IT is unfortunate that an artist, residing in Cairo for the purpose of painting its people and its buildings, cannot live in the city where his chief interests lie. For there are at present two Cairos: the one an old oriental city, the other a nondescript modern European town, placed, as it were by accident, between the Nile and its more venerable neighbour. The foreigner who speaks of Cairo alludes1 to the great blocks of buildings and the palatial2 hotels which form this modern town, and he usually terms those other parts which he has scarcely seen—the native quarters. The true Cairo, and the one of which we speak, lies in a rough parallelogram between the walls running from the Citadel3 to the Bab el-Futouh at the eastern extremity4 and the Khaleeg, or the old canal now filled in, on the west. The northern and southern extremities5 end at the mosques7 of Hakim and of Ibn Tulún respectively. Two outlying bits still remain north and south of the new quarters, and are known as Bulak and Old Cairo. There are remains8 here and there of a yet older Cairo, which stood on the south-west of the present city.
I should dearly love to live in that part spoken of as the native quarters, instead of having to live at some44 distance and amongst surroundings which do not lend themselves to pictorial9 treatment. I had the opportunity to live in a beautiful old house which has been carefully restored under the superintendence of Herz Bey, and which stands in the very heart of the old town. The inconvenience of housekeeping, the putting in of necessary furniture, and, above all, the insanitary condition of its immediate10 neighbourhood, decided11 me not to avail myself of this opportunity. There would also have been the fear of fire. The beautiful mushrbiyeh work which encloses all the windows, and is as dry as touchwood, might at any moment be set on fire through the action of a careless servant. The house is a perfect specimen12 of an old Cairene dwelling13, and it has been wisely repaired and is kept in order at the expense of the Wakfs administration. Possibly restrictions14 as to the lighting15 of fires would have been imposed on me, which would have necessitated16 a journey to the European quarters whenever I wished for a hot meal.
No, one cannot live here surrounded with what one loves to paint; one may remain a lifetime in Cairo and not be of it.
The joy of having bright sunny weather in midwinter is very great, and it is also a pleasure to meet friends at the club or hotels, and for those inclined that way balls and parties can be attended on most evenings during the season. Personally I would forego most of these things to live more in touch with the life of the old city. As an illustration of how little the inhabitants of the European quarters are concerned with what takes place in Cairo proper, I will give the following:—
45 While I was painting in the Suk es-Selah, or the gun-makers’ bazaar17, an old house fell in not many paces from where I was sitting. As the house was inhabited, willing hands were soon on the spot to assist in excavating18 those who might be buried under the ruins. Help was also soon available from official quarters, and during the course of the day five dead bodies were unearthed19. I did not expect this to be given as important a space in the newspapers—edited and circulating in the modern quarters—as an account of the last ball at Shepheard’s would have received; but I thought a line describing an event which cost the lives of five people might have appeared amongst the smaller items of news. There was no mention of it in any of them. When I remarked on this to some European residents, I was casually20 told that a house felling down was of constant occurrence, and a lady remarked on hearing of the five Arabs who had been killed, ‘Il en reste encore bien assez.’ From the little interest shown, one might have supposed that this event had taken place somewhere in China, instead of within a couple of miles from the hotel we were in.
I witnessed the funeral procession of a noted21 Sheykh of Islam this last winter. The cortège was more than a mile in length, and thousands of people crowded the streets to pay their last respects to so eminent22 a coreligionist. A roar of voices, repeating the profession of the Mohammedan faith, rose from every quarter of the Arab city. I looked for some information in the Cairo papers, but not a mention of it did I find. The Arabic papers were doubtless full of the event; but as few Europeans, though they may speak the colloquial46 language fluently, can read the written Arabic, the news of the old town rarely spreads to the new.
The older residents are seldom seen in the old parts of the city, and that is easy to understand, for familiarity with things eastern breeds an indifference23 with the majority, even if it does not descend24 to contempt. The surprise is that so few are met there of the thousands of people who flock to Egypt for a short season. A drive down the Mousky—one of Cairo’s least interesting streets—a visit to the Khan Khalil, then a walk round three or four mosques and a view from the citadel. After this a feeling of satisfaction that the ‘native quarters’ have been thoroughly25 done. The fear of smells seems to haunt them, for the hands not carrying a kodak or fly-whisp often hold a handkerchief near their noses. Bad smells are to be found for those who seek them, though not as many as in most old European towns.
These might be removed to advantage. But how much would Cairo not lose of its charm if, deprived of the sense of smell, one wandered through its bazaars26 or loitered about its market-places? I cannot think of the coffee-stalls without their aroma27 of moka and of latakiyeh. The spice bazaar recalls the warm land breezes from some tropic isle28. Would the colour of the fruit-stalls charm the eye equally, were the scent29 gone from their piles of russet and gold? Even the smell of tan seems to enhance the sight of the brilliantly hued30 skins in the leather-workers’ bazaar.
Though each sense may occasionally be shocked, each plays its part in the enjoyment32 of all things. To any one keenly interested in this medi?val city, and who47 has studied its buildings, the eye is unhappily more often now shocked than the nose. Uglinesses which are hardly noticeable in the European quarters are slowly invading the old parts of the city. I have seen many a beautiful latticed window replaced by ready-made imported sashes, or where the seclusion33 of the hareem is necessary, an ugly fretwork in lieu of the turned mushrbiyeh which gave so much character to the Cairene dwelling. Streets formerly34 covered in with rafters and matting are now exposed to the baking sun, so as to allow more light on the cheap European goods behind the plate-glass windows. The official mind is obsessed35 with the idea that official work needs trousers, and all aspirants36 to official billets don these ugly garments and abandon the graceful37 kuftan and the flowing gibbeh. The same thing has occurred in the government schools.
Trousered policemen tread their beat by day, while the night watch is allowed to go its rounds in the native costume; presumably because it is less seen. The metal fanus which swing before the mosque6 entrances are being replaced by ugly petroleum38 lamps. The water-carrier will disappear as each stand-pipe is erected39; this doubtless has its hygienic advantages. But had the well-to-do still the same pride in their city as had their forefathers40, the water would have been conducted to the beautiful fountains which are now allowed to fall into decay.
Fortunately Cairo is large, and some years may yet elapse before ugliness will have crept into its innermost recesses41.
Round and about the Tumbakiyeh—where the48 coarse Persian tobacco is retailed43 to the smokers44 of the nárgeeleh and the sheesheh—the old-world look seems still stern enough to frighten off any shoddy European accessories. Massive doors, nail-studded and heavily hinged, close in the Wekálehs where the tumbak is stored. More or less dilapidated gateways45 lead into spacious46 Khans where formerly caravans47 from Syria and Arabia unloaded their merchandise. The convent mosque of Beybars, the Taster, dominates this district. From its pepper-box minaret48 one can look down on extensive warehouses49 now partitioned into tenements51 of the very poor; houses of erstwhile merchant princes are now falling into decay, and their gardens used as rope-walks or bleaching-grounds. The mueddin’s call to prayer sounds like the funeral dirge52 of the departed glories of the Tumbakiyeh. The main street, known as the Gamalieh, has all the dignity of age; it is too poor a district, and too far from the present business centres, to be rejuvenated53 with the lack of taste which has ruined the Mousky.
Down a narrow lane leading out of the Gamalieh, a fine old doorway54 and some well-preserved oriel windows gave every promise that this was the back of a fine old Cairene house, still inhabited by its owner, and not allowed to fall into the ruinous state of most of its neighbours. My man Mohammed was with me when I made the discovery. I asked him to inquire to whom it belonged, and to try to find out if the interior was at all in keeping with what we saw from the lane.
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SUK ES-SELAH, CAIRO
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49 Mohammed is a man of great resource. After considering his mode of procedure for a moment, he pushed open the door, which stood ajar, and we could see the bowab, or doorkeeper, asleep on the stone seat at the angle of the passage. Mohammed stepped lightly along this passage, evidently in hopes of getting round the angle and obtaining a peep into the courtyard, without awaking the sleeper55. Not succeeding in this, and being asked what he wanted, he started inquiries56 after an imaginary relative who surely was once a servant in this household. ‘Is this not, then, the house of so-and-so?’ giving the name of an imaginary owner. ‘Then who does live here?’ The real name of the owner was then given by the doorkeeper. By a few more leading questions, it was found out that the owner was in his country place, and would not return till the cooler weather set in. Mohammed had in the meanwhile got his peep into the court, and had seen quite enough to feel satisfied that here was what I wanted. As the hareem was in the country, there would be no objection to the ghawaga also having a peep into the court, especially as a baksheesh might follow on the peep.
I was then allowed in, and here was a court similar in plan to many ruinous ones I had seen; but in a perfect state of preservation57, and suggesting many beautiful things in the house which overlooked it. I had never painted in the interior of a fine Cairene house, still kept up as in the days before Ismael Pasha uttered his boast—‘L’Egypte fait partie de l’Europe.’ I made inquiries amongst Egyptian as well as European friends regarding the owner, and whether it would be possible to get an introduction to him. I was told that he was50 one of the old school, lived as his forebears had done, and did not frequent the modern quarters. The more inaccessible58 this gentleman seemed to be, the more I longed for an entrée into his house. Years went by, and this court remained in my memory as a beautiful picture which Lewis only could have adequately painted.
Towards the latter part of my last season in Cairo, I mentioned to my friend, Mr. Bowden Smith, how difficult it was to obtain permission to paint in the few, yet remaining, genuine old Cairene houses. His work, connected with the ministry59 of finance, had brought him in contact with many of the upper class Egyptians, and he named several houses he could take me to see. ‘Have you seen the house of the Sheykh Saheime near the Gamalieh?’ he asked, and described the very place which years since had made so lasting60 an impression on me.
We went there the very next day, and were fortunate in finding the Sheykh at home. We were received in the takhtabosh, a spacious recess42 opening on to the court, and under the principal guest-chamber, which latter is supported by a handsome granite61 column. A row of carved wooden benches line the three walls of the recess, and rest on a paved floor a few inches higher than the open court. Cushions were placed for our accommodation, and we were courteously62 asked to sit down. Here we took our coffee and conversed63 with our host.
I told him how glad I was to meet one who still had a pride in the beautiful things his country had produced,51 and who preferred keeping up the home of his ancestors to living à l’Européenne in the modern quarters. He could not foretell64 what his sons might do; but as far as he was concerned, he would keep to the dress of his forebears and end his days in the dwelling-places which they had built. ‘Should I better myself,’ he asked, ‘if I left this house for one at Kasrel-Aine, or in the Ismaelieh quarter?’ A vision of the pretentious65 villas66 ‘en style Arabe,’ ‘en style Egyptien,’ or, worse yet, the Levantine’s conception of ‘l’art nouveau,’ rose up before me, and by contrast made more beautiful the court we overlooked. The gentle cooing of the doves, and the sound of running water amidst the flowering shrubs67, would never here ill-tune with the hooting68 of a motor. The roses, which garlanded the trellised windows, seemed more beautiful than those which try to hide the cast-iron balconies of modern Cairo. No sound from the outside world penetrated69 here till the solemn call to prayer from Beybar’s mosque recalled the hour of day.
We made a move, thinking that our host might wish to attend the Asr. To our delight, however, he asked if we would care to go over the house with him. Nothing suiting us better, he conducted us across the court to a door and passage leading to the mandarah or guest-room. The anteroom we passed through suggested a good subject, and I threw out some hints that I should like to do a sketch70 of it. Whether our host understood what I was driving at or purposely passed on to another subject, I could not quite make out; but a wink71 from my friend that he would have52 another try later on reassured72 me. The room was sparsely73 furnished, as is generally the case in oriental houses. High wooden benches lined the walls, and if we add to these a few cushions, some rugs, and one or two hanging lamps, we shall have described about all this anteroom contained. The light trickling74 through the latticed windows showed up the design of the mushrbiyeh, and it is not appreciable75 how decorative76 these turned wooden gratings are until they are seen from the inside. The wall surfaces were quite plain, and gave a value to the ornamentation surrounding the lintels of the three doors which opened into the room. On each lintel was a Koranic text in raised lettering and relieved on a blue ground.
The simplicity78 of the anteroom served to enhance the rich decoration of the guest-room itself. The durkááh, which is that part of the floor nearest to the entrance, had a beautiful tesselated pavement. In the centre stood a double-basined marble fountain sending up several jets of water, which were caught in a shallow well around its base. It is in the durkááh that the guest drops his slippers79 before ascending80 to the liwán, which is raised a few inches above the pavement and occupies about one-third of the apartment. Handsomely covered mattresses81 with heavy cushions line the three enclosing walls and form the diwaan or divan82, as we call it. In this instance the ceiling of the liwán was several feet lower than the roof of the durkááh, and with its retaining arch bore much the same relation to the rest of the apartment as does that of the chancel to a one-aisled church. The intricate pattern of the53 mushrbiyeh occupied the place of an east window. Cupboards with minute panels of varying arabesque83 designs, and shelves with bowls and dishes of Rhodian or Egyptian ware50, furnished the walls above the divan. The geometrical patterns on the ceiling and the vivid colours with which they were defined would have been disturbing to the eye, were it not for the subdued84 light, in which the decoration was partially85 lost.
Everything was harmonious86, all seemed exactly right. I would fain have lingered on the divan and heard our host relate of deeds which may have been done within these walls. But there was more to see. Leaving this beautiful guest-chamber and crossing the anteroom, we were taken up a winding87 staircase to the hammám. Our Turkish baths are modelled on a similar plan, but as this one was only for private use, it was on a smaller scale than a public one, and marble floors and seats here took the place of more ordinary materials. From thence we were taken through a corridor and into another guest-chamber.
A slight smile on the face of our host seemed to express a question as to what we should say about this room, having exhausted88 our terms of admiration89 on the one below. Here was the place where he wished us to linger and sip90 our coffee until the mueddin once more called to prayer at the close of the day.
Some of the features of the mandarah—as the guest-room below is called—were here: the two levels of the floor defining the limits of the durkááh and that of the liwán; the tesselated pavement and marble fountain in the one and the mattressed and cushioned divan of54 the other; the mushrbiyeh also split up the light in a pattern suggesting the interlacing of strings91 of beads92, and the panelling of the doors and ceiling were as rich in arabesque design as that which we had seen below. The one apartment was as truly Egyptian as the other, yet it left a distinctly different impression.
The more subdued light of the mandarah, as well as the chancel-like appearance of the liwán, had an impressiveness which was not here; but it might easily have appeared gloomy had we visited this lighter93 and more highly coloured room first.
We were now in what was probably the Káá, or principal apartment of the hareem of former days. I have learnt since that the Sheykh’s family is a small one, so the rooms overlooking the garden and in a wing of the house—which we were of course not shown—would be amply sufficient for the women-folk of his household.
The hareem, or harem, as it is often miscalled in England, is also often misunderstood. Its true meaning is the ‘prohibited,’ that is ‘sacred’ to the master of the house. It is that portion of the house which is confined to the women and children, and is not necessarily a kind of luxurious94 prison for a number of wives, which many unacquainted with the East often suppose. The ‘selamlik’ is that part of the house used by the male portion of the household. As the great majority of Egyptians have only one wife at a time, the hareem generally occupies less of the house than the ‘selamlik.’ The term ‘el hareem’ also applies to women collectively.
55 It would not have been proper to ask if the beautiful apartment we were in had ever been used as the Káá, for one must be on very intimate terms with a Moslem95 before alluding96 in any way to what concerns his women-folk. A feminine touch of lightness absent in the selamlik convinced me that we were being entertained in what at one time formed a part of the hareem.
The chief attraction was the grand display of beautiful old tiles which covered the walls. The design showed a Persian influence, and was not confined to the geometrical patterns of the more orthodox Saracenic work, and pretty as this is, it is the colour which gives it its great charm. Blues97 tending to green played with blues of a violet shade, touches of puce and emerald green joined in the revelry of colour. No ornaments98 were hung or bracketed on these wall spaces, for were they not ornament77 sufficient in themselves? The mattresses and cushions of the divan had richer coverings, were more elegant in pattern, and less sombre in hue31 than those of the divan we had first seen.
What a studio this would have made for any one desirous to paint eastern subjects! Better that it remain as it is—a dignified99 setting to a worthy100 Egyptian gentleman.
As the sun got more round to the west, the shadow of the mushrbiyeh patterned the floor, and gem-like touches of light crept slowly up the wall facing the great window. Above the turned wooden grating, which showed its design so beautifully in the shadow it cast, a second window admitted the light through56 numerous pieces of coloured glass set in deep mouldings of old plaster work.
Mr. Bowden Smith chatted with the Sheykh about mutual101 acquaintances and of affairs pertaining102 to the present day; but whether it was my insufficient103 knowledge of Arabic or whether my surroundings had carried my thoughts elsewhere, I lost the thread of their conversation. When appealed to about some point, I had, before I could answer, to disentangle my thoughts from ‘The story of the Humpback’ which I had pictured Shahrazad rehearsing to her sister in anticipation104 of one of the thousand and one nights. The two daughters of the Vizir had hardly settled the point as to the working of this story into the one of ‘Noor ed-Deen and Enees el Jelees,’ when the deep wail105 ‘Alláhu Akbar!’ from Beybar’s minaret announced the maghrib.
The patterned shadow had left the floor, and the touches of light from the stained glass, intensified106 in colour by the declining sun, crept from wall to ceiling as we rose to depart.
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alludes
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| 提及，暗指( allude的第三人称单数 ) | |
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palatial
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| adj.宫殿般的，宏伟的 | |
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citadel
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| n.城堡；堡垒；避难所 | |
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extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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extremities
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| n.端点( extremity的名词复数 )；尽头；手和足；极窘迫的境地 | |
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mosque
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| n.清真寺 | |
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mosques
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| 清真寺； 伊斯兰教寺院，清真寺； 清真寺，伊斯兰教寺院( mosque的名词复数 ) | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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pictorial
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| adj.绘画的；图片的；n．画报 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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restrictions
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| 约束( restriction的名词复数 )； 管制； 制约因素； 带限制性的条件（或规则） | |
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lighting
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| n.照明，光线的明暗，舞台灯光 | |
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necessitated
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| 使…成为必要，需要( necessitate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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bazaar
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| n.集市，商店集中区 | |
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excavating
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| v.挖掘( excavate的现在分词 )；开凿；挖出；发掘 | |
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unearthed
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| 出土的（考古） | |
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casually
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| adv.漠不关心地，无动于衷地，不负责任地 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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bazaars
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| （东方国家的）市场( bazaar的名词复数 )； 义卖； 义卖市场； （出售花哨商品等的）小商品市场 | |
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aroma
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| n.香气，芬芳，芳香 | |
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isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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scent
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| n.气味，香味，香水，线索，嗅觉；v.嗅，发觉 | |
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hued
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| 有某种色调的 | |
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hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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seclusion
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| n.隐遁，隔离 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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obsessed
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| adj.心神不宁的,鬼迷心窍的,沉迷的 | |
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aspirants
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| n.有志向或渴望获得…的人( aspirant的名词复数 )v.渴望的，有抱负的，追求名誉或地位的( aspirant的第三人称单数 )；有志向或渴望获得…的人 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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petroleum
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| n.原油，石油 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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forefathers
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| n.祖先，先人；祖先，祖宗( forefather的名词复数 )；列祖列宗；前人 | |
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recesses
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| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
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recess
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| n.短期休息，壁凹（墙上装架子，柜子等凹处） | |
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retailed
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| vt.零售（retail的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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smokers
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| 吸烟者( smoker的名词复数 ) | |
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gateways
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| n.网关( gateway的名词复数 )；门径；方法；大门口 | |
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spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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caravans
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| （可供居住的）拖车（通常由机动车拖行）( caravan的名词复数 )； 篷车； （穿过沙漠地带的）旅行队（如商队） | |
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minaret
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| n.（回教寺院的）尖塔 | |
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49
warehouses
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| 仓库，货栈( warehouse的名词复数 ) | |
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ware
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| n.(常用复数)商品，货物 | |
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tenements
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| n.房屋，住户，租房子( tenement的名词复数 ) | |
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52
dirge
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| n.哀乐，挽歌，庄重悲哀的乐曲 | |
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rejuvenated
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| 更生的 | |
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doorway
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| n.门口，(喻)入门；门路，途径 | |
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sleeper
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| n.睡眠者，卧车，卧铺 | |
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inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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inaccessible
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| adj.达不到的，难接近的 | |
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ministry
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| n.(政府的)部；牧师 | |
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lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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courteously
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| adv.有礼貌地，亲切地 | |
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conversed
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| v.交谈，谈话( converse的过去式 ) | |
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foretell
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| v.预言，预告，预示 | |
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pretentious
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| adj.自命不凡的，自负的，炫耀的 | |
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villas
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| 别墅，公馆( villa的名词复数 )； （城郊）住宅 | |
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shrubs
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| 灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
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68
hooting
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| （使）作汽笛声响，作汽车喇叭声( hoot的现在分词 )； 倒好儿； 倒彩 | |
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penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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wink
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| n.眨眼，使眼色，瞬间；v.眨眼，使眼色，闪烁 | |
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reassured
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| adj.使消除疑虑的；使放心的v.再保证，恢复信心( reassure的过去式和过去分词) | |
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sparsely
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| adv.稀疏地；稀少地；不足地；贫乏地 | |
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trickling
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| n.油画底色含油太多而成泡沫状突起v.滴( trickle的现在分词 )；淌；使)慢慢走；缓慢移动 | |
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appreciable
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| adj.明显的，可见的，可估量的，可觉察的 | |
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decorative
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| adj.装饰的，可作装饰的 | |
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ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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slippers
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| n. 拖鞋 | |
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ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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mattresses
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| 褥垫，床垫( mattress的名词复数 ) | |
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divan
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| n.长沙发；（波斯或其他东方诗人的）诗集 | |
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arabesque
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| n.阿拉伯式花饰；adj.阿拉伯式图案的 | |
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subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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harmonious
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| adj.和睦的，调和的，和谐的，协调的 | |
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winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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sip
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| v.小口地喝，抿，呷；n.一小口的量 | |
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strings
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| n.弦 | |
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beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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luxurious
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| adj.精美而昂贵的；豪华的 | |
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Moslem
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| n.回教徒，穆罕默德信徒；adj.回教徒的，回教的 | |
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alluding
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| 提及，暗指( allude的现在分词 ) | |
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blues
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| n.抑郁，沮丧；布鲁斯音乐 | |
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98
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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99
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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100
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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101
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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102
pertaining
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| 与…有关系的，附属…的，为…固有的(to) | |
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103
insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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104
anticipation
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| n.预期，预料，期望 | |
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105
wail
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| vt./vi.大声哀号，恸哭；呼啸，尖啸 | |
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106
intensified
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| v.（使）增强， （使）加剧( intensify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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