“When we have matched our rackets to these balls,
We will, in France, by God’s grace, play a set
Shall strike his father’s crown into the hazard.”
Like his father, Henry VIII. was much attached to tennis, and it is recorded that his “propensity being perceived by certayne craftie persons about him, they brought in Frenchmen and Lombards{224} to make wagers9 with him, and so he lost much money; but when he perceived their craft, he eschewed10 the company and let them go.” But Henry did not give up the game, for from the same source we learn that twelve years afterwards he played at tennis with the Emperor Maximilian for his partner against the Prince of Orange and the Marquis of Brandenborow; and among the additions that he made to Whitehall were “divers12 fair tennis-courts, bowling13-allies, and a cockpit.”
When Philip, Archduke of Austria, became King of Castile, he set out from the Netherlands in 1506 to take possession of his new kingdom. Stress of weather compelled him to seek shelter in Falmouth, on hearing of which Henry sent the Earl of Arundel to bring him to Windsor, where for many days he was entertained. During the festivities the two kings looked on, while the Marquis of Dorset, Lord Howard, and two other gentlemen played tennis. Then the King of Castile played with Dorset, “but,” says the chronicler, “the Kyng of Castille played with the rackett, and gave the Lord Marques xv.”
And when Queen Elizabeth was entertained in 1591 at Elvetham in Hampshire by the Earl of Hertford, after dinner ten of his lordship’s servants “did haul up lines, squaring out the form of a tennis court.”
James I., if not himself a tennis-player, often speaks of the pastime with commendation, and recommends it to his son Prince Henry as an exercise becoming a prince, who seems to have{225} been very fond of the game. But on more than one occasion he appears to have lost his temper, and to have struck his father’s infamous14 favourite, Carr, Earl of Somerset, with his racket.
At another time, when he and the young Earl of Essex were playing, a dispute arose, whereupon Prince Henry in his anger called Essex the “son of a traitor15,” alluding16 to the execution of his father, Elizabeth’s favourite. The young Earl in retaliation17 struck the Prince so hard a blow as to draw blood, but the King, on hearing all the circumstances of the case, refused to punish the high-spirited lad. Prince Henry’s illness is supposed to have been caused by a chill caught one evening when playing tennis without his coat.
The Scottish King James I., too, is said to have forfeited18 his life through his love for tennis. At Yuletide 1436-37 the Court kept the festival at Perth, in the Blackfriars Monastery19; and here one night, after the royal party had broken up, and, as James stood before the fire of the reception-room, chatting with the Queen and her ladies, ominous20 sounds were heard without. The great bolt of the door was discovered to be wanting, but a lady, a Douglas, thrust her arm through the staples22, and held the door till the conspirators23 snapped this frail24 defence. By her brave and noble devotion she gave James time to tear up a plank25 of the flooring and to drop into a small vault26 beneath. “As fate would have it,” writes Dr. Hill Burton, “there had been an opening to it by which he might have escaped, but this had{226} a few days earlier been closed by his own order, because the balls by which he played at tennis were apt to fall into it.” Then the conspirators jumped into the vault, and, as Adamson the seventeenth century historian of Perth tells us,
“King James the First, of everlasting27 name,
Killed by that mischant traitor, Robert Grahame,
Intending of his crown for to have rob’d him,
With twenty-eight wounds in the breast he stob’d him.”
Both James IV. and V. of Scotland were tennis-players, and it seems that they lost considerable sums at it with their courtiers. Thus, in the accounts of the Lord High Treasurer29, we find these items under June 7th, 1496: “To Wat of Lesly that he wan21 at the cach frae the King, ￡23, 8s.”; and on 23rd September 1497 the king again loses at tennis in Stirling, this time “with Peter Crechtoune and Patrick Hammiltoune, three unicorns”—that is, ￡2, 13s.
With the Restoration, tennis became fashionable at Court again, and Pepys, under December 1603, makes this entry:—“Walking along Whitehall, I heard the King was gone to play at tennis. So I drove down to the new tennis court, and saw him and Sir Arthur Slingsby play against my Lord of Suffolk and my Lord Chesterfield. The King beat three, and lost two sets.”
When Frederick, Prince of Wales, died suddenly in 1751 many causes of death were assigned, one being that it was the result of a blow of a tennis ball three years before. But Nathaniel Wraxall makes{227} it an accident at cricket, and says: “Frederick, Prince of Wales, son of George II., expired suddenly in 1751 at Leicester House, in the arms of Desnoyers, the celebrated30 dancing-master. His end was caused by an internal abscess, in consequence of a blow which he received in the side from a cricket ball while he was engaged in playing at that game on the lawn at Cliefden House, Buckinghamshire, where he then principally resided. It was of this prince that it was written, by way of epitaph:—
“‘He was alive and is dead,
And, as it is only Fred,
Why, there’s no more to be said.’”
Tennis was also played at foreign courts. Thus during the reign4 of Charles V. of France hand-tennis was very fashionable,[104] being played by the nobility for large sums of money, and, when they had lost all that they had about them, they would sometimes pledge part of their wearing apparel rather than give up the pursuit of the game. The Duke of Burgundy is said to have lost sixty francs in this manner “with the Duke of Bourbon, Messire William de Lyon, and Messire Guy de la Trimouille; and not having money enough to pay them he gave his girdle as a pledge for the remainder, and shortly afterwards he left the same girdle with the Comte d’Eu for eighty francs, which he also lost at tennis.”
It would seem that golf was a fashionable game{228} among the nobility at the commencement of the seventeenth century, and, from an anecdote31 recorded in one of the Harleian manuscripts, it was one of the exercises with which Prince Henry, eldest32 son of James I., occasionally amused himself: “At another time playing at golf, a play not unlike to pale maille, whilst his schoolmaster stood talking with another, and marked not his Highness warning him to stand further off, the Prince, thinking he had gone aside, lifted up his golf club to strike the ball, meantyme one standing33 by said to him, ‘Beware that you hit not Master Newton,’ wherewith he, drawing back his hand, said, ‘Had I done so, I had but paid my debts.’”
Tradition, for whatever it may be worth, says that Charles I. was playing on Leith Links when a courier arrived with tidings of Sir Phelim O’Neal’s rising in Ireland in 1641; and when the Duke of York resided at Holyrood in 1679 he was frequently to be seen at a golf party on the Leith Links. “I remember in my youth,” writes Mr. William Tytler, “to have conversed35 with an old man named Andrew Dickson, a golf club-maker, who said that when a boy he used to carry the Duke’s golf clubs, and to run before him and announce where the balls fell.”
According to a Scottish story, during the Duke’s visit, he had on one occasion a discussion with two English noblemen as to the native country of golf, his Royal Highness asserting that it was peculiar36 to Scotland, while “they insisted that it was an English game as well.” The two English nobles{229} good-humouredly proposed to prove its English character by taking up the Duke to a match, to be played on Leith Links. James accepted the challenge, and sought for the best partner he could find. It so happened the heir-presumptive of the British throne played with a poor shoemaker named John Patersone, the worthy37 descendant of a long line of illustrious golfers. If the “two Southerners were, as might be expected, inexperienced in the game, they had no chance against a pair, one member of which was a good player. So the Duke got the best of the practical argument, and Patersone’s merits were rewarded by a gift of the sum played for,” with which he was enabled to build a somewhat stylish38 house for himself in the Canongate.
But with the Stuarts went out for a time royal countenance39 of the game, till William IV. became patron of the Royal and Ancient Club of St. Andrews, and presented to it for annual competition that coveted40 golfing trophy—the gold medal, the blue ribbon of golf.
A game which has of late years been revived is bowls, a pastime which was once the favourite amusement of all classes, most pleasure gardens having in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries had their bowling-greens. Of all the English kings, Charles I. was the greatest enthusiast41 in this game. Many anecdotes42 are told “of his great love for it, a love that survived through all his troubles, for we find him alike devoting himself to it while in power, and solacing43 himself with it{230} while a captive.”[105] According to a correspondent of Notes and Queries44, in a secluded45 part of the Oxfordshire hills, at a place called Collins’ End, situated46 between Hardwicke House and Goring47 Heath, is a neat little rustic48 inn, having for its sign a portrait of Charles I. There is a tradition that this unfortunate monarch49, whilst residing as a prisoner at Caversham, hearing that there was a bowling-green at this inn, rode down to it, and endeavoured to forget his sorrows in a game of bowls; an incident which is written beneath the sign-board:—
“Stop, traveller, stop! in yonder peaceful glade50,
His favourite game the royal martyr51 played;
Here, stripped of honours, children, freedom, rank,
Drank from the bowl, and bowl’d for what he drank;
Sought in a cheerful glass his cares to drown,
And changed his guinea ere he lost a crown.”
In Herbert’s “Memoirs of the Last Two Years of Charles I.” there are several allusions52 to his Majesty53’s love of bowls. As there was no bowling green at Holmby, he constantly rode over either to Althorpe or Harrowden—the latter a house of Lord Vaux—where he might divert himself with his favourite amusement. Charles was at the Althorpe bowling-green when Cornet Joyce arrived at Holmby to take him away.
With the Restoration bowls became a fashionable Court recreation, and in the Grammont “Memoirs” we are told that when the Court was at Tonbridge Wells “the company are accommo{231}dated with lodgings54 in little clean and convenient habitations that lie straggling and separated from each other a mile and a half all round the Wells, where the company meet in the morning.... As soon as the evening comes every one quits his little palace to assemble on the bowling-green.”
Another game once countenanced55 by royalty was skittles or nine-pins, a pastime, it is said, in which Elizabeth, Queen Consort56 of Edward IV., and her ladies indulged in 1472. And later on we find it among the amusements of the exiled courtiers, for in the “Grammont Memoirs” the Earl of Arran writes of his sister-in-law, the Countess of Ossory, Miss Hyde, and Jermyn playing at nine-pins to pass the time. At this period, too, a popular game was pall-mall, being one of the “fair and pleasant games” that James I. recommended to Prince Henry, and which seem to have been much played at Court in the early part of the seventeenth century. On April 2, 1661, Pepys walks to “St. James’s Park, where he witnessed the Duke of York playing at pall-mall, the first time he ever saw the sport;” and Evelyn speaks of King Charles’s fondness for this game.
Then there was the running at the quintain, a pastime practised at most rural festive57 gatherings58, and one of which Laneham, in his “Progresses of Queen Elizabeth,” gives an amusing account in his description of “a country bridal,” at which Queen Elizabeth was present at Kenilworth in 1575; and two years previously59, in 1573, on her visit to Sandwich, it is recorded that “certain{232} wallounds that could well swim,” entertained her with a water tilting60, in which one of the combatants “did overthrow61 another, at which the Queen had good sport.” Randolph, in a letter to Sir William Cecil, December 7, 1561, describes this pastime as celebrated at the Scottish Court of Queen Mary, and narrating62 part of a conversation he had with De Foix, the French Ambassador, he writes: “From this purpose we fell in talk of the pastimes that were the Sunday before, when the Lord Robert, the Lord John, and others ran at the ring—six against six—disguised and apparelled, the one half like women, the other half like strangers, in strange masking garments.... The Queen herself beheld63 it, and as many others as listed.” When King James’s brother-in-law, Christian64 of Denmark, visited England in 1606, we read how he excelled before all others in running at the ring in the tilt-yard at Greenwich.
Charles I. is said to have been “perfect in vaulting65, riding the great horse, running at the ring, shooting in cross-bows, muskets66, and sometimes great pieces of ordnance67.” And Howell, writing from Madrid, says that the Prince was fortunate enough to be successful at the ring before the eyes of his mistress the Infanta.
Charles II. was an indefatigable68 walker, and nothing pleased him more than to divest69 himself of the trappings of state and indulge in this pastime. Burnet mentions his walking powers, and says that his Majesty walked so fast that it was a trouble to keep up with him. One day,{233} when Prince George of Denmark, who had married his niece—afterwards Queen Anne—complained that he was growing fat, “walk with me,” said Charles, “hunt with my brother, and do justice to my niece, and you will not long be distressed70 by growing fat.”[106] And during his walks his Majesty would converse34 freely with those who attended him, oftentimes arresting “some familiar countenance that encountered him in his walk.”
Among the additions made by Henry VIII. to Whitehall was a cock-pit, the first of which, according to a correspondent of Notes and Queries, there is any record. And so partial was James I. to this diversion of cock-fighting that he amused himself by seeing it twice a week. It appears, too, that on his progress in 1617, James I. being at Lincoln, “did come in his carriage to the Sign of the George to see a cocking there, where he appointed four cocks to be put in the pit together, which made his Majestie very merrie.” Exclusive of the royal cock-pit there were others in St. James’s Park, Drury Lane, Shoe Lane, and Jermyn Street. By an Act of Cromwell, in 1654, cock-fighting was prohibited, but with the Restoration it again flourished. And from this time until the close of the last century the diversion was practised more or less throughout the country. William III. patronised this sport, and Count Tallard, the French Ambassador, writes: “On leaving the palace King William went to the cock-fight, whither I accompanied him.{234}”
The site of the cock-pit at Whitehall is now occupied by the Privy71 Council Office, and a notable occupant of the cock-pit apartments in the time of Charles II. was the Princess Anne—afterwards Queen Anne—who was living there at the period of the Revolution. It was from here that, on the approach of the Prince of Orange, November 26, 1688, “she flew down the back-stairs at midnight, in nightgown and slippers72, with Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, as her companion, and drove away in a coach, on either side of which Lord Dorset and Bishop73 Compton rode as escort.”[107]
George IV. in his early life was a great patron of the ring, as his grand-uncle, Culloden Cumberland, had been before him; but being present at a fight at Brighton, where one of the combatants was killed, the Prince pensioned the boxer74’s widow, and declared he never would attend another battle. But, nevertheless, it is said, “he thought it a manly75 and decided76 English feature, which ought not to be destroyed.” His Majesty had a drawing of the sporting characters in the Fives’ Court placed in his boudoir, to remind him of his former attachment77 and support of true courage; and, when any fight of note occurred after he was King, accounts of it were read to him by his desire.
At this period there was a famous boxer, John Jackson, known as gentleman Jackson, the son of a London builder. He appeared only three times in the prize-ring. His first public fight took{235} place June 9, 1788, near Croydon, when he defeated a noted78 Birmingham boxer, in a contest lasting28 one hour seven minutes, in the presence of the Prince of Wales.
At the coronation of George IV. he was employed with eighteen other prize-fighters, dressed as pages, to guard the entrance to Westminster Abbey and Hall. But it is in Continental79 courts that boxing has been most favoured. The elder brother of the late Czar of Russia died on the eve of the day appointed for his marriage from the effects of a blow received in a boxing encounter with Alexander; and on one occasion, when a bout8 took place between the Prince Waldemar and the late Czar, between the acts in the private tea-room at the Court Theatre at Copenhagen, Alexander was thoroughly80 knocked out.
Archery appears to have been a fashionable sport during the reign of Henry VIII., who, according to Holinshed, shot as well as any of his guard. Edward VI. and Charles I. are known to have been fond of this exercise, which retained its attractions during the succeeding reigns3, and was occasionally sustained by the presence and practice of the sovereign. Mary Queen of Scots was as fond of archery as was her cousin, Elizabeth of England. One story of Queen Mary’s shooting has often been cited against her, since the time Sir William Drury wrote to Mr. Secretary Cecil from Berwick, telling how Mary, a fortnight after Darnley’s murder, had been shooting with Bothwell at the butts82 of Tranent against Huntley{236} and Seton for a dinner, which the latter pair had to pay—a story proved to be untrue.[108]
In a letter from the Queen of Bohemia, sister of Charles I., written from Rhenen, her Majesty’s summer residence on the Rhine, in 1649 to Montrose—who had long been reputed to be a good archer81—she says: “We have nothing to do but to walk and shoot. I am grown a good archer to shoot with my Lord Kinnoul. If your office will help it, I hope you will come and help us to shoot.” In 1703 Queen Anne granted a Charter to the Royal Company of Archers83, prohibiting any one “to cause any obstacle or impediment to the said Royal Company in the lawful84 exercise of the Ancient Arms of Bows and Arrows”—a privilege for which they were to pay to the Sovereign “one pair of barbed arrows, if asked only.” These, it seems, have twice been delivered to the Sovereign, first to George IV., during his visit to Edinburgh in 1822, and when Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort went to Scotland in 1842. And it was in the reign of the first James of Scotland that Charles VII. formed from the survivors85 of Lord Buchan’s Scots the famous Archer-guard of France, familiar to every reader of “Quentin Durward,” who, “foreigners though they were, ever proved themselves the most faithful troops in the service of the French Crown.”
Hawking86, again, was practised with much vigour88 by many of our sovereigns, and Alfred the Great, who is commended for his proficiency89 in this, as in{237} all other fashionable amusements, is said to have written a treatise90 on the subject, which has not come down to us. In the fields and open country, hawking was followed on horseback; and on foot, when in the woods and coverts91. In the latter case, it was usual for the sportsman to have a stout92 pole to assist him in leaping over rivulets93 and ditches. It was, according to Hall, when pursuing his hawk87 on foot, at Hitchin, in Hertfordshire, that Henry VIII. was plunged94 into a deep slough95 by the breaking of his pole, and would have been stifled96 but for the prompt assistance of one of his attendants. But when the fowling-piece presented a more ready and certain method of procuring97 game, while it afforded an equal degree of air and exercise, it is not surprising that the fall of falconry should have been sudden and complete.
A favourite game of James I. was quoits, and one day when he was so engaged with the young Earl of Mar11, he cried out, “Jonnie Mar has slaited me!”—the word “slaiting” in the north meaning to take an undue98 advantage in a game of this kind. From this incident the young King always nicknamed Mar “Jonnie Slaites.” It may be compared with a story told of Louis XVII. when Dauphin, who being beaten in a game of quoits by an officer of the National Guard, the latter exultingly99 exclaimed, “Ah, I have conquered the Dauphin!” Piqued100 at the expression, the Dauphin used some uncomplimentary remark, which was reported to the Queen, who reprimanded him for having so far forgotten himself.{238}
“I feel,” replied the Dauphin, “that I have done wrong. But why did he not satisfy himself with saying that he had won the match? It was the word ‘conquered’ which put me beyond myself.”
And, when the exiled Court of England returned at the Restoration, Charles II. is commonly said to have brought back that popular pastime skating. For Evelyn, under December 1, 1662, speaks of divers gentlemen skating in the canal in St. James’s Park “after the manner of the Hollanders,” and Pepys tells us that he went to see the Duke of York “slide upon his skates,” which he did very well.
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1
patronage
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| n.赞助，支援，援助；光顾，捧场 | |
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royalty
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| n.皇家，皇族 | |
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reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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meditating
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| a.沉思的，冥想的 | |
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follies
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| 罪恶，时事讽刺剧； 愚蠢，蠢笨，愚蠢的行为、思想或做法( folly的名词复数 ) | |
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7
exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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bout
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| n.侵袭，发作；一次(阵，回)；拳击等比赛 | |
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wagers
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| n.赌注，用钱打赌( wager的名词复数 )v.在（某物）上赌钱，打赌( wager的第三人称单数 )；保证，担保 | |
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eschewed
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| v.（尤指为道德或实际理由而）习惯性避开，回避( eschew的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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mar
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| vt.破坏，毁坏，弄糟 | |
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divers
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| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
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bowling
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| n.保龄球运动 | |
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infamous
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| adj.声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的，邪恶的 | |
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traitor
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| n.叛徒，卖国贼 | |
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alluding
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| 提及，暗指( allude的现在分词 ) | |
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retaliation
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| n.报复，反击 | |
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forfeited
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| （因违反协议、犯规、受罚等）丧失，失去( forfeit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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ominous
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| adj.不祥的，不吉的，预兆的，预示的 | |
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wan
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| (wide area network)广域网 | |
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staples
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| n.（某国的）主要产品( staple的名词复数 )；钉书钉；U 形钉；主要部份v.用钉书钉钉住( staple的第三人称单数 ) | |
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conspirators
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| n.共谋者，阴谋家( conspirator的名词复数 ) | |
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frail
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| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
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plank
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| n.板条，木板，政策要点，政纲条目 | |
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vault
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| n.拱形圆顶，地窖，地下室 | |
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everlasting
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| adj.永恒的，持久的，无止境的 | |
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lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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treasurer
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| n.司库，财务主管 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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anecdote
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| n.轶事，趣闻，短故事 | |
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eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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conversed
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| v.交谈，谈话( converse的过去式 ) | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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stylish
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| adj.流行的，时髦的；漂亮的，气派的 | |
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countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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coveted
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| adj.令人垂涎的；垂涎的，梦寐以求的v.贪求，觊觎(covet的过去分词)；垂涎；贪图 | |
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enthusiast
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| n.热心人，热衷者 | |
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anecdotes
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| n.掌故，趣闻，轶事( anecdote的名词复数 ) | |
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solacing
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| v.安慰，慰藉( solace的现在分词 ) | |
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queries
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| n.问题( query的名词复数 )；疑问；询问；问号v.质疑，对…表示疑问( query的第三人称单数 )；询问 | |
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secluded
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| adj.与世隔绝的；隐退的；偏僻的v.使隔开，使隐退( seclude的过去式和过去分词) | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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goring
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| v.（动物）用角撞伤，用牙刺破( gore的现在分词 ) | |
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rustic
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| adj.乡村的，有乡村特色的；n.乡下人，乡巴佬 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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glade
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| n.林间空地，一片表面有草的沼泽低地 | |
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martyr
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| n.烈士，殉难者；vt.杀害，折磨，牺牲 | |
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allusions
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| 暗指，间接提到( allusion的名词复数 ) | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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lodgings
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| n. 出租的房舍, 寄宿舍 | |
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countenanced
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| v.支持，赞同，批准( countenance的过去式 ) | |
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consort
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| v.相伴；结交 | |
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festive
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| adj.欢宴的，节日的 | |
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gatherings
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| 聚集( gathering的名词复数 )； 收集； 采集； 搜集 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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tilting
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| 倾斜，倾卸 | |
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overthrow
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| v.推翻，打倒，颠覆；n.推翻，瓦解，颠覆 | |
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narrating
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| v.故事( narrate的现在分词 ) | |
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beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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vaulting
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| n.（天花板或屋顶的）拱形结构 | |
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muskets
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| n.火枪，（尤指）滑膛枪( musket的名词复数 ) | |
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ordnance
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| n.大炮，军械 | |
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indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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divest
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| v.脱去，剥除 | |
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distressed
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| 痛苦的 | |
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privy
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| adj.私用的；隐密的 | |
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slippers
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| n. 拖鞋 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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boxer
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| n.制箱者，拳击手 | |
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manly
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| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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continental
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| adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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archer
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| n.射手，弓箭手 | |
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butts
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| 笑柄( butt的名词复数 )； （武器或工具的）粗大的一端； 屁股； 烟蒂 | |
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archers
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| n.弓箭手，射箭运动员( archer的名词复数 ) | |
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lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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hawking
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| 利用鹰行猎 | |
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hawk
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| n.鹰，骗子；鹰派成员 | |
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vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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proficiency
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| n.精通，熟练，精练 | |
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treatise
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| n.专著；(专题)论文 | |
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coverts
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| n.隐蔽的，不公开的，秘密的( covert的名词复数 )；复羽 | |
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rivulets
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| n.小河，小溪( rivulet的名词复数 ) | |
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plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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slough
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| v.蜕皮，脱落，抛弃 | |
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stifled
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| （使）窒息， （使）窒闷( stifle的过去式和过去分词 )； 镇压，遏制； 堵 | |
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procuring
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的现在分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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undue
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| adj.过分的；不适当的；未到期的 | |
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exultingly
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| 兴高采烈地，得意地 | |
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piqued
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| v.伤害…的自尊心( pique的过去式和过去分词 )；激起（好奇心） | |
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