The period at which this History commences,—the beginning of the sixteenth century,—when compared with the ages which had preceded it, since the fall of the Roman empire, was one of unprecedented1 brilliancy and activity. It was a period very fruitful in great men and great events, and, though stormy and turbulent, was favorable to experiments and reforms. The nations of Europe seem to have been suddenly aroused from a state of torpor2 and rest, and to have put forth3 new energies in every department of life. The material and the political, the moral and the social condition of society was subject to powerful agitations4, and passed through important changes.
Great discoveries and inventions had been made. The use of movable types, first ascribed to a German, of Mentz, by the name of Gutenberg, in 1441, and to Peter Sch?ffer, in 1444, changed the whole system of book-making, and vastly increased the circulation of the Scriptures5, the Greek and Latin classics, and all other valuable works, which, by the industry of the monkish6 copyist, had been preserved from the ravages7 of time and barbarism. Gunpowder8, whose explosive power had been perceived by Roger Bacon as early as 1280, though it was not used on the field of battle until 1346, had completely changed the art of war and had greatly contributed to undermine the feudal9 system. The polarity of the magnet, also discovered in the middle ages, and not practically applied10 to the mariner's compass until 1403, had led to the greatest event of the fifteenth century—the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, in 1492. The impulse given to commerce by this and other discoveries of unknown continents and oceans, by the Portuguese11, the Spaniards, the Dutch, the English, and the French, cannot be here enlarged on. America revealed to the astonished European her riches in gold and silver; and Indian spices, and silks, and drugs, were imported, through new channels, into all the countries inhabited by the Teutonic races. Mercantile wealth, with all its refinements12, acquired new importance in the eyes of the nations. The world opened towards the east and the west. The horizon of knowledge extended. Popular delusions13 were dispelled14. Liberality of mind was acquired. The material prosperity of the western nations was increased. Tastes became more refined, and social intercourse15 more cheerful.
Art, Revival16 of the Arts. in all its departments, was every where revived at this epoch17. Houses became more comfortable, and churches more splendid. The utensils18 of husbandry and of cookery were improved. Linen19 and woollen manufactures supplanted20 the coarser fabrics21 of the dark ages. Music became more elaborate, and the present system of notation22 was adopted. The genius of the sculptor23 again gave life and beauty to a marble block, and painting was carried to greater perfection than by the ancient Greeks and Romans. Florence, Venice, Milan, and Rome became seats of various schools of this beautiful art, of which Michael Angelo, Correggio, the Carracci, and Raphael were the most celebrated24 masters, all of whom were distinguished25 for peculiar26 excellences27, never since surpassed, or even equalled. The Flemish artists were scarcely behind the Italian; and Rubens, of Antwerp, may well rank with Correggio and Titian. To Raphael, however, the world has, as yet, furnished no parallel.
The political and social structure of society changed. The crusades, long before, had given a shock to the political importance of the feudal aristocracy, and reviving commerce and art had shaken the system to its foundations. The Flemish weavers28 had arisen, and a mercantile class had clamored for new privileges. In the struggle of classes, and in the misfortunes of nobles, monarchs29 had perceived the advantages they might gain, and fortunate circumstances enabled them to raise absolute thrones, and restore a central power, always so necessary to the cause of civilization. Influence of Feudalism. Feudalism had answered many useful ends in the dark ages. It had secured a reciprocity of duties between a lord and his vassal30; it had restored loyalty31, truth, and fidelity32 among semi-barbarians; it had favored the cultivation33 of the soil; it had raised up a hardy34 rural population; it had promoted chivalry35, and had introduced into Europe the modern gentleman; it had ennobled friendship, and spread the graces of urbanity and gentleness among rough and turbulent warriors36. But it had, also, like all human institutions, become corrupt37, and failed to answer the ends for which it was instituted. It had become an oppressive social despotism; it had widened the distinction between the noble and ignoble38 classes; it had produced selfishness and arrogance39 among the nobles, and a mean and cringing40 sycophancy41 among the people; it had perpetuated42 privileges, among the aristocracy, exceedingly unjust, and ruinous to the general welfare of society. It therefore fell before the advancing spirit of the age, and monarchies43 and republics were erected44 on its ruins. The people, as well as monarchs, had learned the secret of their power. They learned that, by combining their power, they could successfully resist their enemies. The principle of association was learned. Combinations of masses took place. Free cities were multiplied. A population of artificers, and small merchants, and free farmers arose. They discussed their privileges, and asserted their independence. Political liberty was born, and its invaluable45 blessings46 were conceived, if they were not realized.
And the intellectual state of Europe received an impulse as marked and beneficent as the physical and social. Effects of Scholasticism. The scholastic47 philosophy, with its dry and technical logic48, its abstruse49 formulas, and its subtle refinements, ceased to satisfy the wants of the human mind, now craving50 light and absolute knowledge in all departments of science and philosophy. Like feudalism, it had once been useful; but like that institution, it had also become corrupted51, and an object of sarcasm52 and mockery. It had trained the European mind for the discoveries of the sixteenth century; it had raised up an inquisitive53 spirit, and had led to profound reflections on the existence of God, on his attributes and will, on the nature of the soul, on the faculties54 of the mind and on the practical duties of life. But this philosophy became pedantic55 and cold; covered, as with a funereal56 shade, the higher pursuits of life; and diverted attention from what was practical and useful. That earnest spirit, which raised up Luther and Bacon, demanded, of the great masters of thought, something which the people could understand, and something which would do them good.
In poetry, the insipid57 and immoral58 songs of the Proven?al bards59 gave place to the immortal60 productions of the great creators of the European languages. Dante led the way in Italy, and gave to the world the "Divine Comedy"—a masterpiece of human genius, which raised him to the rank of Homer and Virgil. Petrarch followed in his steps, and, if not as profound or original as Dante, yet is unequalled as an "enthusiastic songster of ideal love." He also gave a great impulse to civilization by his labors61 in collecting and collating62 manuscripts. Boccaccio also lent his aid in the revival of literature, and wrote a series of witty63, though objectionable stories, from which the English Chaucer borrowed the notion of his "Canterbury Tales." Chaucer is the father of English poetry, and kindled65 a love of literature among his isolated66 countrymen; and was one of the few men who, in the evening of his days, looked upon the world without austerity, and expressed himself with all the vivacity67 of youthful feeling.
Such were some of the leading events and circumstances which gave a new life to European society, and created a desire for better days. All of these causes of improvement acted and reacted on each other in various ways, and prepared the way to new and great developments of action and passion. These new energies were, however, unfortunately checked by a combination of evils which had arisen in the dark ages, and which required to be subverted68 before any great progress could be reasonably expected. Ecclesiastical Corruptions70. These evils were most remarkable71 in the church itself and almost extinguished the light which Christ and his apostles had kindled. The church looked with an evil eye on many of the greatest improvements and agitations of the age, and attempted to suppress the spirit of insurrection which had arisen against the abuses and follies72 of past ages. Great ideas were ridiculed73, and daring spirits were crushed. There were many good men in the church who saw and who lamented74 prevailing75 corruptions, but their voice was overwhelmed by the clamors of interested partisans76, or silenced by the authority of the popes. The character of the popes themselves was not what was expected of the heads of the visible church, or what was frequently exhibited in those ignorant and superstitious77 times, when the papacy fulfilled, in the opinion of many enlightened Protestants, a benevolent78 mission. None had the disinterestedness79 of Gregory I., or the talents of Gregory VII. There had been a time when the great central spiritual monarchy80 of Rome had been exercised for the peace and tranquillity81 of Europe, when it was uniformly opposed to slavery and war, and when it was a mild and paternal82 government, which protected innocence83 and weakness, while it punished injustice84 and crime. The time was, when popes had been elevated for their piety85 and learning, and when they lived as saints and died as martyrs86. But that time had passed. The Roman church did not keep up with the spirit or the wants of the age, and moreover did not reform itself from vices87 which had been overlooked in ages of ignorance and superstition88. In the fifteenth century, many great abuses scandalized a body of men who should have been the lights of the world; and the sacred pontiffs themselves set examples of unusual depravity. Julius II. marched at the head of armies. Alexander VI. secured his election by bribery89, and reigned90 by extortion. He poisoned his own cardinals91, and bestowed92 on his son C?sar Borgia—an incarnated93 demon—the highest dignities and rewards. It was common for the popes to sell the highest offices in the church for money, to place boys on episcopal thrones, to absolve94 the most heinous95 and scandalous crimes for gold, to encourage the massacre96 of heretics, and to disgrace themselves by infamous97 vices. And a general laxity of morals existed among all orders of the clergy98. They were ignorant, debauched, and ambitious. The monks99 were exceedingly numerous; had ceased to be men of prayer and contemplation, as in the days of Benedict and Bernard; and might be seen frequenting places of demoralizing excitement, devoted100 to pleasure, and enriched by inglorious gains.
But the evils which the church encouraged were more dangerous than the vices of its members. These evils were inherent in the papal system, and were hard to be subverted. There were corruptions of doctrine101, and corruptions in the government and customs of the church.
There generally prevailed, throughout Christendom, Papal Infallibility. the belief in papal infallibility, which notion subverted the doctrines102 of the Bible, and placed its truths, at least, on a level with the authority of the schoolmen. It favored the various usurpations of the popes, and strengthened the bonds of spiritual despotism.
The popes also claimed a control over secular103 princes, as well as the supremacy104 of the church. Hildebrand was content with riveting105 the chains of universal spiritual authority, the evil and absurdity106 of which cannot well be exaggerated; but his more ambitious successors sought to reduce the kings of the earth to perfect vassalage107, and, when in danger of having their monstrous108 usurpations torn from them, were ready to fill the world with discord109 and war.
But the worldly popes of the fifteenth century also aspired110 to be temporal princes. They established the most elegant court in Europe; they supported large armies; they sought to restore the splendor111 of imperial Rome; they became ambitious of founding great families; they enriched their nephews and relations at the sacrifice of the best interests of their church; they affected112 great state and dignity; they built gorgeous palaces; they ornamented113 their capital with pictures and statues.
The territories of Rome were, however, small. The lawful114 revenues of the popes were insufficient115 to gratify their extravagance and pomp. But money, nevertheless, they must have. In order to raise it, they resorted to extortion and corruption69. They imposed taxes on Christendom, direct and indirect. These were felt as an intolerable burden; but such was the superstition of the times, that they were successfully raised. But even these were insufficient to gratify papal avarice116 and rapacity117. They then resorted, in their necessities, to the meanest acts, imposed on the simplicity118 of their subjects, and finally adopted the most infamous custom which ever disgraced the world.
They The Sale of Indulgences. pardoned sins for money—granted sales of indulgences for crime. A regular scale for absolution was graded. A proclamation was made every fifty, and finally every twenty-five years, of a year of jubilee119, when plenary remission of all sin was promised to those who should make a pilgrimage to Rome. And so great was the influx120 of strangers, and consequently of wealth, to Rome, that, on one occasion, it was collected into piles by rakes. It is computed121 that two hundred thousand deluded122 persons visited the city in a single month. But the vast sums they brought to Rome, and the still greater sums which were obtained by the sale of indulgences, and by various taxations, were all squandered123 in ornamenting124 the city, and in supporting a luxurious125 court, profligate126 cardinals, and superfluous127 ministers of a corrupted religion. Then was erected the splendid church of St. Peter, more after the style of Grecian temples, than after the model of the Gothic cathedrals of York and Cologne. Glorious was that monument of reviving art; wonderful was its lofty dome128; but the vast sums required to build it opened the eyes of Christendom to the extravagance and presumption129 of the popes; and this splendid trophy130 of their glory also became the emblem131 of their broken power. Their palaces and temples made an imposing132 show, but detracted from their real strength, which consisted in the affections of their spiritual subjects. Their outward grandeur133, like the mechanical agencies which kings employ, was but a poor substitute for the invisible power of love,—in all ages, and among all people, "that cheap defence" which supports thrones and kingdoms.
Another great evil was, the prevalence of an idolatrous spirit. In the churches and chapels134, and even in private families, were innumerable images of saints, pictures of the Virgin135, relics136, crucifixes, &c., designed at first to kindle64 a spirit of devotion among the rude and uneducated, but gradually becoming objects of real adoration137. Intercessions were supposed to be made by the Virgin Mary, and by favorite saints, more efficacious with Deity138 than the penitence139 and prayers of the erring140 and sinful themselves. The influence of this veneration141 for martyrs and saints was degrading to the mind, and became a very lucrative142 source of profit to the priests, The Corruptions of the Church. who peddled143 the bones and relics of saints as they did indulgences, and who invented innumerable lies to attest144 the genuineness and antiquity145 of the objects they sold, all of which were parts of the great system of fraud and avarice which the church permitted.
Again; the public worship of God was in a language the people could not understand, but rendered impressive by the gorgeous dresses of the priests, and the magnificence of the altar, and the images and vessels146 of silver and gold, reflecting their splendor, by the light of wax candles, on the sombre pillars, roofs, and windows of the Gothic church, and the effect heightened by exciting music, and other appeals to the taste or imagination, rather than to the reason and the heart. The sermons of the clergy were frivolous147, and ill adapted to the spiritual wants of the people. "Men went to the Vatican," says the learned and philosophical148 Ranke, "not to pray, but to contemplate149 the Belvidere Apollo. They disgraced the most solemn festivals by open profanations. The clergy, in their services, sought the means of exciting laughter. One would mock the cuckoo, and another recite indecent stories about St. Peter." Luther, when he visited Italy, was extremely shocked at the infidel spirit which prevailed among the clergy, who were hostile to the circulation of the Scriptures, and who encouraged persecutions and inquisitions. This was the age when the dreadful tribunal of the Inquisition flourished, although its chief enormities were perpetrated in Spain and Portugal. It never had an existence in England, and but little influence in France and Germany. But if the Church did not resort, in all countries, to that dread151 tribunal which subjected youth, beauty, and innocence to the inquisitorial vengeance152 of narrow-minded Dominican monks, still she was hostile to free inquiry153, and to all efforts made to emancipate154 the reason of men.
The spirit of religious persecution150, which inflamed155 the Roman Church to punish all dissenters156 from the doctrine and abuses she promulgated157, can never be questioned. The Waldenses and Albigenses had suffered, in darker times, almost incredible hardships and miseries—had been almost annihilated158 by the dreadful crusade which was carried on against them, so that two hundred thousand had perished for supposed heresy159. But reference is not now made to this wholesale160 massacre, but to those instances of individual persecution which showed the extreme jealousy161 and hatred162 of Rome of all new opinions. John Huss and Jerome of Prague were publicly burned for attempting to reform the church, and even Savonarola, who did not deny the authority of the popes, was condemned163 to the flames for denouncing the vices of his age, rather than the evils of the church.
These multiplied evils, which checked the spirit of improvement, Necessity for Reform. called loudly for reform. Councils were assembled for the purpose; but councils supported, rather than diminished, the evils of which even princes complained. The reform was not destined164 to come from dignitaries in the church or state; not from bishops165, nor philosophers, nor kings, but from an obscure teacher of divinity in a German university, whom the genius of a reviving and awakened166 age had summoned into the field of revolutionary warfare167. It was reserved for Martin Luther to commence the first successful rebellion against the despotism of Rome, and to give the greatest impulse to freedom of thought, and a general spirit of reform, which ten centuries had seen.
The most prominent event in modern times is unquestionably the Protestant Reformation, and it was by far the most momentous168 in its results. It gave rise, directly or indirectly169, to the great wars of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as well as to those rival sects170 which agitated171 the theological world. It is connected with the enterprises of great monarchs, with the struggle of the Huguenots and Puritans, with the diffusion172 of knowledge, and with the progress of civil and religious liberty in Europe. An event, therefore, of such interest and magnitude, may well be adopted as a starting point in modern history, and will, accordingly, be the first subject of especial notice. History is ever most impressive and philosophical when great changes and revolutions are traced to the agency of great spiritual ideas. Moreover, modern history is so complicated, that it is difficult to unravel173 it except by tracing the agency of great causes, rather than by detailing the fortunes of kings and nobles.
点击
收听单词发音
收听单词发音 |
1
unprecedented
|
|
| adj.无前例的，新奇的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
torpor
|
|
| n.迟钝；麻木；（动物的）冬眠 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
forth
|
|
| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
agitations
|
|
| （液体等的）摇动( agitation的名词复数 )； 鼓动； 激烈争论； （情绪等的）纷乱 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
scriptures
|
|
| 经文，圣典( scripture的名词复数 )； 经典 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
monkish
|
|
| adj.僧侣的，修道士的，禁欲的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
ravages
|
|
| 劫掠后的残迹，破坏的结果，毁坏后的残迹 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
gunpowder
|
|
| n.火药 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
feudal
|
|
| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
applied
|
|
| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
Portuguese
|
|
| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
refinements
|
|
| n.（生活）风雅；精炼( refinement的名词复数 )；改良品；细微的改良；优雅或高贵的动作 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
delusions
|
|
| n.欺骗( delusion的名词复数 )；谬见；错觉；妄想 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
dispelled
|
|
| v.驱散，赶跑( dispel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
intercourse
|
|
| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
revival
|
|
| n.复兴，复苏，（精力、活力等的）重振 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
epoch
|
|
| n.(新)时代；历元 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
utensils
|
|
| 器具，用具，器皿( utensil的名词复数 )； 器物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
linen
|
|
| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
supplanted
|
|
| 把…排挤掉，取代( supplant的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
fabrics
|
|
| 织物( fabric的名词复数 )； 布； 构造； （建筑物的）结构（如墙、地面、屋顶）：质地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
notation
|
|
| n.记号法，表示法，注释；[计算机]记法 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
sculptor
|
|
| n.雕刻家，雕刻家 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
celebrated
|
|
| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
distinguished
|
|
| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
26
peculiar
|
|
| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
excellences
|
|
| n.卓越( excellence的名词复数 )；（只用于所修饰的名词后）杰出的；卓越的；出类拔萃的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
28
weavers
|
|
| 织工，编织者( weaver的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
monarchs
|
|
| 君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
vassal
|
|
| n.附庸的；属下；adj.奴仆的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
31
loyalty
|
|
| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
32
fidelity
|
|
| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
33
cultivation
|
|
| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
34
hardy
|
|
| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
35
chivalry
|
|
| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
36
warriors
|
|
| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
37
corrupt
|
|
| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
38
ignoble
|
|
| adj.不光彩的，卑鄙的；可耻的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
39
arrogance
|
|
| n.傲慢，自大 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
40
cringing
|
|
| adj.谄媚，奉承 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
41
sycophancy
|
|
| n.拍马屁，奉承，谄媚；吮痈舐痔 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
42
perpetuated
|
|
| vt.使永存（perpetuate的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
43
monarchies
|
|
| n. 君主政体, 君主国, 君主政治 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
44
ERECTED
|
|
| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
45
invaluable
|
|
| adj.无价的，非常宝贵的，极为贵重的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
46
blessings
|
|
| n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
47
scholastic
|
|
| adj.学校的，学院的，学术上的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
48
logic
|
|
| n.逻辑(学)；逻辑性 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
49
abstruse
|
|
| adj.深奥的，难解的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
50
craving
|
|
| n.渴望,热望 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
51
corrupted
|
|
| （使）败坏( corrupt的过去式和过去分词 )； （使）腐化； 引起（计算机文件等的）错误； 破坏 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
52
sarcasm
|
|
| n.讥讽，讽刺，嘲弄，反话 （adj.sarcastic） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
53
inquisitive
|
|
| adj.求知欲强的，好奇的，好寻根究底的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
54
faculties
|
|
| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
55
pedantic
|
|
| adj.卖弄学问的；迂腐的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
56
funereal
|
|
| adj.悲哀的；送葬的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
57
insipid
|
|
| adj.无味的，枯燥乏味的，单调的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
58
immoral
|
|
| adj.不道德的，淫荡的，荒淫的，有伤风化的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
59
bards
|
|
| n.诗人( bard的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
60
immortal
|
|
| adj.不朽的；永生的，不死的；神的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
61
labors
|
|
| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
62
collating
|
|
| v.校对( collate的现在分词 )；整理；核对；整理（文件或书等） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
63
witty
|
|
| adj.机智的，风趣的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
64
kindle
|
|
| v.点燃，着火 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
65
kindled
|
|
| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的过去式和过去分词 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
66
isolated
|
|
| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
67
vivacity
|
|
| n.快活，活泼，精神充沛 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
68
subverted
|
|
| v.颠覆，破坏（政治制度、宗教信仰等）( subvert的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某人）道德败坏或不忠 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
69
corruption
|
|
| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
70
corruptions
|
|
| n.堕落( corruption的名词复数 )；腐化；腐败；贿赂 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
71
remarkable
|
|
| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
72
follies
|
|
| 罪恶，时事讽刺剧； 愚蠢，蠢笨，愚蠢的行为、思想或做法( folly的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
73
ridiculed
|
|
| v.嘲笑，嘲弄，奚落( ridicule的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
74
lamented
|
|
| adj.被哀悼的，令人遗憾的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
75
prevailing
|
|
| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
76
partisans
|
|
| 游击队员( partisan的名词复数 )； 党人； 党羽； 帮伙 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
77
superstitious
|
|
| adj.迷信的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
78
benevolent
|
|
| adj.仁慈的，乐善好施的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
79
disinterestedness
|
|
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
80
monarchy
|
|
| n.君主，最高统治者；君主政体，君主国 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
81
tranquillity
|
|
| n. 平静, 安静 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
82
paternal
|
|
| adj.父亲的，像父亲的，父系的，父方的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
83
innocence
|
|
| n.无罪；天真；无害 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
84
injustice
|
|
| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
85
piety
|
|
| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
86
martyrs
|
|
| n.martyr的复数形式；烈士( martyr的名词复数 )；殉道者；殉教者；乞怜者（向人诉苦以博取同情） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
87
vices
|
|
| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
88
superstition
|
|
| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
89
bribery
|
|
| n.贿络行为，行贿，受贿 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
90
reigned
|
|
| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
91
cardinals
|
|
| 红衣主教( cardinal的名词复数 )； 红衣凤头鸟（见于北美，雄鸟为鲜红色）； 基数 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
92
bestowed
|
|
| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
93
incarnated
|
|
| v.赋予（思想、精神等）以人的形体( incarnate的过去式和过去分词 )；使人格化；体现；使具体化 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
94
absolve
|
|
| v.赦免，解除（责任等） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
95
heinous
|
|
| adj.可憎的，十恶不赦的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
96
massacre
|
|
| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
97
infamous
|
|
| adj.声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的，邪恶的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
98
clergy
|
|
| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
99
monks
|
|
| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
100
devoted
|
|
| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
101
doctrine
|
|
| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
102
doctrines
|
|
| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
103
secular
|
|
| n.牧师，凡人；adj.世俗的，现世的，不朽的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
104
supremacy
|
|
| n.至上；至高权力 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
105
riveting
|
|
| adj.动听的，令人着迷的，完全吸引某人注意力的；n.铆接（法） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
106
absurdity
|
|
| n.荒谬，愚蠢；谬论 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
107
vassalage
|
|
| n.家臣身份，隶属 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
108
monstrous
|
|
| adj.巨大的；恐怖的；可耻的，丢脸的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
109
discord
|
|
| n.不和，意见不合，争论，（音乐）不和谐 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
110
aspired
|
|
| v.渴望，追求( aspire的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
111
splendor
|
|
| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
112
affected
|
|
| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
113
ornamented
|
|
| adj.花式字体的v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
114
lawful
|
|
| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
115
insufficient
|
|
| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
116
avarice
|
|
| n.贪婪；贪心 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
117
rapacity
|
|
| n.贪婪，贪心，劫掠的欲望 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
118
simplicity
|
|
| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
119
jubilee
|
|
| n.周年纪念；欢乐 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
120
influx
|
|
| n.流入，注入 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
121
computed
|
|
| adj.[医]计算的，使用计算机的v.计算，估算( compute的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
122
deluded
|
|
| v.欺骗，哄骗( delude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
123
squandered
|
|
| v.（指钱，财产等）浪费，乱花( squander的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
124
ornamenting
|
|
| v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
125
luxurious
|
|
| adj.精美而昂贵的；豪华的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
126
profligate
|
|
| adj.行为不检的；n.放荡的人，浪子，肆意挥霍者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
127
superfluous
|
|
| adj.过多的，过剩的，多余的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
128
dome
|
|
| n.圆屋顶，拱顶 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
129
presumption
|
|
| n.推测，可能性，冒昧，放肆，[法律]推定 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
130
trophy
|
|
| n.优胜旗，奖品，奖杯，战胜品，纪念品 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
131
emblem
|
|
| n.象征，标志；徽章 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
132
imposing
|
|
| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
133
grandeur
|
|
| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
134
chapels
|
|
| n.小教堂， （医院、监狱等的）附属礼拜堂( chapel的名词复数 )；（在小教堂和附属礼拜堂举行的）礼拜仪式 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
135
virgin
|
|
| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
136
relics
|
|
| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
137
adoration
|
|
| n.爱慕，崇拜 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
138
deity
|
|
| n.神，神性；被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
139
penitence
|
|
| n.忏悔，赎罪；悔过 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
140
erring
|
|
| 做错事的，错误的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
141
veneration
|
|
| n.尊敬，崇拜 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
142
lucrative
|
|
| adj.赚钱的，可获利的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
143
peddled
|
|
| （沿街）叫卖( peddle的过去式和过去分词 )； 兜售； 宣传； 散播 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
144
attest
|
|
| vt.证明，证实；表明 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
145
antiquity
|
|
| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
146
vessels
|
|
| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
147
frivolous
|
|
| adj.轻薄的；轻率的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
148
philosophical
|
|
| adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
149
contemplate
|
|
| vt.盘算，计议；周密考虑；注视，凝视 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
150
persecution
|
|
| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
151
dread
|
|
| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
152
vengeance
|
|
| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
153
inquiry
|
|
| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
154
emancipate
|
|
| v.解放，解除 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
155
inflamed
|
|
| adj.发炎的，红肿的v.（使）变红，发怒，过热( inflame的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
156
dissenters
|
|
| n.持异议者，持不同意见者( dissenter的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
157
promulgated
|
|
| v.宣扬（某事物）( promulgate的过去式和过去分词 )；传播；公布；颁布（法令、新法律等） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
158
annihilated
|
|
| v.（彻底）消灭( annihilate的过去式和过去分词 )；使无效；废止；彻底击溃 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
159
heresy
|
|
| n.异端邪说；异教 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
160
wholesale
|
|
| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
161
jealousy
|
|
| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
162
hatred
|
|
| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
163
condemned
|
|
| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
164
destined
|
|
| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
165
bishops
|
|
| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
166
awakened
|
|
| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
167
warfare
|
|
| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
168
momentous
|
|
| adj.重要的，重大的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
169
indirectly
|
|
| adv.间接地，不直接了当地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
170
sects
|
|
| n.宗派，教派( sect的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
171
agitated
|
|
| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
172
diffusion
|
|
| n.流布；普及；散漫 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
173
unravel
|
|
| v.弄清楚（秘密）；拆开，解开，松开 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
| 欢迎访问英文小说网 |