Henry VIII. was succeeded by his son, Edward VI., a boy of nine years of age, learned, pious1, and precocious2. Still he was a boy; and, as such, was a king but in name. The history of his reign3 is the history of the acts of his ministers.
The late king left a will, appointing sixteen persons, mostly members of his council, to be guardians4 of his son, and rulers of the nation during his minority. The Earl of Hertford, being uncle of the king, was unanimously named protector.
The first thing the council did was to look after themselves, that is, to give themselves titles and revenues. Hertford became Duke of Somerset; Essex, Marquis of Northampton; Lisle, Earl of Warwick; the Chancellor5 Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton. At the head of these nobles was Somerset. He was a Protestant, and therefore prosecuted7 those reforms which Cranmer had before projected. Cranmer, as member of the council, archbishop of Canterbury, and friend of Somerset, had ample scope to prosecute6 his measures.
The history of this reign is not important in a political point of view, and relates chiefly to the completion of the reformation, and to the squabbles and jealousies10 of the great lords who formed the council of regency.
The most important event, of a political character, was a War with Scotland. war with Scotland, growing out of the attempts of the late king to unite both nations under one government. In consequence, Scotland was invaded by the Duke of Somerset, at the head of eighteen thousand men. A great battle was fought, in which ten thousand of the Scots were slain11. But the protector was compelled to return to England, without following up the fruits of victory, in consequence of cabals12 at court. His brother, Lord Seymour, a man of reckless ambition, had married the queen dowager, and openly aspired13 to the government of the kingdom. He endeavored to seduce15 the youthful king, and he had provided arms for ten thousand men.
The protector sought to win his brother from his treasonable designs by kindness and favors; but, all his measures proving ineffectual, he was arrested, tried, and executed, for high treason.
But Somerset had a more dangerous enemy than his brother; and this was the Earl of Warwick, who obtained great popularity by his suppression of a dangerous insurrection, the greatest the country had witnessed since Jack16 Cade's rebellion, one hundred years before. Rebellions and Discontents. The discontent of the people appears to have arisen from their actual suffering. Coin had depreciated17, without a corresponding rise of wages, and labor18 was cheap, because tillage lands were converted to pasturage. The popular discontent was aggravated19 by the changes which the reformers introduced, and which the peasantry were the last to appreciate. The priests and ejected monks20 increased the discontent, until it broke out into a flame.
The protector made himself unpopular with the council by a law which he caused to be passed against enclosures; and, as he lost influence, his great rival, Warwick, gained power. Somerset, at last, was obliged to resign his protectorship; and Warwick, who had suppressed the rebellion, formed the chief of a new council of regency. He was a man of greater talents than Somerset, and equal ambition, and more fitted for stormy times.
As soon as his power was established, and the country was at peace, and he had gained friends, he began to execute those projects of ambition which he had long formed. The earldom of Northumberland having reverted21 to the crown, Warwick aspired to the extinct title and the estates, and procured22 for himself a grant of the same, with the title of duke. But there still remained a bar to his elevation23; and this was the opposition24 of the Duke of Somerset, who, though disgraced and unpopular, was still powerful. It is unfortunate to be in the way of a great man's career, and Somerset paid the penalty of his opposition—the common fate of unsuccessful rivals in unsettled times. He was accused of treason, condemned25, and executed, (1552.)
Northumberland, as the new dictator, seemed to have attained26 the highest elevation to which a subject could aspire14. In rank, power, and property, he was second only to the royal family, but his ambition knew no bounds, and he began his intrigues28 to induce the young king, whose health was rapidly failing, and who was zealously29 attached to Protestantism, to set aside the succession of his sister Mary to the throne, really in view of the danger to which the reformers would be subjected, but under pretence30 of her declared illegitimacy, which would also set aside the claims of the Princess Elizabeth. Mary, Queen of Scots, was to be set aside on the ground of the will of the late king, and the succession would therefore devolve on the Lady Jane Grey, granddaughter of the Duke of Suffolk and of the French queen, whom he hoped to unite in marriage with his son. This was a deeply-laid scheme, and came near being successful, since Edward listened to it with pleasure. Northumberland then sought to gain over the judges and other persons of distinction, and succeeded by bribery32 and intimidation33. At this juncture34, the young king died, possessed35 of all the accomplishments36 which could grace a youth of sixteen, but still a tool in the hands of his ministers.
Such were the political movements of this reign—memorable for the Rivalry37 of the Great Nobles. rivalries38 of the great nobles. But it is chiefly distinguished39 for the changes which were made in the church establishment, and the introduction of the principles of the continental40 reformers. Religious Reforms. No changes of importance were ever made beyond what Cranmer and his associates effected. Indeed, all that an absolute monarch41 could do, was done, and done with prudence42, sagacity, and moderation. The people quietly—except in some rural districts—acquiesced in the change. Most of the clergy43 took the new oath of allegiance to Edward VI., as supreme44 head of the church; and very few suffered from religious persecution45. There is no period in English history when such important changes were made, with so little bloodshed. Cranmer always watched the temper of the nation, and did nothing without great caution. Still a great change was effected—no less than a complete change from Romanism to Protestantism. But it was not so radical46 a reform as the Puritans subsequently desired, since the hierarchy47 and a liturgy48, and clerical badges and dresses, were retained. It was the fortune of Cranmer, during the six years of Edward's reign, to effect the two great objects of which the English church has ever since been proud—the removal of Roman abuses, and the establishment of the creed49 of Luther and Calvin; and this without sweeping50 away the union of church and state, which, indeed, was more intimate than before the reformation. The papal power was completely subverted51. Nothing more remained to be done by Cranmer. He had compiled the Book of Common Prayer, abolished the old Latin service, the worship of images, the ceremony of the mass, and auricular confessions53. He turned the altars into communion tables, set up the singing of psalms54 in the service, caused the communion to be administered in both kinds to the laity55, added the litany to the ritual, prepared a book of homilies for the clergy, invited learned men to settle in England, and magnificently endowed schools and universities.
The Reformation is divested56 of much interest, since it was the work of authority, rather than the result of popular convictions. But Cranmer won immortal57 honor for his skilful58 management, and for making no more changes than he could sustain. A large part of the English nation still regard his works as perfect, and are sincerely and enthusiastically attached to the form which he gave to his church.
The hopes of his party were suddenly dispelled59 by the death of the amiable60 prince whom he controlled, 6th of July, 1553. The succession to the throne fell to the Princess Mary, or, as princesses were then called, the Lady Mary; nor could all the arts of Northumberland exclude her from the enjoyment61 of her rights. This ambitious nobleman contrived62 to keep the death of Edward VI. a secret two days, and secure from the Mayor and Alderman of London a promise to respect the will of the late king. In consequence, the Lady Jane Grey was proclaimed Queen of England. "So far was she from any desire of this advancement63, that she began to act her part of royalty64 with many tears, thus plainly showing to those who had access to her, that she was forced by her relations and friends to this high, but dangerous post." She was accomplished65, beautiful, and amiable, devoted66 to her young husband, and very fond of Plato, whom she read in the original.
But Mary's friends exerted themselves, and her cause—the cause of legitimacy31, rather than that of Catholicism—gained ground. Northumberland was unequal to this crisis, and he was very feebly sustained. His forces were suppressed, his schemes failed, and his hopes fled. From rebellion, to the scaffold, there is but a step; and this great nobleman suffered the fate of Somerset, his former rival. Execution of Northumberland. His execution confirms one of the most striking facts in the history of absolute monarchies67, when the idea of legitimacy is firmly impressed on the national mind; and that is, that no subject, or confederacy of subjects, however powerful, stand much chance in resisting the claims or the will of a legitimate68 prince. A nod or a word, from such a king, can consign69 the greatest noble to hopeless impotence. And he can do this from the mighty70 and mysterious force of ideas alone. Neither king nor parliament can ever resist the omnipotence71 of popular ideas. When ideas establish despots on their thrones, they are safe. When ideas demand their dethronement, no forces can long sustain them. The age of Queen Mary was the period of the most unchecked absolutism in England. Mary was apparently72 a powerless woman when Lady Jane Grey was proclaimed queen by the party of Northumberland, and still she had but to signify her intentions to claim her rights, and the nation was prostrate73 at her feet. The Protestant party dreaded74 her accession; but loyalty75 was a stronger principle than even Protestantism, and she was soon firmly established in the absolute throne of Henry VIII.
Then almost immediately followed a total change in the administration, which affected76 both the political and religious state of the country. Those who had languished77 in confinement78, on account of their religion, obtained their liberty, and were elevated to power. Gardiner, Bonner, and other Catholic bishops79, were restored to their sees, while Cranmer, Ridley, Latimer, Hooper Coverdale, and other eminent80 Protestants, were imprisoned81. All the statutes82 of Edward VI. pertaining83 to religion were repealed84, and the queen sent assurances to the pope of her allegiance to his see. Cardinal85 Pole, descended86 from the royal family of England, and a man of great probity87, moderation, and worth, was sent as legate of the pope. Gardiner, Bishop8 of Winchester, was made lord chancellor, and became the prime minister. He and his associates recommended violent councils; and a reign, unparalleled in England for religious persecution, commenced.
Soon after the queen's accession, Marriage of the Queen. she married Philip, son of the Emperor Charles, and heir of the Spanish monarchy88. This marriage, brought about by the intrigues of the emperor, and favored by the Catholic party, was quite acceptable to Mary, whose issue would inherit the thrones of Spain and England. But ambitious matches are seldom happy, especially when the wife is much older than the husband, as was the fact in this instance. Mary, however, was attached to Philip, although he treated her with great indifference89.
This Spanish match, the most brilliant of that age, failed, however, to satisfy the English, who had no notion of becoming the subjects of the King of Spain. In consequence of this disaffection, a rebellion broke out, in which Sir Thomas Wyatt was the most conspicuous90, and in which the Duke of Suffolk, and even the Lady Jane and her husband, were implicated91, though unjustly. The rebellion was easily suppressed, and the leaders sent to the Tower. Then followed one of the most melancholy92 executions of this reign—that of the Lady Jane Grey, who had been reprieved93 three months before. The queen urged the plea of self-defence, and the safety of the realm—the same that Queen Elizabeth, in after times, made in reference to the Queen of the Scots. Her unfortunate fate excited great popular compassion94, and she suffered with a martyr's constancy, and also her husband—two illustrious victims, sacrificed in consequence of the ambition of their relatives, and the jealousy95 of the queen. The Duke of Suffolk, the father of Lady Jane, was also executed, and deserved his fate, according to the ideas of his age. The Princess Elizabeth expected also to be sacrificed, both because she was a Protestant and the next heiress to the throne. But she carefully avoided giving any offence, and managed with such consummate96 prudence, that she was preserved for the future glory and welfare of the realm.
The year 1555 opened gloomily for the Protestants. The prisons were all crowded with the victims of Religious Persecution. religious persecution, and bigoted97 inquisitors had only to prepare their fagots and stakes. Over a thousand ministers were ejected from their livings, and such as escaped further persecution fled to the continent. No fewer than two hundred and eighty-eight persons, among whom were five bishops, twenty-one clergymen, fifty-five women, and four children, were burned for religious opinions, besides many thousands who suffered various other forms of persecution. The constancy of Ridley, Latimer, and Hooper has immortalized their names on the list of illustrious martyrs98: but the greatest of all the victims was Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury. The most artful and insinuating99 promises were held out to him, to induce him to retract100. Life and dignities were promised him, if he would consent to betray his cause. In an evil hour, he yielded to the temptation, and consented to sell his soul. Timid, heartbroken, and old, the love of life and the fear of death were stronger than the voice of conscience and his duty to his God. But, when he found he was mocked, he came to himself, and suffered patiently and heroically. His death was glorious, as his life was useful; and the sincerity101 of his repentance102 redeemed103 his memory from shame. Cranmer may be considered as the great author of the English Reformation, and one of the most worthy104 and enlightened men of his age; but he was timid, politic9, and time-serving. The Reformation produced no perfect characters in any country. Some great defect blemished105 the lives of all the illustrious men who have justly earned imperishable glory. But the character of such men as Cranmer, and Ridley, and Latimer, present an interesting contrast to those of Gardiner and Bonner. The former did show, however, some lenity in the latter years of this reign of Mary; but the latter, the Bishop of London, gloated to the last in the blood which he caused to be shed. He even whipped the Protestant prisoners with his own hands, and once pulled out the beard of an heretical weaver106, and held his finger in the flame of a candle, till the veins107 shrunk and burnt, that he might realize what the pain of burning was. So blind and cruel is religious intolerance.
But Providence108 ordered that the religious persecution, which is attributed to Mary, but which, in strict justice, should be ascribed to her counsellors and ministers, should prepare the way for a popular and a spiritual movement in the subsequent reign. The fires of Smithfield, and the cruelties of the pillory109 and the prison, opened the eyes of the nation to the spirit of the old religion, and also caused the flight of many distinguished men to Frankfort and Geneva, where they learned the principles of both religious and civil liberty. "The blood of martyrs proved the seed of the church"—a sublime110 truth, revealed to Cranmer and Ridley amid the fires which consumed their venerable bodies; and not to them merely, but to all who witnessed their serenity111, and heard their shouts of triumph when this mortal passed to immortality112. Heretics increased with the progress of persecution, and firm conviction took the place of a blind confession52 of dogmas. "It was not," says Milman, "until Christ was lain in his rock-hewn sepulchre, that the history of Christianity commenced." We might add, it was not until the fires of Smithfield were lighted, that great spiritual ideas took hold of the popular mind, and the intense religious earnestness appeared which has so often characterized the English nation. The progress which man makes is generally seen through disaster, suffering, and sorrow. This is one of the fundamental truths which history teaches.
The last years of the reign of Mary were miserable113 to herself, and disastrous114 to the nation. Her royal husband did not return her warm affections, and left England forever. She embarked115 in a ruinous war with France, and gained nothing but disgrace. Her health failed, and her disposition116 became gloomy. She continued, to the last, most intolerant in her religious opinions, and thought more of restoring Romanism, than of promoting the interests of her kingdom. Her heart was bruised117 and broken, and her life was a succession of sorrows. Character of Mary. It is fashionable to call this unfortunate queen the "bloody118 Mary," and not allow her a single virtue119; but she was affectionate, sincere, high-minded, and shrunk from the dissimulation120 and intrigue27 which characterized "the virgin121 queen"—the name given to her masculine but energetic successor. Mary was capable of the warmest friendship; was attentive122 and considerate to her servants, charitable to the poor, and sympathetic with the unfortunate, when not blinded by her religious prejudices. She had many accomplishments, and a very severe taste, and was not addicted123 to oaths, as was Queen Elizabeth and her royal father. She was, however, a bigoted Catholic; and how could partisan124 historians see or acknowledge her merits?
But her reign was disastrous, and the nation hailed with enthusiasm the Accession of Elizabeth. accession of Elizabeth, on the 17th of November, 1558. With her reign commences a new epoch125, even in the history of Europe. Who does not talk of the Elizabethan era, when Protestantism was established in England, when illustrious poets and philosophers adorned126 the literature of the country, when commerce and arts received a great impulse, when the colonies in North America were settled, and when a constellation127 of great statesmen raised England to a pitch of glory not before attained?
References.—See Hume's, and Lingard's, and other standard Histories of England; Miss Strickland's Lives of the Queens of England; Burnet's History of the Reformation; Life of Cranmer; Fox's Book of Martyrs. These works contain all the easily-accessible information respecting the reigns128 of Edward and Mary, which is important.
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1
pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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precocious
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| adj.早熟的；较早显出的 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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guardians
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| 监护人( guardian的名词复数 )； 保护者，维护者 | |
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chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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prosecute
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| vt.告发；进行；vi.告发，起诉，作检察官 | |
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prosecuted
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| a.被起诉的 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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politic
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| adj.有智虑的；精明的；v.从政 | |
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jealousies
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| n.妒忌( jealousy的名词复数 )；妒羡 | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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cabals
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| n.（政治）阴谋小集团，（尤指政治上的）阴谋( cabal的名词复数 ) | |
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aspired
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| v.渴望，追求( aspire的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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aspire
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| vi.(to，after)渴望，追求，有志于 | |
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seduce
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| vt.勾引，诱奸，诱惑，引诱 | |
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jack
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| n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克 | |
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depreciated
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| v.贬值，跌价，减价( depreciate的过去式和过去分词 )；贬低，蔑视，轻视 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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aggravated
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| 使恶化( aggravate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使更严重； 激怒； 使恼火 | |
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monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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reverted
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| 恢复( revert的过去式和过去分词 )； 重提； 回到…上； 归还 | |
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procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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intrigue
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| vt.激起兴趣，迷住；vi.耍阴谋；n.阴谋，密谋 | |
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intrigues
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| n.密谋策划( intrigue的名词复数 )；神秘气氛；引人入胜的复杂情节v.搞阴谋诡计( intrigue的第三人称单数 )；激起…的好奇心 | |
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zealously
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| adv.热心地；热情地；积极地；狂热地 | |
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pretence
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| n.假装，作假；借口，口实；虚伪；虚饰 | |
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legitimacy
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| n.合法，正当 | |
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bribery
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| n.贿络行为，行贿，受贿 | |
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intimidation
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| n.恐吓，威胁 | |
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juncture
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| n.时刻，关键时刻，紧要关头 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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accomplishments
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| n.造诣；完成( accomplishment的名词复数 )；技能；成绩；成就 | |
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rivalry
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| n.竞争，竞赛，对抗 | |
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rivalries
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| n.敌对，竞争，对抗( rivalry的名词复数 ) | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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continental
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| adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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prudence
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| n.谨慎，精明，节俭 | |
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clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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radical
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| n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的 | |
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hierarchy
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| n.等级制度；统治集团，领导层 | |
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liturgy
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| n.礼拜仪式 | |
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creed
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| n.信条；信念，纲领 | |
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sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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51
subverted
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| v.颠覆，破坏（政治制度、宗教信仰等）( subvert的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某人）道德败坏或不忠 | |
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confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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confessions
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| n.承认( confession的名词复数 )；自首；声明；（向神父的）忏悔 | |
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psalms
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| n.赞美诗( psalm的名词复数 )；圣诗；圣歌；(中的) | |
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laity
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| n.俗人；门外汉 | |
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divested
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| v.剥夺( divest的过去式和过去分词 )；脱去（衣服）；2。从…取去…；1。（给某人）脱衣服 | |
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immortal
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| adj.不朽的；永生的，不死的；神的 | |
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skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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dispelled
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| v.驱散，赶跑( dispel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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60
amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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61
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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62
contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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63
advancement
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| n.前进，促进，提升 | |
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64
royalty
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| n.皇家，皇族 | |
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65
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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66
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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67
monarchies
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| n. 君主政体, 君主国, 君主政治 | |
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legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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69
consign
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| vt.寄售（货品），托运，交托，委托 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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71
omnipotence
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| n.全能，万能，无限威力 | |
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72
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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73
prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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74
dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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languished
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| 长期受苦( languish的过去式和过去分词 )； 受折磨； 变得（越来越）衰弱； 因渴望而变得憔悴或闷闷不乐 | |
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confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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79
bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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80
eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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81
imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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82
statutes
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| 成文法( statute的名词复数 )； 法令； 法规； 章程 | |
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83
pertaining
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| 与…有关系的，附属…的，为…固有的(to) | |
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repealed
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| 撤销，废除( repeal的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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87
probity
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| n.刚直；廉洁，正直 | |
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88
monarchy
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| n.君主，最高统治者；君主政体，君主国 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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implicated
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| adj.密切关联的；牵涉其中的 | |
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melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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reprieved
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| v.缓期执行（死刑）( reprieve的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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compassion
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| n.同情，怜悯 | |
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jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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consummate
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| adj.完美的；v.成婚；使完美 [反]baffle | |
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bigoted
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| adj.固执己见的，心胸狭窄的 | |
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martyrs
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| n.martyr的复数形式；烈士( martyr的名词复数 )；殉道者；殉教者；乞怜者（向人诉苦以博取同情） | |
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insinuating
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| adj.曲意巴结的，暗示的v.暗示( insinuate的现在分词 )；巧妙或迂回地潜入；（使）缓慢进入；慢慢伸入 | |
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retract
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| vt.缩回，撤回收回，取消 | |
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101
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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102
repentance
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| n.懊悔 | |
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103
redeemed
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| adj. 可赎回的，可救赎的 动词redeem的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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104
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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105
blemished
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| v.有损…的完美，玷污( blemish的过去式 ) | |
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106
weaver
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| n.织布工；编织者 | |
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107
veins
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| n.纹理；矿脉( vein的名词复数 )；静脉；叶脉；纹理 | |
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108
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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109
pillory
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| n.嘲弄；v.使受公众嘲笑；将…示众 | |
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110
sublime
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| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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111
serenity
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| n.宁静，沉着，晴朗 | |
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112
immortality
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| n.不死，不朽 | |
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113
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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114
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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115
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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116
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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117
bruised
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| [医]青肿的，瘀紫的 | |
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118
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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119
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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120
dissimulation
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| n.掩饰，虚伪，装糊涂 | |
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121
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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122
attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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123
addicted
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| adj.沉溺于....的，对...上瘾的 | |
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124
partisan
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| adj.党派性的；游击队的；n.游击队员；党徒 | |
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125
epoch
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| n.(新)时代；历元 | |
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126
adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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127
constellation
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| n.星座n.灿烂的一群 | |
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128
reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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