?
Besides, the very accounts of the outrages in question show that the plea of reprisals has no validity. In these stories the immorality72 and blasphemy73 of the torturers reveals itself without any disguise. The worst criminal feels a kind of fear and remorse74 as he stands in the presence of God’s representative. This fear is unknown to the German soldier. The German invaders75 have even shown that they are devoid76 of respect for the sacred or charitable occupations in the midst of which they almost everywhere found the priests whom they have been known to massacre. With them everything has given way to the deliberate desire to sow terror among the civil population. In many places it is certain that this end could not be better attained77 than by ill-treating and massacring their spiritual heads.
Ill-Treatment
M. Auguste Mélot, deputy of Namur, published a book, Martyre du Clergé Belge, which throws light upon this conduct so far as Belgium is concerned.
The curés of Wygmael and Wesemael were forced to march, on the 29th August, before the army with their elbows bound together. A curé of Rotselaer and a curé of Wackerzeel, aged seventy years, were shut up for whole days in a church, almost without food and under dreadful conditions. They were finally brought away to Germany, where insults were heaped upon them. A German officer at Aix-la-Chapelle[127] spat43 in the face of the curé of Rotselaer. Tainted79 bread was given them to eat. At last they were brought back to Belgium, by forced marches, from Brussels to Haeren, from Haeren to Vilvorde, from Vilvorde to Malines.
The Germans indulged in outrages of a disgraceful kind on the curé of Beyghem. The curé and the curate of Ellwyt were shut up for five days in their church. The curé of Schaffen-lez-Diest was hanged. They made him believe that he was going to be put to death, and when he was on the point of dying they loosed the rope; then they started again. Afterwards they compelled him to look at the sun, and if he lowered his eyes he was struck with the butt-ends of rifles and threatened with being hung up again. The curé of Yvoir was compelled to march in front of the troops as far as Marienburg, laden80 with a sack. At Pin the Germans made five priests walk for ten leagues, allowing them for food nothing but a little bread and water. The Superior of the French College of Florennes (in Belgium) was beaten, struck with butt-ends of rifles and with spurs on the back and the head. He was then stripped of his robes and left dying. The curate of Montigny-sur-Sambre was struck with the fist, and obliged to walk under the horsewhip, with hands bound, in front of the troops. The Bishop81 of Tournai, who was seventy-two years of age, was brought on foot, being beaten as he went, from Tournai to Ach.
Murder of Priests
According to inquiries82 made in four dioceses out of six, Malines, Liège, Namur and Tournai, it has been possible to fix the names of forty-four priests[128] whom the Germans killed and of a dozen who are missing. These names are found in M. Mélot’s book.
These crimes took place when a priest took it upon him to resist some massacre or some other kind of crime ordered by the Germans. Thus M. Wonters, curé of Pont-Br?lé, was shot because he wanted to prevent a German soldier from ill-treating an old prisoner. Another was killed because he tried to prevent an act of violation83 which was about to be committed under his eyes. On other occasions the crime took place without motive84, or at least the motive alleged was trivial. For example, the curé of Blegny was shot for having, so it was said, allowed an observation post to be placed in the belfry of his church. However, it is certain that he could not have prevented it.
Torture of Priests
Some priests died as a result of the agonies inflicted85 upon them. The executioners were not content with killing86 them outright87; they wanted to make them suffer as well.
M. de Clerck, the curé of Buecken, who was accused of having fired on the Germans, was first placed on a cannon. When his tormentors had their fill of watching his terror, they threw him into a ditch. Then the soldiers took him, some by the arm, others by a leg, and dragged him over the pavement. Only then did they shoot him. However, it was certain that he had not fired on any one. He suffered from diabetes88, and was confined to his bed when the Germans entered into the village, and they could not have been unaware89 of the fact, for it was from his bed that they went to take him.
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M. Dergent, curé of Gelrode, found he was accused of spying for the English. Without any explanation he was brought to the town hall, ill-treated, brought in front of the church, struck with the butt-ends of rifles, then shot.
M. Glouden, curé of La Tour, and two other priests who, by permission of the German commandant, were taking up the wounded on the Ethe territory had a machine-gun turned upon them, and were then dispatched with revolver shots, by order of the same commandant.
The curé of Spontin was taken in his bed, dragged half-naked out of his house, and hung up several times, sometimes by the feet, sometimes by the hands. Afterwards he was stabbed with bayonets and then shot.
There is no better picture of the hatred90 of the Germans towards members of the Belgian clergy than the proclamation about hostages which was posted up on the 6th September at Grivegnée, especially when we know the fate which was almost always reserved for them. The proclamation said: “In the front rank were placed as hostages priests, burgomasters and other public officials.”
The Arrest of Cardinal91 Mercier
The abominable92 behaviour of the Germans to the Belgian Catholic clergy was crowned by the arrest of Cardinal Mercier, Archbishop of Malines. The following is the account of the circumstances under which he was arrested, given by the reverend prelate in a letter of the 10th January, sent secretly to all the parishes in the diocese of Malines.
“You are, doubtless, aware of a communication[130] made by the German Government to the Brussels daily papers, to the effect that the cardinal archbishop of Malines had in no wise been hampered93 in the exercise of his episcopal duties. The facts show how far this communication is from the truth.
“On the evening of the 1st January and on the following morning soldiers forced their way into the apartments of the curés, seized my pastoral letter and entered an injunction against it. They forbade the curés to read it to their flocks, threatening, in case of disobedience, the severest penalties to their parishes and to themselves.
“On the 2nd January, at 6 a.m., I received the order to appear during the morning before the Government, to give explanations with regard to my letter to the priests and their parishioners.
“On the following day I was forbidden to take part in the religious service at the Cathedral of Antwerp.
“Finally, I was not permitted to travel freely to visit the other bishops95 of Belgium.
“Thus your rights and mine have been violated.
“As a Belgian citizen, as pastor94, and as a member of the Sacred College of Cardinals96 I protest energetically against the violation of these rights.
“Whatever interpretation97 others may have put upon my pastoral letter, experience has proved that it caused no risk of rebellion. On the contrary, it had the effect of calming and soothing98 people’s minds. I congratulate you on having done your duty.”
Using Cardinal Mercier’s pastoral letter as a pretext99, the Germans proceeded to fresh acts of violence against the Catholic clergy. We need not, however,[131] be astonished that this letter enunciated100 a certain principle—to wit, that the Belgians owed allegiance only to the King and to the Government of the nation of which they form a part. The Cardinal went on to instruct his people that none the less they should accept the actual situation in the occupied districts, and leave to the regular army the task of national defence. These declarations, which are in absolute harmony not only with the teachings of religion and the principles of the law of nations, but also with the laws of war, gave the Germans a pretext for ill-treating several members of the clergy, desecrating101 a certain number of churches, tearing the priests from their confessionals, and looting sacristies.
Outrages on the French Clergy
The town of Roye was occupied by the Germans on the 7th September. On the morning of the 9th a burial was taking place. At the very time when the service was being held in the church, a French machine-gun came into the town and forthwith began to fire at a German outpost which had taken up a position in the town hall. The Germans rushed madly into the church, to the number of about fifty, and, to the great indignation of those who were present, seized the two officiating priests and the two choristers. Still clad in their sacred vestments, the priests were led into the line of fire of the French machine-guns, and it was only by a miracle that they escaped the bullets. In the sequel, the machine-gun could not keep up its fire and had to leave the town.
During this time the crowd had escaped from the church by the sacristy and the adjoining gardens, and the coffin103 remained alone without celebrants or congregation.[132] The Germans did not release their victims. They compelled the two priests and the two choristers to get into a motor, forcing them to remain standing, and brought them like that to Chauny, where the German general staff was installed. Their intention was doubtless to intimidate104 the villages through which this wretched party passed.
At Chauny the two priests and the two choristers remained for more than twenty-four hours without food or drink, and were kept prisoners for three days. Their release was only brought about through the intervention105 of the professor of German at the college of Chauny, who by dint106 of parleying and negotiation107 had them set at liberty; they returned to Roye, where they were believed to be dead.
In the diocese of Cambrai six priests were first of all killed by the Germans. The assassination108 of the Abbé Delebecque, of Valenciennes, which followed, must be described in detail.
On the 16th September this priest was coming back from a service which had taken place at Dunkirk for the repose109 of the soul of his father, who had died in the month of August. He was riding a bicycle and was carrying some letters written by soldiers. He was stopped by a patrol and accused of espionage110. He was sentenced the same day at midnight. In spite of his denials and of the obvious proofs which he gave of his good faith, the council of war, consisting of officers, condemned111 him to death. Handed over to the charge of the German military chaplain, he passed the night in prayer before the Holy Sacrament in St. Nicholas Church. Then, having given confession102 and received the sacrament, he set out bravely at 5.30 on foot to the Dampierre Column, on the way to Denain.
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As he went he was repeating the prayer for the dying. When he reached the spot fixed112 by the Germans he sent a letter to his mother, then knelt down and said to some people present that he gave his life for France. At six o’clock the Abbé Delebecque fell, hit by twelve German bullets.
A hole fifty centimetres deep was made and he was thrown into it. As the end of his cassock protruded113, a civilian114 came and placed some stones upon it in the form of a cross, and some women threw flowers on the tomb of this martyr78. Finally, the Superior of Notre Dame115 College, who had the German military chaplain lodging116 with him, with some difficulty got his consent to the body being given back to him, that suitable burial might be given to it.
On the other hand, the Curé Fossin, of Vareddes, was shot on the charge of having signalled to a French troop from the top of his belfry.
In the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle two curés were also shot, M. Thiriet at Deuxville and M. Barbot at Rehainviller.
But the most horrible outrage4 inflicted upon people dedicated117 to God was that suffered by two nuns in a commune of the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle. They were handed over defenceless to a soldier’s lechery118. “The pledges which we have given,” writes the French Commission of Inquiry119, which denounces this crime in its report, “prevent our making known the names of the victims of this disgusting exhibition, or of the village in which it took place, but the facts have been revealed to us under oath and in confidence by most trustworthy witnesses, and we take the responsibility of attesting120 their authenticity121.”
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reprisals
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| n.报复（行为）( reprisal的名词复数 ) | |
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valid
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| adj.有确实根据的；有效的；正当的，合法的 | |
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invader
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| n.侵略者，侵犯者，入侵者 | |
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outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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outraged
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| a.震惊的，义愤填膺的 | |
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aged
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imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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innocence
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| n.无罪；天真；无害 | |
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compassion
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| n.同情，怜悯 | |
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standing
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slaughter
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massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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trampled
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isolated
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attested
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| adj.经检验证明无病的，经检验证明无菌的v.证明( attest的过去式和过去分词 )；证实；声称…属实；使宣誓 | |
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abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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regiments
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regiment
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joint
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concealed
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outskirts
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corpses
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gendarmes
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galloping
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shutter
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cleaver
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wryer
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| wry（扭曲的，歪斜的）的比较级形式 | |
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gouged
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| v.凿( gouge的过去式和过去分词 )；乱要价；（在…中）抠出…；挖出… | |
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29
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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30
farmhouse
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| n.农场住宅（尤指主要住房） | |
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wretches
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| n.不幸的人( wretch的名词复数 )；可怜的人；恶棍；坏蛋 | |
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32
outrages
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| 引起…的义愤，激怒( outrage的第三人称单数 ) | |
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33
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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34
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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35
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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36
pillage
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| v.抢劫；掠夺；n.抢劫，掠夺；掠夺物 | |
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deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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38
joyfully
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| adv. 喜悦地, 高兴地 | |
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39
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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40
jeering
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| adj.嘲弄的，揶揄的v.嘲笑( jeer的现在分词 ) | |
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41
eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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42
stark
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| adj.荒凉的；严酷的；完全的；adv.完全地 | |
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43
spat
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| n.口角，掌击；v.发出呼噜呼噜声 | |
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44
brutally
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| adv.残忍地，野蛮地，冷酷无情地 | |
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45
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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46
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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47
steward
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| n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员 | |
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48
skull
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| n.头骨；颅骨 | |
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49
deported
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| v.将…驱逐出境( deport的过去式和过去分词 )；举止 | |
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afflicted
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| 使受痛苦，折磨( afflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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51
chronic
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| adj.(疾病)长期未愈的，慢性的；极坏的 | |
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52
rheumatism
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| n.风湿病 | |
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53
garb
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| n.服装，装束 | |
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54
convoy
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| vt.护送，护卫，护航；n.护送；护送队 | |
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besought
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| v.恳求，乞求（某事物）( beseech的过去式和过去分词 )；(beseech的过去式与过去分词) | |
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56
rattled
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| 慌乱的，恼火的 | |
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57
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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58
displeased
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| a.不快的 | |
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59
alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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60
justification
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| n.正当的理由；辩解的理由 | |
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61
hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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62
nuns
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| n.（通常指基督教的）修女， （佛教的）尼姑( nun的名词复数 ) | |
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63
frenzy
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| n.疯狂，狂热，极度的激动 | |
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64
inciting
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| 刺激的，煽动的 | |
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65
accusations
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| n.指责( accusation的名词复数 )；指控；控告；（被告发、控告的）罪名 | |
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clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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67
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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68
justifying
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| 证明…有理( justify的现在分词 )； 为…辩护； 对…作出解释； 为…辩解（或辩护） | |
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69
odious
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| adj.可憎的，讨厌的 | |
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70
stimulate
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| vt.刺激，使兴奋；激励，使…振奋 | |
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71
traitorously
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| 叛逆地，不忠地 | |
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72
immorality
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| n. 不道德, 无道义 | |
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73
blasphemy
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| n.亵渎，渎神 | |
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74
remorse
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| n.痛恨，悔恨，自责 | |
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75
invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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76
devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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77
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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78
martyr
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| n.烈士，殉难者；vt.杀害，折磨，牺牲 | |
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79
tainted
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| adj.腐坏的；污染的；沾污的；感染的v.使变质( taint的过去式和过去分词 )；使污染；败坏；被污染，腐坏，败坏 | |
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80
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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81
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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82
inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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83
violation
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| n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯 | |
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84
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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85
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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86
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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87
outright
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| adv.坦率地；彻底地；立即；adj.无疑的；彻底的 | |
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88
diabetes
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| n.糖尿病 | |
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89
unaware
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| a.不知道的，未意识到的 | |
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90
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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91
cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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92
abominable
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| adj.可厌的，令人憎恶的 | |
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93
hampered
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| 妨碍，束缚，限制( hamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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94
pastor
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| n.牧师，牧人 | |
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95
bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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96
cardinals
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| 红衣主教( cardinal的名词复数 )； 红衣凤头鸟（见于北美，雄鸟为鲜红色）； 基数 | |
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97
interpretation
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| n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理 | |
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98
soothing
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| adj.慰藉的；使人宽心的；镇静的 | |
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99
pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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100
enunciated
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| v.（清晰地）发音( enunciate的过去式和过去分词 )；确切地说明 | |
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101
desecrating
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| 毁坏或亵渎( desecrate的现在分词 ) | |
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102
confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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103
coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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104
intimidate
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| vt.恐吓，威胁 | |
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105
intervention
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| n.介入，干涉，干预 | |
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106
dint
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| n.由于，靠；凹坑 | |
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107
negotiation
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| n.谈判，协商 | |
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108
assassination
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| n.暗杀；暗杀事件 | |
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109
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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110
espionage
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| n.间谍行为，谍报活动 | |
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111
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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112
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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113
protruded
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| v.（使某物）伸出，（使某物）突出( protrude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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114
civilian
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| adj.平民的，民用的，民众的 | |
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115
dame
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| n.女士 | |
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116
lodging
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| n.寄宿，住所；(大学生的)校外宿舍 | |
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117
dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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118
lechery
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| n.好色；淫荡 | |
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119
inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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120
attesting
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| v.证明( attest的现在分词 )；证实；声称…属实；使宣誓 | |
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121
authenticity
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| n.真实性 | |
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