On the following morning at daybreak we continued our journey, and rode until four hours after dark, over a boundless3 level steppe, without a single guiding landmark4 to point the way. I was surprised to see how accurately5 our drivers could determine the points of the compass and shape their course by simply looking at the snow. The heavy north-east winds which prevail in this locality throughout the winter sweep the snow into long wave-like ridges6 called sastrugi (sas-troo'-gee), which are always perpendicular7 to the course of the wind, and which almost invariably run in a north-west and south-east direction. They are sometimes hidden for a few days by fresh-fallen snow; but an experienced Korak can always tell by removing the upper layer which way is north, and he travels to his destination by night or day in a nearly straight line.
We reached the third encampment about six o'clock, and upon entering the largest tent were surprised to find it crowded with natives, as if in expectation of some ceremony or entertainment. Inquiry8 through our interpreter elicited9 the interesting fact that the ceremony of marriage was about to be performed for, or rather by, two members of the band; and instead of taking up our quarters, as we at first intended, in another less crowded tent, we determined10 to remain and see in what manner this rite11 would be solemnised by a wholly uncivilised and barbarous people.
The marriage ceremony of the Koraks is especially remarkable12 for its entire originality13, and for the indifference14 which it manifests to the sensibilities of the bridegroom. In no other country does there exist such a curious mixture of sense and absurdity15 as that which is dignified16 in the social life of the Koraks with the name of marriage; and among no other people, let us charitably hope, is the unfortunate bridegroom subjected to such humiliating indignities17. The contemplation of marriage is, or ought to be, a very serious thing to every young man; but to a Korak of average sensibility it must be absolutely appalling18. No other proof of bravery need ever be exhibited than a certificate of marriage (if the Koraks have such documents), and the bravery rises into positive heroism19 when a man marries two or three times. I once knew a Korak in Kamchatka who had four wives, and I felt as much respect for his heroic bravery as if he had charged with the Six Hundred at Balaklava.
The ceremony, I believe, has never been described; and inadequate20 as a description may be to convey an idea of the reality, it will perhaps enable American lovers to realise what a calamity21 they escaped when they were born in America and not in Kamchatka. The young Korak's troubles begin when he first falls in love; this, like Achilles' wrath22, is "the direful spring of woes23 unnumbered." If his intentions are serious, he calls upon the damsel's father and makes formal proposals for her hand, ascertains25 the amount of her dower in reindeer26, and learns her estimated value. He is probably told that he must work for his wife two or three years—a rather severe trial of any young man's affection. He then seeks an interview with the young lady herself, and performs the agreeable or disagreeable duty which corresponds in Korak to the civilised custom of "popping the question." We had hoped to get some valuable hints from the Koraks as to the best method which their experience suggested for the successful accomplishment27 of this delicate task; but we could learn nothing that would be applicable to the more artificial relations of civilised society. If the young man's sentiments are reciprocated28, and he obtains a positive promise of marriage, he goes cheerfully to work, like Ferdinand in The Tempest for Miranda's father, and spends two or three years in cutting and drawing wood, watching reindeer, making sledges29, and contributing generally to the interests of his prospective30 father-in-law. At the end of this probationary31 period comes the grand "experimentum crucis," which is to decide his fate and prove the success or the uselessness of his long labour.
At this interesting crisis we had surprised our Korak friends in the third encampment. The tent which we had entered was an unusually large one, containing twenty-six pologs, arranged in a continuous circle around its inner circumference32. The open space in the centre around the fire was crowded with the dusky faces and half-shaven heads of the Korak spectators, whose attention seemed about equally divided between sundry33 kettles and troughs of manyalla, boiled venison, marrow34, frozen tallow, and similar delicacies35, and the discussion of some controverted36 point of marriage etiquette37. Owing to my ignorance of the language, I was not able to enter thoroughly38 into the merits of the disputed question; but it seemed to be ably argued on both sides. Our sudden entrance seemed to create a temporary diversion from the legitimate39 business of the evening. The tattooed40 women and shaven-headed men stared in open-mouthed astonishment41 at the pale-faced guests who had come unbidden to the marriage-feast, having on no wedding garments. Our faces were undeniably dirty, our blue hunting-shirts and buckskin trousers bore the marks of two months' rough travel, in numerous rips, tears, and tatters, which were only partially42 masked by a thick covering of reindeer hair from our fur kukhlánkas. Our general appearance, in fact, suggested a more intimate acquaintance with dirty yurts, mountain thickets43, and Siberian storms, than with the civilising influences of soap, water, razors, and needles. We bore the curious scrutiny44 of the assemblage, however, with the indifference of men who were used to it, and sipped45 our hot tea while waiting for the ceremony to begin. I looked curiously46 around to see if I could distinguish the happy candidates for matrimonial honours; but they were evidently concealed47 in one of the closed pologs. The eating and drinking seemed by this time to be about finished, and an air of expectation and suspense48 pervaded49 the entire crowd. Suddenly we were startled by the loud and regular beating of a native barabán or bass50 drum, which fairly filled the tent with a great volume of sound. At the same instant the tent opened to permit the passage of a tall, stern-looking Korak, with an armful of willow51 sprouts52 and alder53 branches, which he proceeded [Illustration: DRAWINGS OF THE KORAKS. ILLUSTRATIVE OF THEIR MYTHS.] to distribute in all the pologs of the tent. "What do you suppose that's for?" asked Dodd in an undertone. "I don't know," was the reply; "keep quiet and you'll see." The regular throbs54 of the drum continued throughout the distribution of the willow sticks and at its close the drummer began to sing a low, musical recitative, which increased gradually in volume and energy until it swelled55 into a wild, barbarous chant, timed by the regular beats of the heavy drum. A slight commotion56 followed, the front curtains of all the pologs were thrown up, the women stationed themselves in detachments of two or three at the entrance of each polog, and took up the willow branches which had been provided. In a moment a venerable native, whom we presumed to be the father of one of the parties, emerged from one of the pologs near the door, leading a good-looking young Korak and the dark-faced bride. Upon their appearance the excitement increased to the pitch of frenzy57, the music redoubled its rapidity, the men in the centre of the tent joined in the uncouth58 chant, and uttered at short intervals59 peculiar60 shrill61 cries of wild excitement. At a given signal from the native who had led out the couple, the bride darted63 suddenly into the first polog, and began a rapid flight around the tent, raising the curtains between the pologs successively, and passing under. The bridegroom instantly followed in hot pursuit; but the women who were stationed in each compartment64 threw every possible impediment in his way, tripping up his unwary feet, holding down the curtains to prevent his passage, and applying the willow and alder switches unmercifully to a very susceptible65 part of his body as he stooped to raise them. The air was filled with drum-beats, shouts of encouragement and derision, and the sound of the heavy blows which were administered to the unlucky bridegroom by each successive detachment of women as he ran the gantlet. It became evident at once that despite his most violent efforts he would fail to overtake the flying Atalanta before she completed the circuit of the tent. Even the golden apples of Hesperides would have availed him little against such disheartening odds66; but with undismayed perseverance67 he pressed on, stumbling headlong over the outstretched feet of his female persecutors, and getting constantly entangled68 in the ample folds of the reindeerskin curtains, which were thrown with the skill of a matador69 over his head and eyes. In a moment the bride had entered the last closed polog near the door, while the unfortunate bridegroom was still struggling with his accumulating misfortunes about half-way around the tent. I expected to see him relax his efforts and give up the contest when the bride disappeared, and was preparing to protest strongly in his behalf against the unfairness of the trial; but, to my surprise, he still struggled on, and with a final plunge70 burst through the curtains of the last polog and rejoined his bride. The music suddenly ceased, and the throng71 began to stream out of the tent. The ceremony was evidently over. Turning to Meranef, who with a delighted grin had watched its progress, we inquired what it all meant. "Were they married?"—"Da's," was the affirmative reply. "But," we objected, "he didn't catch her."—"She waited for him, your honour, in the last polog, and if he caught her there it was enough."—"Suppose he had not caught her there, then what?"—"Then," answered the Cossack, with an expressive72 shrug73 of commiseration74, "the beidnak [poor fellow] would have had to work two more years." This was pleasant—for the bridegroom! To work two years for a wife, undergo a severe course of willow sprouts at the close of his apprenticeship75, and then have no security against a possible breach76 of promise on the part of the bride. His faith in her constancy must be unlimited77. The intention of the whole ceremony was evidently to give the woman an opportunity to marry the man or not, as she chose, since it was obviously impossible for him to catch her under such circumstances, unless she voluntarily waited for him in one of the pologs. The plan showed a more chivalrous78 regard and deference79 for the wishes and preferences of the gentler sex than is common in an unreconstructed state of society; but it seemed to me, as an unprejudiced observer, that the same result might have been obtained without so much abuse of the unfortunate bridegroom! Some regard ought to have been paid to his feelings, if he was a man. I could not ascertain24 the significance of the chastisement80 which was inflicted81 by the women upon the bridegroom with the willow switches. Dodd suggested that it might be emblematical82 of married life—a sort of foreshadowing of future domestic experience; but in view of the masculine Korak character, this hardly seemed to me probable. No woman in her senses would try the experiment a second time upon one of the stern, resolute83 men who witnessed that ceremony, and who seemed to regard it then as perfectly84 proper. Circumstances would undoubtedly85 alter cases.
Mr. A.S. Bickmore, in the American Journal of Science for May, 1868, notices this curious custom of the Koraks, and says that the chastisement is intended to test the young man's "ability to bear up against the ills of life"; but I would respectfully submit that the ills of life do not generally come in that shape, and that switching a man over the back with willow sprouts is a very singular way of preparing him for future misfortunes of any kind.
Whatever may be the motive86, it is certainly an infringement87 upon the generally recognised prerogatives88 of the sterner sex, and should be discountenanced by all Koraks who favour masculine supremacy89. Before they know it, they will have a woman's suffrage90 association on their hands, and female lecturers will be going about from band to band advocating the substitution of hickory clubs and slung-shots for the harmless willow switches, and protesting against the tyranny which will not permit them to indulge in this interesting diversion at least three times a week. [Footnote: It is now well known that this ceremony is a form of "marriage by capture" which is widely prevalent among barbarous peoples.—G.K. (1909).]
After the conclusion of the ceremony we removed to an adjacent tent, and were surprised, as we came out into the open air, to see three or four Koraks shouting and reeling about in an advanced stage of intoxication—celebrating, I suppose, the happy event which had just transpired91. I knew that there was not a drop of alcoholic92 liquor in all northern Kamchatka, nor, so far as I knew, anything from which it could be made, and it was a mystery to me how they had succeeded in becoming so suddenly, thoroughly, hopelessly, undeniably drunk. Even Ross Browne's beloved Washoe, with its "howling wilderness93" saloons, could not have turned out more creditable specimens94 of intoxicated95 humanity than those before us. The exciting agent, whatever it might be, was certainly as quick in its operation, and as effective in its results, as any "tanglefoot" or "bottled lightning" known to modern civilisation96. Upon inquiry we learned to our astonishment that they had been eating a species of the plant vulgarly known as toadstool. There is a peculiar fungus of this class in Siberia, known to the natives as "muk-a-moor," and as it possesses active intoxicating properties, it is used as a stimulant97 by nearly all the Siberian tribes. [Footnote: Agaricus muscarius or fly-agaric.] Taken in large quantities it is a violent narcotic98 poison; but in small doses it produces all the effects of alcoholic liquor. Its habitual99 use, however, completely shatters the nervous system, and its sale by Russian traders to the natives has consequently been made a penal100 offence by Russian law. In spite of all prohibitions101, the trade is still secretly carried on, and I have seen twenty dollars' worth of furs bought with a single fungus. The Koraks would gather it for themselves, but it requires the shelter of timber for its growth, and is not to be found on the barren steppes over which they wander; so that they are obliged for the most part to buy it, at enormous prices, from the Russian traders. It may sound strangely to American ears, but the invitation which a convivial102 Korak extends to his passing friend is not, "Come in and have a drink," but, "Won't you come in and take a toadstool?" Not a very alluring103 proposal perhaps to a civilised toper, but one which has a magical effect upon a dissipated Korak. As the supply of these toadstools is by no means equal to the demand, Korak ingenuity104 has been greatly exercised in the endeavour to economise the precious stimulant, and make it go as far as possible. Sometimes, in the course of human events, it becomes imperatively105 necessary that a whole band shall get drunk together, and they have only one toadstool to do it with. For a description of the manner in which this band gets drunk collectively and individually upon one fungus, and keeps drunk for a week, the curious reader is referred to Goldsmith's Citizen of the World, Letter 32. It is but just to say, however, that this horrible practice is almost entirely106 confined to the settled Koraks of Penzhinsk Gulf107—the lowest, most degraded portion of the whole tribe. It may prevail to a limited extent among the wandering natives, but I never heard of more than one such instance outside of the Penzhinsk Gulf settlements.
Our travel for the next few days after leaving the third encampment was fatiguing108 and monotonous109. The unvarying routine of our daily life in smoky Korak tents, and the uniform flatness and barrenness of the country over which we journeyed, became inexpressibly tiresome110, and we looked forward in longing111 anticipation112 to the Russian settlement of Gizhiga, at the head of Gizhiginsk Gulf, which was the Mecca of our long pilgrimage. To spend more than a week at one time with the Wandering Koraks without becoming lonesome or homesick, requires an almost inexhaustible fertility of mental resource. One is thrown for entertainment entirely upon himself. No daily paper, with its fresh material for thought and discussion, comes to enliven the long blank evenings by the tent fire; no wars or rumours113 of wars, no coup62 d'état of diplomacy114, no excitement of political canvass115 ever agitates116 the stagnant117 intellectual atmosphere of Korak existence. Removed to an infinite distance, both physically118 and intellectually, from all of the interests, ambitions, and excitements which make up our world, the Korak simply exists, like a human oyster119, in the quiet waters of his monotonous life. An occasional birth or marriage, the sacrifice of a dog, or, on rare occasions, of a man to the Korak Ahriman, and the infrequent visits of a Russian trader, are the most prominent events in his history, from the cradle to the grave. I found it almost impossible sometimes to realise, as I sat by the fire in a Korak tent, that I was still in the modern world of railroads, telegraphs, and daily newspapers. I seemed to have been carried back by some enchantment120 through the long cycles of time, and made a dweller121 in the tents of Shem and Japheth. Not a suggestion was there in all our surroundings of the vaunted enlightenment and civilisation of the nineteenth century, and as we gradually accustomed ourselves to the new and strange conditions of primitive122 barbarism, our recollections of a civilised life faded into the unreal imagery of a vivid dream.
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1
intoxicating
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| a. 醉人的,使人兴奋的 | |
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fungus
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| n.真菌，真菌类植物 | |
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boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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landmark
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| n.陆标，划时代的事，地界标 | |
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accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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ridges
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| n.脊( ridge的名词复数 )；山脊；脊状突起；大气层的)高压脊 | |
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perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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elicited
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| 引出，探出( elicit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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rite
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| n.典礼，惯例，习俗 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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originality
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| n.创造力，独创性；新颖 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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absurdity
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| n.荒谬，愚蠢；谬论 | |
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dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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indignities
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| n.侮辱，轻蔑( indignity的名词复数 ) | |
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appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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heroism
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| n.大无畏精神，英勇 | |
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inadequate
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| adj.(for,to)不充足的，不适当的 | |
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calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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woes
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| 困境( woe的名词复数 )； 悲伤； 我好苦哇； 某人就要倒霉 | |
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ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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ascertains
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的第三人称单数 ) | |
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reindeer
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| n.驯鹿 | |
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accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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reciprocated
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| v.报答，酬答( reciprocate的过去式和过去分词 )；（机器的部件）直线往复运动 | |
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sledges
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| n.雪橇，雪车( sledge的名词复数 )v.乘雪橇( sledge的第三人称单数 )；用雪橇运载 | |
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prospective
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| adj.预期的，未来的，前瞻性的 | |
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probationary
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| 试用的，缓刑的 | |
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circumference
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| n.圆周，周长，圆周线 | |
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sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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marrow
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| n.骨髓；精华；活力 | |
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delicacies
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| n.棘手( delicacy的名词复数 )；精致；精美的食物；周到 | |
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controverted
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| v.争论，反驳，否定( controvert的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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etiquette
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| n.礼仪，礼节；规矩 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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tattooed
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| v.刺青，文身( tattoo的过去式和过去分词 )；连续有节奏地敲击；作连续有节奏的敲击 | |
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astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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thickets
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| n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 )；丛状物 | |
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scrutiny
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| n.详细检查，仔细观察 | |
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sipped
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| v.小口喝，呷，抿( sip的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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suspense
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| n.（对可能发生的事）紧张感，担心，挂虑 | |
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pervaded
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| v.遍及，弥漫( pervade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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bass
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| n.男低音(歌手)；低音乐器；低音大提琴 | |
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willow
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| n.柳树 | |
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sprouts
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| n.新芽，嫩枝( sprout的名词复数 )v.发芽( sprout的第三人称单数 )；抽芽；出现；（使）涌现出 | |
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alder
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| n.赤杨树 | |
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throbs
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| 体内的跳动( throb的名词复数 ) | |
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swelled
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| 增强( swell的过去式和过去分词 )； 肿胀； （使）凸出； 充满（激情） | |
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commotion
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| n.骚动，动乱 | |
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frenzy
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| n.疯狂，狂热，极度的激动 | |
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uncouth
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| adj.无教养的，粗鲁的 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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shrill
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| adj.尖声的；刺耳的；v尖叫 | |
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coup
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| n.政变；突然而成功的行动 | |
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darted
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的过去式和过去分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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compartment
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| n.卧车包房，隔间；分隔的空间 | |
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susceptible
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| adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的 | |
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odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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67
perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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entangled
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| adj.卷入的；陷入的；被缠住的；缠在一起的v.使某人（某物/自己）缠绕，纠缠于（某物中），使某人（自己）陷入（困难或复杂的环境中）( entangle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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69
matador
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| n.斗牛士 | |
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plunge
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| v.跳入，(使)投入，(使)陷入；猛冲 | |
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71
throng
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| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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expressive
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| adj.表现的，表达…的，富于表情的 | |
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shrug
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| v.耸肩(表示怀疑、冷漠、不知等) | |
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74
commiseration
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| n.怜悯，同情 | |
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75
apprenticeship
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| n.学徒身份；学徒期 | |
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76
breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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77
unlimited
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| adj.无限的，不受控制的，无条件的 | |
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78
chivalrous
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| adj.武士精神的；对女人彬彬有礼的 | |
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deference
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| n.尊重，顺从；敬意 | |
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chastisement
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| n.惩罚 | |
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81
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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emblematical
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| adj.标志的，象征的，典型的 | |
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resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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86
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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infringement
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| n.违反；侵权 | |
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88
prerogatives
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| n.权利( prerogative的名词复数 )；特权；大主教法庭；总督委任组成的法庭 | |
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supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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suffrage
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| n.投票，选举权，参政权 | |
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transpired
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| （事实，秘密等）被人知道( transpire的过去式和过去分词 )； 泄露； 显露； 发生 | |
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alcoholic
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| adj.（含）酒精的，由酒精引起的；n.酗酒者 | |
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wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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intoxicated
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| 喝醉的，极其兴奋的 | |
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civilisation
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| n.文明，文化，开化，教化 | |
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stimulant
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| n.刺激物，兴奋剂 | |
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narcotic
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| n.麻醉药，镇静剂；adj.麻醉的，催眠的 | |
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habitual
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| adj.习惯性的；通常的，惯常的 | |
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penal
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| adj.刑罚的；刑法上的 | |
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101
prohibitions
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| 禁令，禁律( prohibition的名词复数 )； 禁酒； 禁例 | |
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convivial
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| adj.狂欢的，欢乐的 | |
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103
alluring
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| adj.吸引人的，迷人的 | |
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104
ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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imperatively
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| adv.命令式地 | |
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106
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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107
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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fatiguing
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| a.使人劳累的 | |
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109
monotonous
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| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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110
tiresome
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| adj.令人疲劳的，令人厌倦的 | |
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111
longing
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| n.（for）渴望 | |
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112
anticipation
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| n.预期，预料，期望 | |
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113
rumours
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| n.传闻( rumour的名词复数 )；风闻；谣言；谣传 | |
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114
diplomacy
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| n.外交；外交手腕，交际手腕 | |
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115
canvass
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| v.招徕顾客，兜售；游说；详细检查，讨论 | |
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116
agitates
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| 搅动( agitate的第三人称单数 )； 激怒； 使焦虑不安； （尤指为法律、社会状况的改变而）激烈争论 | |
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117
stagnant
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| adj.不流动的，停滞的，不景气的 | |
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118
physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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119
oyster
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| n.牡蛎；沉默寡言的人 | |
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120
enchantment
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| n.迷惑，妖术，魅力 | |
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121
dweller
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| n.居住者，住客 | |
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122
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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