Of course there was a daughter of Philometor and Cleopatra II, also called Cleopatra, whom Philometor gave in marriage to an aspirant6 to the throne of Syria (though apparently7 not the rightful heir) called Alexander Bala, and accompanied the princess to Ptolemais in Palestine, where the ceremony took place, probably about 150 B. C. After this Ptolemy VII discovered a real or pretended conspiracy8 against his life, in which his new son-in-law was implicated9. He then went over to the side of the other claimant to the Syrian throne, Demetrius Nicator, and regardless[408] of the marriage contract previously10 concluded, transferred his daughter to him. She seems to have been still in the power of her father, rather than that of her husband, and neither she nor her mother appear to have had any voice in the matter. It is possible she may not have really lived with Bala at all.
Ptolemy Philometor himself was crowned king at Antioch, and it is on this account, probably, we have the Syrian coin with his head, but he evidently did not care to retain the position, for he finally persuaded the people to accept Demetrius in his stead.
Philometor, Ptolemy VII., died, as had few of his race, in, or rather as the result of, a battle, he was thrown from an elephant, or some say a horse, like Keraunos, and wounded by his enemies with fatal results following, first having learned of the death of Bala, with whom he had been fighting. In contrast with his brother Euergetes II. he is spoken well of by many writers, and his gentleness and humanity are dwelt upon, which recalls the familiar axiom that “all things go by comparison.” So some speak highly of and some judge him harshly. In youth he is said to have been handsome, with a countenance11 full of sweet expression. His death occurred 146 B. C.
There were now again rival claimants for the throne, Euergetes II, Physcon, the brother of the late king, with whom the kingdom had been divided, and Ptolemy Philometor’s son, Ptolemy Neos, Philopator II, Ptolemy VIII, whose cause his mother Cleopatra II. espoused12. But Physcon proved to be the more powerful and either[409] directly or indirectly13 murdered his young nephew, feeling that while the boy lived his own claim to the throne would not be secure. It is said the unfortunate heir had been recognized as the crown prince over the whole empire, not only at Cyprus, but at Phil?, for Professor Cayce found on the island of Huseh a granite14 slab15, which had supported figures of the king and queen with this youth standing16 between them.
The list of queens, a puzzling one, as all must admit, is as follows: Ptolemy I, Sotor, married Eurydike, and Berenike I, Ptolemy II, Philadelphus, married Arsinoe I and Arsinoe II; Ptolemy III, Euergetes I, married Berenike II; Ptolemy IV, Philopator, married Arsinoe III; Ptolemy V, Epiphanes, married Cleopatra I; Ptolemy VI, Eupator, died in childhood. Ptolemy VII, Philometor, married Cleopatra II; Ptolemy VIII, Philopator II, Neos, was murdered in youth. Ptolemy IX, Euergetes II, Physcon, married Cleopatra I, widow of his brother, and Cleopatra III, his niece. Ptolemy X, Lathyrus, married Cleopatra IV, and subsequently Selene, his sisters. Ptolemy XI, Alexander, married Berenike III, whose parentage seems in doubt. Ptolemy XII, Alexander II, married this same Berenike, his stepmother. Ptolemy XIII, Auletes married Cleopatra V, surnamed Tryph?na. Ptolemy XIV and Ptolemy XV reigned17 in conjunction with their sister, Cleopatra VI, to whom they were successively married, and died young, as did Ptolemy XVI, her son C?sarion, who died unmarried.
Within the year (and some say the murder of[410] her son occurred during the nuptial18 ceremonial) Physcon married the widow of his brother, Cleopatra II. Evidently no love was lost between them; how could it be under the circumstances? If this marriage, perhaps, insisted on by the Alexandrian party of Cleopatra II, she having a claim to the crown, jointly20 with her brothers, there seems to have been one son, Memphites, who soon died, or was murdered, it is even reported, by his own unnatural21 father, who feared a rival.
Cleopatra II. had two daughters of the same name. The elder was married first to Alexander Bala and then to Demetrius Nicator of Syria. She seems to have been an embodiment of Ptolemaic cruelty and vice22. When her second husband was taken prisoner, she accepted his brother, Antiochus Sidetes, in his stead, and placed him upon the throne. But nine years afterwards, on the return of Demetrius, murdered Sidetes and her son Seleukos, who had attempted to assume the crown. She had also, it is said, prepared poison for her second son, Antiochus Grippus, but he discovered her intent and forced her to swallow the fatal draught23 herself. Her younger sister Cleopatra, only a year or two after Physcon’s marriage with her mother Cleopatra II, he also took to wife, thus establishing one of the most revolting connections entered into by any member of this atrocious family, yet, strange to say, both were recognized in public acts as queens of Egypt, the younger bearing the title of Cleopatra III. Incomprehensible and repellant as this seems, it appears well authenticated24. There is a[411] relief of Philometer, clad in a white mantle25, and accompanied by one of the Cleopatras. At Kom Ombos there is on the wall of the temple a picture of Ptolemy VII, and also of Ptolemy IX, between the goddesses and again of Horus bestowing26 gifts on Ptolemy IX. and the two Cleopatras. We read of an inscription27 from Kos, too, where the children of both were perhaps educated, in which “the king and his two queens honor with a golden crown and gilded28 image the tutor of their children.”
In 146 B. C. Physcon apparently married Cleopatra II. and two or three years later her daughter. In 130 or 129 B. C. he was exiled and obliged to flee the country, Cleopatra II reigning29 alone for about two years, at the expiration30 of which time the absent king returned and again took the power into his own hands. In his private life Ptolemy Physcon appears as a monster, in his public career he has been esteemed31 by some writers as a good, or at least a great king. That is, his sway was widely extended, and he built or added to innumerable temples to the gods. At Edfu, begun by Ptolemy III, Euergetes, in 237 B. C., he completed the great hypostile hall, in 122 B. C. At Der-el-Medineh he finished the graceful32 temple begun by Ptolemy IV. and dedicated33 to Hathor. At El Kab he built a rock temple, while at Karnak and many other places he added his portion to the great whole. “At Thebes we find no reign so marked.” He seems to have showed special favor to the native Egyptian population, but is credited with many cruelties[412] to others. With Rome he kept up friendly, if subservient34, relations.
At what precise time the elder Cleopatra passed away from the scene we do not know, but she died before Physcon, leaving her successor to a certain extent to re-enact her story. Physcon gave his daughter Tryphena to Grippus, the Syrian prince who had poisoned his mother, and her aunt, Cleopatra. Ptolemy IX, Physcon, died in 117 B. C., having reigned twenty-nine years since the death of his brother, Philometor. His widow, Cleopatra III, Cocce, succeeded to the power and is sometimes called queen, sometimes regent. She appears to have held the position for a while alone, and then her son, Ptolemy X, Philometor, or Sotor II (Lathyrus), was associated with her. She was, it is said, a “strong and remarkable35 woman,” considerably36 younger than her husband and having great influence with him. She succeeded in having the elder son, and natural successor, sent away, as governor to Cyprus, and thus deprived him of the power of claiming his inheritance. She preferred her younger son Alexander, whom she had made independent king of Cyprus, but the people would not accept him, and Ptolemy X (Lathyrus), as has been said, succeeded. He apparently was already married to his sister, another Cleopatra, called the IV, but his mother obliged him, from motives37 not clear to us, though it has been suggested that it was because only such children as were born to the purple, could reign; to put her away and marry a younger sister Selene. This queen’s name does not appear in some of the inscriptions[413] which read “in the name of Queen Cleopatra and King Ptolemy, gods Philometores, Sotores and his children.”
This Cleopatra IV was, no more than the rest of the Ptolemy women, meek38 or submissive. She naturally resented the treatment she had received and offered herself and the riches of which she seemed possessed39 to one of the claimants of the Syrian throne, but only to meet the too common fate, for the wife of the said Antiochus Grippus, her own sister Tryph?na, caused her to be murdered. Some of the Egyptian princesses, as has been narrated40, went to Syria, and of them it is said that “they show the usual features ascribed to Ptolemaic princesses—great power and wealth which makes an alliance with them imply the command of large resources in men and money; mutual41 hatred42, disregard of all ties of family and affection; the dearest object fratricide—such pictures of depravity as make any reasonable man pause and ask whether human nature had deserted43 these women and the Hyrcanian tiger of the past taken its place.”
The history of the Jews is largely involved with that of Egypt during many of the Ptolemy reigns44, but it is not within the scope of this small monograph45 to include these relationships in the more purely46 personal story. The new king, to a greater or less extent, now held the power, as testified to by the coinage bearing simply “the year of Lathyrus” instead of his mother Cleopatra III. He appears in a copper47 coin clad in an elephant skin, and there are also joint19 coins of Cleopatra III and Alexander. The queen, indisposed[414] to yield her authority, succeeded in raising the populace against Lathyrus, so that he fled to Cyprus, his brother Alexander returning from there and sharing the throne with his mother. Lathyrus meanwhile was attempting to set up a kingdom in Palestine, but the powerful queen wrested48 it from him and added it to her own dominions49. Ptolemy Apion, an illegitimate son of Ptolemy Physcon, had been ruling in Cyrene the home and possession of the former queen, Berenike II, which he left on his death to the Roman people, who thus, whenever their other warlike entanglements51 permitted, tightened52 their grasp on everything Egyptian, but the Egyptian monarchs53, busy with more personal and family difficulties, did not interfere54.
Ptolemy X, Alexander I, reigned with his mother till 101 B. C. when, weary perhaps of her powerful hand, which kept him from full possession of the throne, he murdered her. Possibly she would have done the like to him, but it seems a shocking and ungrateful return for the preference for him which she at first so evidently showed. Other authorities throw some doubt on this matricide, but the weight of opinion seems to certify55 to it.
The next queen is spoken of as Cleopatra, Berenike IV, or Berenike III, and her name is sometimes associated both with Alexander, whom she married, and the queen mother. She is believed to have been a daughter of Sotor II (Lathyrus), and hence Alexander’s niece. This marriage may not have been agreeable to the elder queen, who so evidently hated her elder son,[415] the father of the bride. This king is sometimes spoken of as “Ptolemy, also called Alexander, the god Philometor.” In the midst of these domestic quarrels and public difficulties, the king yet kept up the usual habit of temple building and his name appears in connection with several, especially Denderah. Says Mahaffy: “It is difficult not to suspect in the continued building of the same temples by Philometor and Euergetes II, of Sotor II, and of Alexander, the influence of the great ladies who lived through the change of kings without stay or intermittence56 of their royalty,” though, strange to say, the priests of Edfu do not speak of them. Alexander appears in communion with the gods and, triumphing over his enemies. “It is also certain that the crypts of the temple of Denderah, finished by Cleopatra VI, were commenced according to an ancient plan by the X and XI Ptolemies.”
After the murder of Cleopatra III the people rose against Alexander and recalled Lathyrus, who, upon regaining57 the crown, pursued his brother, who was slain58 in a naval59 battle, thus leaving his widow Berenike III to share with her father the Egyptian throne. She seems to have lived at peace with him after his return and is regarded by some as co-regent or ruler, by others as not assuming power till after his death.
Lathyrus is considered as among the gentler and better members of the Ptolemy family. Even so he put down a rebellion of the native population with great severity and razed60 Thebes to the ground. Dying, at about the age of sixty, he[416] left the kingdom in the hands of his daughter, Cleopatra IV, Berenike III, who reigned for some six months, when Alexander, son of Alexander I, by another marriage, returned from Rome and was accepted as king, under the title of Alexander II, Ptolemy XII, sharing the throne with Berenike, the queen. Though his stepmother, there was probably no great disparity in their years, and it was by the suggestion of the Roman dictator, Sylla, that he contracted this strange alliance. But the abhorrent61 connection was of brief duration, for Alexander II murdered his wife and was himself murdered in turn by her household troops, within a month. As queen or regent she had been associated with the royal power for a number of years, and this prompt avengement of her death seems to prove that she had her share of popularity.
At this period, and indeed for a long time, what the Alexandrians willed seems to have been law to the whole country.
The Ptolemy queens were women, as a rule, presumably handsome, certainly able and sagacious, ambitious and brave, daring and cruel. To differentiate62 them accurately63, particularly the latter members of the family, who were on the throne briefly64, and in quick succession, requires a more extended knowledge of the subject than has yet been secured, either by the researches of students or the “finds” of archaeologists.
The deaths last mentioned extinguished, it is said, the claim of legitimate50 Ptolemy heirs to the Egyptian throne, but other writers assert that this is probably a Roman invention to justify[417] their ultimate seizure65 of the country and that princes were living who would be recognized elsewhere as legal successors. Be this as it may, Ptolemy, familiarly known as Auletes (the flute66 player), son of Lathyrus, with the bar sinister67, now came from Syria and assumed the crown, under the title of Ptolemy XIII. (Neos Dionysus, Philopater III, Philadelphus II), in 81 B. C. This was evidently with the consent of the Egyptians themselves and the tacit permission of Rome, to whom some even claim that Alexander had willed his kingdom. The Senate, however, did not give him official recognition, though he made great efforts and offered many bribes68 to secure it. A stele69 speaks of a high priest “who placed the ur?us crown on the head of the new king of Egypt, on the day that he took possession of Upper and Lower Egypt. He landed at Memphis, he came into the temple of Qe, with his nobles, his wives and his children.”
The sons of the Egyptian princess Silene also came from Syria to Rome to assert a better right to the Egyptian succession, but were unsuccessful. The Romans engaged in other wars and interests, for the time being, concerned themselves little with the Egyptian question.
Tryph?na, Cleopatra V, possibly a sister of the king, was his legal consort70 and his eldest71 daughter, Berenike IV, was probably born 77 B. C. The last Cleopatra about 68 B. C., and later another daughter, Arsinoe, and two sons. Berenike was so much older than the other children that some suppose a second marriage, of[418] which, however, no official record has been found. The imputation72 of illegitimacy has been thrown both on the king and his celebrated73 daughter, but the Romans, as previously stated, may, for their own purposes, have accepted or disseminated74 the idea. The first Ptolemy had in a sense wrested the country from its native rulers, and his successors were only receiving in their turn what they had meted75 out.
Like his predecessors76, Ptolemy XIII built on the temples, and there are pictures of him between two goddesses in the favorite mode and in other situations. In spite of this he is spoken of as the “most idle and worthless of the Ptolemies.” His life “idle, worthless, devoted77 to the orgies of Dionysus (whence his title), and disgracing himself by public competitions on the flute (whence his nick-name), he has not a good word recorded of him.” And Cicero says he was plaintive78 and persuasive79 when in need, but worthless and tyrannous when in power. The direct testimony of Cicero and Diodorus Siculus (which we possess) in regard to this period is of great value.
It was the debasing of the coinage that especially caused the revolt that obliged Auletes to flee the country, in addition to the fact that he lent no help to his brother at Cyprus, overpowered by the Romans. Auletes had assumed the crown in 81 B. C., and kept possession for a number of years, but a revolt of the Alexandrians, for the reasons given above, forced him to fly in 58 B. C.
When he was thus driven from the country Cleopatra V, Tryph?na (whom some call his[419] wife and some his eldest daughter), with the spirit of that dominant80 race of women, at once assumed the crown, of which, however, death deprived her within the year. She was followed by Berenike IV, possibly her daughter, certainly that of Auletes, who ruled for two years, marrying first Seleukos of the royal house of Syria (whom she put away, finding him weak and unsatisfactory), and substituted Archelaos, the high priest of Komana. Seleukos is supposed to have been the person who stole the golden coffin81 of Alexander the Great and replaced it by a glass one.
From subsequent events it is quite evident that Berenike IV possessed the usual characteristics of the Ptolemy women, both in capacity and ambition, having no intention of handing back the authority she had assumed to its previous possessor, her father though he might be.
But Auletes, either by persuasion82 or bribery83, secured the powerful aid of the Romans, whom Egypt was no longer strong enough to resist. The Roman general Gabinius invaded Egypt and conquering in the battle put the husband of Berenike IV to death, restored Auletes and left him to mete5 out further retribution as he would.
No pleadings for mercy, no claims of relationship ever stayed the bloody84 hand of a Ptolemy from executing his will, and, doubtless regarding her as a traitor85, Auletes put his daughter to death, of which details are not given. There then remained two daughters, Cleopatra and Arsinoe, and two sons merely called Ptolemy. Restored in 55 B. C. Ptolemy XIII only lived till 51 B. C. and[420] died, bequeathing his kingdom jointly to his eldest daughter and son and disregarding the fact that he had virtually mortgaged it to the Romans he adjured86 them to carry out his intentions, calling all the gods to witness. A double copy of his will was made, the one being sent to Rome, the other kept in Alexandria.
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statutes
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| 成文法( statute的名词复数 )； 法令； 法规； 章程 | |
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excavated
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| v.挖掘( excavate的过去式和过去分词 )；开凿；挖出；发掘 | |
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testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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mete
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| v.分配；给予 | |
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aspirant
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| n.热望者；adj.渴望的 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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implicated
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| adj.密切关联的；牵涉其中的 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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espoused
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| v.（决定）支持，拥护（目标、主张等）( espouse的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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indirectly
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| adv.间接地，不直接了当地 | |
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granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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slab
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| n.平板，厚的切片；v.切成厚板，以平板盖上 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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nuptial
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| adj.婚姻的，婚礼的 | |
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joint
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| adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合 | |
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jointly
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| ad.联合地，共同地 | |
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unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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draught
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| n.拉，牵引，拖；一网（饮，吸，阵)；顿服药量，通风；v.起草，设计 | |
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authenticated
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| v.证明是真实的、可靠的或有效的( authenticate的过去式和过去分词 )；鉴定，使生效 | |
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mantle
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| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
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bestowing
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| 砖窑中砖堆上层已烧透的砖 | |
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inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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gilded
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| a.镀金的，富有的 | |
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reigning
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| adj.统治的，起支配作用的 | |
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expiration
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| n.终结，期满，呼气，呼出物 | |
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esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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subservient
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| adj.卑屈的，阿谀的 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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meek
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| adj.温顺的，逆来顺受的 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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narrated
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| v.故事( narrate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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monograph
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| n.专题文章，专题著作 | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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47
copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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48
wrested
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| （用力）拧( wrest的过去式和过去分词 )； 费力取得； （从…）攫取； （ 从… ） 强行取去… | |
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dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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50
legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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51
entanglements
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| n.瓜葛( entanglement的名词复数 )；牵连；纠缠；缠住 | |
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52
tightened
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| 收紧( tighten的过去式和过去分词 )； （使）变紧； （使）绷紧； 加紧 | |
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53
monarchs
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| 君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
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interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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certify
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| vt.证明，证实；发证书(或执照)给 | |
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intermittence
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| n.间断；间歇 | |
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regaining
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| 复得( regain的现在分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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razed
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| v.彻底摧毁，将…夷为平地( raze的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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abhorrent
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| adj.可恶的，可恨的，讨厌的 | |
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differentiate
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| vi.(between)区分；vt.区别；使不同 | |
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accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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seizure
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| n.没收；占有；抵押 | |
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flute
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| n.长笛；v.吹笛 | |
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sinister
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| adj.不吉利的，凶恶的，左边的 | |
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bribes
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| n.贿赂( bribe的名词复数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂v.贿赂( bribe的第三人称单数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂 | |
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stele
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| n.石碑，石柱 | |
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consort
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| v.相伴；结交 | |
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eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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imputation
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| n.归罪，责难 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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disseminated
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| 散布，传播( disseminate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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meted
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| v.（对某人）施以，给予（处罚等）( mete的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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predecessors
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| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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plaintive
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| adj.可怜的，伤心的 | |
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persuasive
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| adj.有说服力的，能说得使人相信的 | |
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dominant
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| adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因 | |
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coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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persuasion
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| n.劝说；说服；持有某种信仰的宗派 | |
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bribery
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| n.贿络行为，行贿，受贿 | |
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bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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traitor
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| n.叛徒，卖国贼 | |
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adjured
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| v.（以起誓或诅咒等形式）命令要求( adjure的过去式和过去分词 )；祈求；恳求 | |
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