Yet all the poetry of the rose belongs to these old roses of summer. It is they that bloomed in white and red in the rival shields of York and Lancaster; and it is they that, time out of mind, have been the no silent interpreters of hearts too full to find a ruder utterance5.
Rosa Centifolia.—This is the family of the old, well-known, and deservedly admired Cabbage Rose. Its ancestors, as we have seen, grew on Mount Caucasus; though some have supposed that it is a native of the south of France: hence the name Provence, by which it is often known in England, though it is never so designated in France. The French, translating its Latin name, Rosa Centifolia, or the Hundred-leaved Rose, commonly call it Rose à Cent Feuilles. It is supposed to have been known to the Romans, and to have been one of their favorite roses; and it was introduced into England before the end of the sixteenth century, where at least, until these latter days, it has been greatly admired and prized. Recently, however, the introduction of the families of hardy, ever-blooming roses, has thrown the Cabbage and all its compeers into the shade. Nevertheless, it is one of the most desirable of flowers; and even those who are disposed to pass it by with slight regard will never deny that some of the progeny7 which have arisen from it are unsurpassed in beauty and attractiveness. It is remarkable8 among roses for the singular changes, in horticultural language called "sports," which it has assumed, and which, among other results, have given rise to the entire family of Moss9 roses, of which we shall speak in the next section.
The prevailing10 colors in this group are light. The Cabbage Rose is a somewhat weak grower in a heavy soil, though in a light soil it grows vigorously. As a general rule, it needs close pruning12. The members of the family are numerous; but, besides the Old Cabbage, the following are the best: The Dutch Provence is remarkable for the size of its flowers, in which respect it even surpasses the Old Cabbage. The Unique Provence is probably a sport from the Old Cabbage; that is to say, an accidental variation of the flowers on some particular branch; which branch being propagated, the accidental features become permanent. The Unique Provence, which is pure white, has, in its turn, produced another sport, called the Striped Unique, the flowers being white, striped with lake; though they are very capricious in their coloring, sometimes opening pure white, and occasionally light rose. But a more remarkable sport of the Provence is the variety called the Crested13 Provence, Rosa Cristata, or, very commonly among us, the Crested Moss. It is not, however, a true Moss, as its stems are smooth. Its peculiarity14 consists in a curious and very beautiful mossy growth about the calyx. This growth is developed in proportion to the vigor11 of the plant: therefore it should be strongly manured and closely pruned18, as should the whole race of Provence roses. Adeline, the Duc de Choiseul, the Stadtholder, and, above all, the Reine de Provence, are beautiful varieties of this group. To it also belong a sub-group of Miniature or Pompone roses, well suited for edging beds. They bloom early, and are exceedingly pretty and graceful19. Among the best of them are the White Burgundy, the Dwarf20 Burgundy, De Meaux, and Spong.
The above are all old roses; for it is rarely that a cultivator of the present day will give himself the trouble to raise new varieties of any of the June roses, excepting always the Mosses21, which can never be out of favor.
Rosa Centifolia Muscosa.—We have spoken of the tendency of the Provence Rose to "sport." The most widely known and the most beautiful of the results arising from this tendency is the Moss Rose and its varieties; for that such is the true origin of this unique family, there can be very little doubt. There is, however, no record of the first appearance of the Moss Rose. The original type of the race—the Old Red Moss—was introduced into England as early as 1596. It came immediately from Holland, but seems not to have originated there: indeed, to this day, we have remained in doubt as to whence it drew its birth. Of the large number of Moss roses now on the lists of nursery-men, some owe their origin to sporting branches, others to seed. Of the plants arising from the seed of a Moss rose, not more than one in three will show the characteristic of the parent; that is, the "moss," the rest will be mere22 varieties of the Provence Rose. Sometimes a Moss rose will put forth23 a branch perfectly24 free from the mossy covering.
In cold, heavy soils, Moss roses are somewhat difficult of cultivation25; but in a light, rich loam26, and a sunny exposure, free from roots of growing trees, they thrive luxuriantly.
They all require high enrichment. All excepting the strongest growers should be closely pruned; and, in the Northern States, it is well to give them protection in winter by means of pine-boughs27, or by laying them down like raspberries.
Here, as in other classes of the rose, the hybridist has been at work. By impregnating Moss roses with the pollen29 of some of the ever-blooming sorts, a group of Perpetual Mosses has been produced. These have, to a greater or less extent, the ever-blooming quality; but this is acquired at some sacrifice of the peculiar15 beauty of the moss. They will receive a separate notice. Again: these roses have been fertilized30 with the pollen of the Hybrid28 China Rose; and the result is a Moss rose, remarkably31 vigorous in growth, and particularly well suited to form pillars. Any, however, of the more vigorous Mosses may be used for this purpose, provided always that they receive the highest culture in a warm and open exposure. We have it on the authority of the well-known English rose-grower, Mr. Paul, that, in the garden of an amateur near Cheshunt, there is a pillar of the Old Red Moss fifteen feet high!
At the present day, when the annual progeny of new Perpetual roses from the nurseries of France, with a humble32 re-enforcement from those of England, has eclipsed by numbers the old garden favorites, the well-remembered roses of our infancy33, the Moss alone stands in tranquil34 defiance35 of this gay tide of innovation. Nothing can eclipse and nothing can rival her. She is, and ever will be, the favorite of poetry and art; and the eloquence36 of her opening buds, half wrapped in their mossy envelope, will remain through all generations a chosen interpreter of the language of youth and beauty.
Alice Le Roy is a distinct and beautiful rose, very large, full, and mossy; color, lilac and rose; form, cupped: it grows vigorously. Angélique Quétier is also of a rosy37-lilac hue38, large, very double, and very mossy: it grows freely, like the former. The Blush Moss is of growth somewhat more moderate: the flower is large and full, the foliage39 fine, and stems and buds well mossed; color, clear pale pink. Celina is of a deep, rosy crimson40, sometimes verging41 to purple. The Common, or Old Moss, is still one of the most beautiful of the whole family. Its flowers are large and full, and of a pale rose-color and globular form. It is more abundantly mossed than most of its progeny; and none of them surpass it, indeed very few equal it, in the beauty of its half-opened bud. Its growth is tolerably vigorous, and foliage fine. Laneh is a vigorous and beautiful rose; flowers large, full, and globular; color, a light rosy-crimson. The buds are large, full, and well mossed; its growth is vigorous; and, under good cultivation, the whole plant, with its large and bright-green foliage, bears a striking appearance of thrift42 and health.
Luxembourg is of a deep crimson, moderately double, and of growth nearly as vigorous as the last, with which the deep hue of its buds forms a striking contrast. Malvina is a good rose, with clusters of pink flowers. Eclatante is of a deep pink, large, double, and well mossed. Comtesse de Murinais is one of the best of the White Mosses. Its flowers, though not so double as the Old Moss, are large, and of the purest white; and the growth is very vigorous. The Crimson or Tinwell Moss somewhat belies43 its name; for its flowers are rather of a deep rose than crimson. It is, however, a beautiful variety. Princess Adelaide is remarkable for the extreme vigor of its growth, and is evidently a hybrid of some of the Hybrid Bourbon or Hybrid China roses. It is admirably suited for a pillar or a wall, but requires a full sun, and, if closely pruned, will not bloom at all. It blooms in large clusters: the flowers are of a light glossy44 rose, very large and full; and, if not too closely pruned, they are very abundant. The White Bath is an admirable White Moss, large and full in flower, and exquisite45 in bud. As it is of moderate growth, it will bear dose pruning. Prolific46 is a very beautiful variety, resembling the Old Moss. Baronne de Wassena?r is a very vigorous rose, of a bright red, and flowering in clusters. Captain Ingram is of a dark, velvety47 purple. Gloire des Mousseuses is very large and double, and of a blush-color. Rosa Bonheur is of a bright rose-color. Nuits d'Young is of a very dwarfed48 growth, and small deep-purple flowers. Vandael is purple, edged with lilac.
The above afford excellent examples of the various characteristics of the family of the Mosses. Additions in considerable number are still made to it every year; but it is very rarely that any decisive improvement upon the old varieties is shown in the recent seedlings50.
"Moss roses, when grown on their own roots, require a light and rich soil: in such soils, they form fine masses of beauty in beds on lawns. The varieties best adapted to this purpose are the Common Moss, the Prolific, the Luxembourg, the Crimson, and Lane's Moss. Plants of these are procurable51 at a moderate price; and, by pegging52 down their shoots with hooked sticks, the surface of the bed will be covered with a mass of foliage and flowers. They require the same severe pruning as the Provence Rose. To have a succession of flowers on the same bed, half of the shoots may be shortened in March, the remainder the beginning of May, pruning closely as recommended for the Provence roses. By this method, the blooming season may be prolonged from a fortnight to three weeks. They should have an abundant animal dressing53 of manure16 on the surface in November, and the bed lightly stirred with the fork in February....
"To raise Moss roses from seed is a most interesting employment for the genuine rose amateur; such a pleasing field is open, and so much may yet be done. The following directions will, I hope, assist those who have leisure, perseverance54, and love for this charming flower. A plant of the Luxembourg Moss, or one of the Celina Moss, and one of the Single Crimson Moss, should be planted against a south wall, close to each other, so that their branches may be mingled55. In bright, calm, sunny mornings, in June, about ten o'clock, those flowers that are expanded should be examined by pressing the fingers on the anthers. It will then be found if the pollen be abundant: if so, a flower of the former should be shaken over the latter; or, what perhaps is better, its flower-stalks should be fastened to the wall, so that the flower will be kept in an erect56 position. Then cut a flower of the Luxembourg Moss, strip off its petals57 with a sharp pair of scissors, and place the anthers firmly, but gently, upon a flower of the Single Crimson, so that the anthers of each are entangled58: they will keep it in its position: a stiff breeze will then scarcely remove it. The fertilizing59 will take place without further trouble, and a fine hip60 full of seed will be the result. To obtain seed from the Luxembourg Moss, I need scarcely say that this operation must be reversed. A wall is not always necessary to ripen61 seed; for in dry soils, and airy, exposed situations, the above Moss roses bear seed in tolerable abundance. The treatment of the hips62, sowing the seed, and the management of the young plants, as applicable to all, has already been given."—Rivers.
Rosa Damascena.—Any deeply colored rose is popularly called a Damask; but the true Damask—the rose of Damascus—is of various shades, from the darkest to the lightest. All these varieties have sprung from one origin,—the wild rose of Syria, which was introduced into England in the year 1573, or, according to some writers, much earlier. It is this rose from which is made the rosewater of the East, and on this the Eastern poets and their Western imitators have lavished63 the wealth of their fancy. In poetry, indeed, the Damask Rose has woven more garlands than the Moss. Nor is it unknown to history, since the five hundred camel-loads of rose-water with which the Sultan Saladin purified the Mosque64 of Omar after it had been used as a Christian65 church were doubtless distilled66 from its leaves. But, without falling into an anachronism, it is hardly possible to claim for it, as some have done, the honor of having been the renowned67 Red Rose of Lancaster.
Both the Damask and the Provence roses are extensively cultivated in France and England for the purpose of making rose-water.
The Damask is very hardy, vigorous of growth, and abundant in bloom. Its shoots are full of spines68, and its leaves of a light green. Its old original varieties are wholly eclipsed by those which the industry of the florist69 has produced from their seed. The following are among the best of these:—
La Ville de Bruxelles is a very beautiful rose, of delicate waxy70 tint71 and vigorous growth. Madame Stoltz is of a pale straw or lemon color. Madame So?tmans is of delicate cream-color, tinged72 with buff. Madame Hardy is a large and very full rose of the purest white. It has but one fault,—that of sometimes showing a green bud in the centre. But for this, it would be almost unrivalled among white roses. Leda is of a blush tint, edged with lake.
There are but few new varieties of this family, as the double sorts do not bear seed freely.
Rosa Alba.—The parent of the Alba, or White roses, is a native of Central Europe. The species is so called from the prevailing delicacy74 of hue in its varieties, many of which are of a pure white, while none are of a deeper coloring than a bright pink. The original stock is spineless; but many of its progeny, in consequence, probably, of hybridization, have spines in greater or less number. The upper surface of the leaves has a glaucous or whitish tinge73, and the shoots are of a clear green.
Félicité is a large double rose, of a delicate flesh-color, and a most symmetrical shape. La Séduisante is of a bright rose in the centre, shading into flesh-color at the circumference75: it rivals the last in the perfection of its shape. Madame Audot is of a pale flesh-color. Madame Legras is a white rose of a peculiar delicacy, and very graceful in its habit of growth. The Queen of Denmark is of a clear rosy pink. Sophie de Marsilly is of a delicate rose-color, slightly mottled, and, when half opened, is a rose of remarkable beauty.
The Alba roses bloom abundantly, and form in masses a beautiful contrast, in their chaste76 and delicate hues77, with the deeper colors of the French and Hybrid China roses. They rarely bear seed freely.
Rosa Gallica.—This rose draws its origin from the south of Europe, where its wild progenitor78 still grows abundantly in the hedges. It is one of the best known, and longest under cultivation, of all the species. We confess our strong partiality for it. It is perfectly hardy, compact in growth, abundant in bloom, beautiful in form, and rich and various in coloring. It will grow and bloom anywhere, and endures neglect with a patience unknown to most others of its race. Yet none better rewards a careful and generous culture. It returns a rich response to the care bestowed80 upon it; and, under high cultivation, the members of this group have no superiors in beauty. It is not, however, in favor at the present day. Roses of equal beauty, though, not of equal hardihood, and endowed with the one valuable quality in which it is wanting,—that of continuous or repeated blooming,—have, of late, supplanted81 it. We may as well say here, while protesting against the neglect into which the hardy June roses have fallen, that, of the so-called Perpetuals, a great many are undeserving of the name. Some, even with tolerably good treatment, rarely show a flower after the June blooming; and none will put forth freely and abundantly in autumn, without more pains in the management than most persons are willing to bestow79.
The French Rose has been known in England since the close of the sixteenth century. It is very prolific, and innumerable seedlings have been raised from it. Some of these produce flowers exceedingly double, of the most vivid color, and remarkable even now for the symmetry of their forms. Among the rest is a great variety of marbled, striped, and spotted82 roses, which, though curious and interesting, are certainly less beautiful than the "self-colored" sorts.
The varieties of this rose formerly83 catalogued and cultivated might be numbered by hundreds. Of these, it is needless to mention any but a few of the best and most distinct.
Boula de Nanteuil is a rose of the richest crimson-purple, with a centre, at times, of a vivid red. It varies, however, very much in different seasons, and, while sometimes splendid in coloring, is occasionally dull and cloudy. Grandissima is of a deep purplish-rose, very large and double. Kean closely resembles it. Adele Prévost is of a silvery blush. Blanchefleur is white, with a tinge of flesh-color. Cynthia is of a pale rose. The Duchess of Buccleugh is of a dark rose. Ohl is of a deep crimson and scarlet84, and, when grown in perfection, is one of the finest roses in existence. La Reine des Fran?ais is also of a bright crimson. Perle des Panachées is white, striped with rose; and Oeillet Parfait is white, striped with light crimson, much like a carnation85. D'Aguesseau, Gloire de Colmar, Latour d'Auvergne, Triomphe de Jaussens, Letitia, Napoléon, Duc de Valmy, and Transon Goubault, are all excellent roses of this family.
"To grow them fine for exhibition, as single blooms or 'show-roses,' the clusters of buds should be thinned early in June, taking at least two-thirds of the incipient86 flowers from each: manure should also be laid round their stems on the surface, and manure-water given to them plentifully87 in dry weather. With this description of culture, these roses will much surpass any thing we have yet seen in this country.
"Although the varieties of this group are summer roses only, their period of flowering may be prolonged by judicious88 pruning; and for this purpose two trees of each variety should be planted, one to be pruned in October, the other early in May, or just when the buds have burst into leaf: these will give a regular succession of flowers. In pruning, cut out with a sharp knife all the spray-like shoots, and then shorten to within six or eight buds of their base all the strong shoots (by such I mean those that are above fifteen inches in length): the weak shoots cut down to two or three buds. This is the pruning required by the Alba, Damask, and Hybrid Provence roses....
"To raise French roses from seed, they should be planted in a warm, dry border sloping to the south, in an open, airy situation: the shade of trees is very pernicious to seed-bearing roses. The following kinds * may be selected, as they bear seed freely: The Tuscany Rose, a very old variety, with rich, deep crimson, semi-double flowers; also Ohl and Latour d'Auvergne. The two latter should have their flowers fertilized with the pollen of the Tuscany Rose, and some fine crimson roses will probably be raised. The Village Maid and Oillet Parfait are the most eligible89 to raise striped roses from: if their flowers are deficient90 in pollen, they should be fertilized with those of Rosa Mundi."—Rivers.
* Some of the roses recommended for seed-bearing are old
English rose-nursery.
Rosa Indica Hybrida.—This class has been divided by some writers into three; viz., Hybrid China, Hybrid Noisette, and Hybrid Bourbon. The division seems to us needless, for the reason that all these, on analysis, resolve themselves into hybrids93 of the Chinese Rose, since both the Noisette and the Bourbon owe their distinctive94 character to their Chinese parentage. The hybrids of the Noisettes are usually inclined to bloom in clusters: those of the Bourbons are distinguishable by their large, smooth, and thick leaves.
This class, then, may be defined as the offspring of intermarriage of the French and other June roses with the Chinese Rose and its hybrids. It has, however, none of the ever-blooming qualities which distinguish the China roses. It is remarkable, as a class, for vigor of growth, in which, strange as it may appear, it surpasses, in some cases, both its parents. Most of the Hybrid China roses are, moreover, perfectly hardy even in the climate of the Northern States; and they are admirably adapted for forming pillars. For this purpose, they should be planted in a very deep and rich soil. If the soil is naturally poor, dig it out to the width and depth of three feet, and replace it with a mixture of strong loam and old manure. Some of the Hybrid Chinas thus generously treated, and trained and pruned in the manner recommended in a former chapter, will form most gorgeous decorations of a garden; for in the size of the flowers, in beauty of form, and brilliancy of color, some of the varieties are unsurpassed. Every autumn, the surface of the soil around the stem should be covered with manure to the depth of several inches; and this should be allowed to remain throughout the summer, renewing it as often as necessary, after a previous forking-up of the soil, which this covering or "mulching" enriches, at the same time that it keeps it moist and cool.
The following are among the best of this family of roses: Beauty op Billiard, of vigorous growth, and bright-scarlet and crimson flowers. Brennus, or Brutus, is a superb rose, of great size, and strong, rapid growth. Blair, No. 2, is particularly adapted for a pillar rose; its bloom being very profuse95. The color of its flowers is pink or blush. George the Fourth is an old rose raised some forty years ago by the excellent English cultivator, Mr. Rivers. Its bright crimson color and its neat foliage make it very attractive, though it is less double than some other varieties. The Duke op Devonshire is of a lilac-color, striped with white, and perfect in form; its petals overlapping96 with the greatest regularity97. Charles Duval is of a deep pink; Charles Lawson, of a vivid rose. Chenedolé is regarded by many as the best rose of the class; for its color is the brightest and clearest crimson, and its flowers are large and very full. Inferior roses, however, are frequently sold under its name, especially in I this country. Coupe d'Hébé is remarkable both for the perfection of its cup-like form, and for the delicate rose-color of its petals. Its growth is very vigorous; and, like most of its kindred, it is perfectly hardy. General Jacqueminot is a large purplish-crimson rose. It must not be confounded with the Hybrid Perpetual of the same name. Fulgens is of a deep crimson. Triomphe de Bayeux is white, and an excellent pillar-rose. Madame Plantier is also white, but very distinct from the last; for, as it sprang on the mother's side from the Noisette, it blooms in dusters. Its individual flowers are surpassed by those of one or two other white roses; but the extraordinary profusion98 of its bloom, its graceful habit, its neat foliage, and its hardy, enduring nature, make it, on the whole, the best rose of its color in cultivation. Paul Perras is Bourbon on the mother's side, as is also Paul Ricaut. The first is of a pale rose, the second of a bright crimson. Vivid is a seedling49 of the English rose-grower, Mr. William Paul. Its flowers are not large, but they are of the most vivid crimson; and the vigorous habit of the plant makes it very suitable either for a pillar or a trellis.
"When grown as large standards, these roses require peculiar pruning. If their shoots are shortened too much, they will grow vigorously, but give no flowers. They should, therefore, be thinned out, so that the head of the tree is not at all crowded, and then be shortened to within twelve buds of their base: a crop of fine flowers will then be produced. This is the pruning to be done either in the early part of November or in February: we will call it the winter pruning. * There is another mode of pruning these roses, partly in summer, which will be found highly eligible. Thin out the shoots in the winter, and leave a selected number of those that are most vigorous nearly their full length, merely cutting off their tips: these will be loaded with blossoms so as to make the trees quite pendulous99. As soon as the blooming season is past, shorten them all to within six inches of their base. They will immediately put forth strong shoots, which, while in a very young state, thin out, leaving those that are the most vigorous. These shoots treat in the same manner the following year. By this method of pruning, a pendulous, graceful head is formed, instead of a stiff, formal one, so common to standard roses. In pruning these roses, when trained as pillars, the spurs from the shoots fastened to the stake merely require thinning out, so as not to be crowded, and then shortened to within five or six buds of their base. Trained as pillar-roses, they give flowers often too abundantly; so that they are small and ill-shaped: it is, therefore, often a good practice to thin the flower-buds as soon as they can be distinguished100.
* These directions, it will be remembered, are for the
climate of England. The November pruning will not do here;
indeed, it will require much precaution to make even the
hardy roses succeed as standards.
"I shall now proceed to give a list of those roses, from which, in combination with others, choice seedlings may be raised.
"The Duke of Devonshire, in a very warm and dry soil, will produce hips in tolerable abundance; and, as it is inclined to be striped, it would possibly form a beautiful combination with some striped rose, which should be planted with it.
"Riego, which partakes of the Sweet-brier, might be made the parent of some beautiful brier-like roses by planting it with the Splendid Sweet-brier.
"General Allard, a hybrid rose, from which Monsiem Laffay raised his perpetual rose, Madame Laffay, is much inclined to give a second series of flowers. This rose should be planted in a very warm border, or trained against a south wall with Bourbon Gloire de Rosomènes; and, if carefully fertilized with it, some beautiful crimson autumnal roses would probably be originated. Chênedolé may also be subjected to the same treatment. What a fine autumnal rose one like it would be!"—Rivers.
Rosa Spinosissima.—The original Scotch101 Rose is a wild dwarf rose, common in Scotland and the north of England. As it bears seed in great abundance, as these seeds vegetate102 freely, and as the Scotch gardeners have taken pride in multiplying and improving this native growth of the soil, the number of varieties is nominally103 immense. Many of them, however, are scarcely to be distinguished the one from the other. The flowers are small, and exceedingly numerous. They bloom earlier than most roses, and show various shades of crimson, rose, white, and yellow,—or rather straw-color; for the yellow Scotch Rose is apparently104 a hybrid. They are useful for covering banks and forming clumps105 where masses of bloom are required. Nothing can exceed their hardiness, and they increase abundantly by suckers. A list of named varieties of the Scotch Rose would, from their multiplicity, and want of distinctness, be even more unsatisfactory than the florist's lists of pansies or verbenas. The following, however, are good:—
La Neige is pure white, and very double. Guy Mannering is of a deep blush. Sulphurea, Lady Balllie, and the Marchioness of Lansdowne, are of a pale straw or sulphur color. The Yellow Scotch is of a deeper yellow tint. Flora106, Daphne, Erebus, Venus, and the Countess of Glasgow, are of deep shades of rose and crimson.
"Scotch roses, when grown into beds and clumps as dwarfs107, are beautiful; and in early seasons they will bloom nearly a fortnight before the other summer roses make their appearance. This, of course, makes them desirable appendages108 to the flower-garden. They bear seed profusely109; and raising new varieties from seed will be found a most interesting employment. To do this, all that is required is to sow the seed as soon as ripe, in October, in pots or beds of fine earth, covering it with nearly an inch of mould: the succeeding spring they will come up, and bloom in perfection the season following.
"The aim should be to obtain varieties with large and very double crimson flowers: this can only be done by slightly hybridizing; and to effect this it will be necessary to have a plant or two of the Tuscany Rose trained to a south wall, so that their flowers are expanded at the same time as the Scotch roses in the open borders: unless thus forced, they will be too late. Any dark-red varieties of the Scotch roses, such as Venus, Erebus, or Flora, should be planted separately from others, and their flowers fertilized with the above French Rose. Some very original deep-colored varieties will probably be obtained by this method. Sulphurea and one or two other straw-colored varieties may be planted with the Double Yellow Austrian Brier; and most likely some pretty sulphur-colored roses will be the result of this combination."—Rivers.
Rosa Lutea.—This is a small family of roses, very distinct in all its characteristics; a native of Southern Europe and of some parts of the East. It is seldom that any seedlings have been obtained from it, as its flowers, even in the single varieties, are usually barren. They may, however, be made productive by fertilizing them with the pollen of other varieties. Its stems are spiny110, and of a reddish or brownish color. Its leaves are small, and its growth somewhat straggling. The colors of its flowers are copper111 and yellow in various shades. It should not be pruned too closely; but the shoots may with great advantage be pinched back in midsummer, thus causing them to throw out a great number of lateral112 shoots, and correcting the loose and straggling habit of the bush. The bloom, with this treatment, is very profuse.
The best known roses of this family are five in number. The Single Austrian Yellow and the Single Austrian Copper may be regarded as the original types of the species. William's Double Yellow is an English seedling of a pale-yellow color. Harrison's Yellow is an excellent yellow rose, originated in America. It is very vigorous in growth, and, on the whole, the best yellow rose for general cultivation. The Persian Yellow, however, is of a much deeper hue, and is unrivalled in its way. It is one of those roses which are feeble on their own roots, but grow very vigorously either on the Dog Rose or on the Manetti stock. It is said to have originated, as its name imports, from Persia.
A moist soil, and a dry, pure air, are essential to the growth of all this family of roses.
"No family of roses offers such an interesting field for experiments in raising new varieties from seed as this. First we have the Copper Austrian, from which, although it is one of the oldest roses in our gardens, a double flowering variety has never yet been obtained. This rose is always defective113 in pollen; and consequently it will not bear seed unless its flowers are fertilized. As it will be interesting to retain the traits of the species, it should be planted with and fertilized by the Double Yellow: it will then, in warm, dry seasons, produce seed, not abundantly; but the amateur must rest satisfied if he can procure92 even one hip-full of perfect seed.
"The beautiful and brilliant Rosa Harrison, however, gives the brightest hopes. This should be planted with the Double Yellow Brier: it will then bear seed abundantly. No rose will, perhaps, show the effects of fertilizing its flowers more plainly than this; and consequently, to the amateur, it is the pleasing triumph of Art over Nature. Every flower on my experimental plants, not fertilized, proved abortive114; while, on the contrary, all those that were so, produced large black spherical115 hips-full of perfect seed. The Persian Yellow does not seem inclined to bear seed; but it may be crossed with Rosa Harrison, and, I trust, with some good effect."—Rivers.
Rosa Sulphurea.—This beautiful rose is difficult of cultivation both in England and in this country, though in Italy and the south of France it grows and blooms luxuriantly. Its original species is found growing wild, and yielding single flowers, on the Himalaya Mountains, and also, it is said, in Persia. Only two varieties are in cultivation,—the Double (called also the Yellow Provence) and the Dwarf Double. The climate of the Southern and Middle States is far more suitable to them than that of the North; though it is more than probable, that, with careful and judicious treatment, they would do well even here. They need a rich diet, and a sunny and airy situation, to induce them to expand their flower-buds, which are provokingly apt to fall before opening. They are also very liable to the attacks of insects. The difficulty of the cultivation of this rose is greatly to be lamented116, since it surpasses even the Persian Yellow in beauty.
"Various situations," says Mr. Rivers, "have been recommended. Some have said, 'Plant it against a south wall;' others, 'Give it a northern aspect, under the drip of some water-trough, as it requires a wet situation.' All this is quackery117 and nonsense. The Yellow Provence Rose is a native of a warm climate, and therefore requires a warm situation, a free and airy exposure, and rich soil: a wall with a south-east or north-west aspect will be found eligible. Give the plants surface-manure every autumn, and water with manure-water in May; prune17 with the finger and thumb in summer, as recommended for the Persian Yellow. *
* M. Godefroy, a French nursery-man, has cultivated it as a
pillar-rose, in a free and open situation, with much
success. Manuring as above, and summer pruning, are
indispensable.
"At Burleigh, the seat of the Marquis of Exeter, the effect of situation on this rose is forcibly shown. A very old plant is growing against the southern wall of the mansion118, in a confined situation, its roots cramped119 by a stone pavement: it is weakly, and never shows a flower-bud. In the entrance-court is another plant, growing in front of a low parapet wall, in a good loamy soil, and free, airy exposure: this is in a state of the greatest luxuriance, and blooms in fine perfection nearly every season.
"Mr. Mackintosh, the gardener, who kindly120 pointed121 out these plants to me, thought the latter a distinct and superior variety, as it was brought from France by a French cook a few years since; but it is certainly nothing but the genuine Old Double Yellow Rose.
"In unfavorable soils, it will often flourish and bloom freely if budded on the Musk122 Rose, the common China Rose, or some free-growing hybrid China Rose; but the following pretty method of culture I beg to suggest: Bud or graft123 it on some short stems of the Rosa Manetti. In the autumn, pot some of the strongest plants; and, late in spring, force them with a gentle heat, giving plenty of air. It will now also be very interesting to plant trees of this variety in orchard-houses: this seems to me to be the exact climate required by it. By this method, the dry and warm climate of Florence and Genoa may, perhaps, be partially124 imitated; for there it blooms in such profusion, that large quantities of its magnificent flowers are daily sold in the markets during the rose-season.
"The following extract relative to this rose is from the quaint125 old book, 'Flora, Ceres, and Pomona, by John Rea, Gent., 1655,' showing that budding and double-budding of roses and trees is no new idea: 'The Double Yellow Rose is the most unapt of all others to bear kindly and fair flowers, unless it be ordered and looked unto in an especial manner. For whereas all other roses are best natural, this is best inoculated126 upon another stock. Others thrive and bear best in the sun, this in the shade. Therefore the best way that I know to cause this rose to bring forth fair and kindly flowers is performed after this manner: First, in the stock of a Francford * Rose, near the ground, put in a bud of the Single Yellow Rose, which will quickly shoot to a good length; then, half a yard higher than the place where the same was budded, put into it a bud of the Double Yellow Rose; which growing, the suckers must be kept from the root, and all the buds rubbed off, except those of the kind desired; which being grown big enough to bear (which will be in the two years), it must in winter be pruned very near, cutting off all the small shoots, and only leaving the biggest, cutting off the tops of them also, as far as they are small; then in the spring, when the buds for leaves come forth, rub off the smallest of them, leaving only some few of the biggest, which by reason of the strength of the stock affording more nourishment127 than any other, and the agreeable nature of the Single Yellow Rose (from whence it is immediately nourished), the shoots will be then strong, and able to bear out the flowers if they be not too many, which may be prevented by nipping off the smallest buds for flowers, leaving only such a number of the fairest as the tree may be able to bring to perfection; which tree should stand something shadowed, and not too much in the heat of the sun, and in a standard by itself, rather than under a wall. These rules being observed, we may expect to enjoy the full delight of these beautiful roses, as I myself have often done by my own practice in divers128 trees so handled, which have yearly borne store of fair flowers, when those that were natural, not withstanding all the helps I could use, have not brought forth one that was kindly, but all of them either broken, or, as it were, blasted.'"
* This is the Frankfort Rose, a variety of Rosa Gallica,
with very double flowers, one of our oldest garden-roses.
Rosa Rubignosa.—This is the Eglantine of the poets, celebrated129 in song by bards130 known and unknown to fame, from Milton down to the rustic131 rhymer offering the trib-. ute of his untutored Muse132 to the charms of some village beauty.
Nothing is easier than its cultivation; but, to our mind, it loses half its attraction when transplanted from its native road-side or thicket133 into the garden. From its perfect hardiness and free growth, it is sometimes used as a stock for budding or grafting134. The fragrance135 of its leaves readily distinguishes it from other species.
Most of the named varieties under this head in the catalogues of nursery-men are hybrids; sometimes, as in the case of the Double-margined Hip, or Madeline, retaining little trace of the Sweet-Brier. Among the best are the Monstrous136 Sweet-Brier, the Carmine137, the Celestial138, the Splendid, the Scarlet, the Rose Angle, the Royal, and the Superb.
Rosa Alpina.—This familiar climbing rose is easily known by its long shoots, nearly or quite free from thorns, and the reddish tinge, shaded into green, which marks the stems of most of the varieties. Its parent is a native of the Alps, and it is perfectly hardy. The flowers grow in clusters. In the Old Red Boursault, they are semidouble, and indifferently formed; but some of the other varieties show great improvements both in shape and color. They are excellent climbing or pillar roses, and require less sun to develop their flowers than most other species. Like other climbing roses, they should be primed but little, though the old stems should be well thinned out.
Amadis, or the Crimson Boursault, is of a deep purplish-crimson, with large semi-double flowers. The Blush Boursault is, in its flowers, larger and more full than most others of the species. They are of a deep flesh-color, passing into a lighter139 shade towards the edge. It can scarcely owe its qualities to the Boursault race alone, but seems to be a hybrid of some of the Chinese roses. When in perfection, it is much the best of the group, but requires a warmer and brighter aspect than the others. It is, however, perfectly hardy. This variety is also called Calypso, De l'Isle, The White Boursault, and Florida. Inermis Elegans and Gracilis are the only other varieties of the group that need be mentioned here.
Rosa Arvensis Hybrida.—The origin of the Ayrshire Rose has been the subject of some discussion among botanists140 and cultivators. It is generally supposed, however, to have sprung from the seed of a wild trailing rose common in Great Britain and in Western Europe, the flowers of which had been impregnated by accident or design with the pollen of some other species. The Ayrshire roses are known in Europe for their astonishing vigor of growth; some species, it is said, growing nearly thirty feet in a year,—an achievement which we never knew them to equal in this country. Their growth, however, is very rapid; and, when once established, their long, slender shoots quickly possess themselves of every object near them. As may be gathered from their name, most of them originated in Scotland. In Europe, these roses are valued as standard weepers, since, when budded on tall stocks, they form huge heads of pendulous foliage and bloom. Doubtless they would succeed as well or better in our Southern and Middle States; but in the North they would probably require, in common with other standard roses, a careful protection against the changes of the seasons.
Bennett's Seedling and the Dundee Rambler have white flowers; those of the last being not fully double. The Countess of Lieven is creamy-white and semidouble. Splendens is white, edged with red; and the Queen of the Belgians is of a cream-color. The Ayrshire Queen is of a dark crimson-purple, and less vigorous in growth than the rest. Ruga is of a pale flesh-color. Like the last, it is a hybrid, probably between the Tea Rose and one of the Ayrshires; for it has much of the fragrance of the former.
"I have a steep bank of a hard white clay," says an English writer, "which, owing to a cutting made in the road, became too steep for cultivation. About sixteen years since, this was planted with Ayrshire and other climbing roses. Holes were made in the hard soil with a pick, two feet over and two feet deep; some manure mixed with the clay, after it had lain exposed to frost to mellow141 it, and climbing roses planted. This bank is, when the roses are in bloom, a mass of beauty: I have never seen any thing in climbing roses to equal it. On another bank, they are gradually mounting to the tops of the trees: none of them have ever been pruned. Ayrshire roses, as articles of decoration in places unfitted for other ornamental142 climbers, are worthy143 of much more attention than they have hitherto received."
The following extract from the "Dundee Courier" of July 11,1837, will give some idea how capable these roses are of making even a wilderness144 a scene of beauty:—
"Some years ago, a sand-pit at Ellangowan was filled up with rubbish found in digging a well. Over this a piece of rock was formed for the growth of plants which prefer such situations, and amongst them were planted some half-dozen plants of the Double Ayrshire Rose, raised in this neighborhood about ten years ago. These roses now most completely cover the whole ground,—a space of thirty feet by twenty. At present they are in full bloom, showing probably not less than ten thousand roses in this small space."
Rosa Sempervirens.—This is a climbing rose of very vigorous growth, a native of the middle and south of Europe. The garden varieties originated from it bloom in clusters of small and usually very double flowers, of which the prevailing tints145 are light, varying from delicate shades of rose and pink to a pure white. They are not absolutely evergreen146, but only partially so, retaining their bright, glossy leaves till spring, provided they are planted in shady and sheltered places, as under trees, or in the angles of walls, but dropping them in open situations. In England they have come into great favor as pillar-roses, and for covering walls, banks, or unsightly objects in the garden or on the pleasure-ground. Budded on tall stems of the Dog Rose, they form pendulous standards of magnificent proportions; rivalling, in this respect, the Ayrshire. Whether such standards would be equally successful in the Northern States, is, to say the least, doubtful.
Most of the varieties of the Evergreen Rose now most in esteem147 were originated in the gardens of Reuilly, near Paris, by M. Jacques, gardener to King Louis Philippe. One or two are crossed with the Musk Rose; whence they acquire a fragrance in which their own race is deficient. Banksl?flora is one of these. It has small double white flowers. Félicite Perpétuée, in spite of its preposterous148 name, is one of the most beautiful of climbing roses; and trained as it sometimes is in European gardens, drooping149 in graceful festoons from pillar to pillar on supporting wires, or mantling150 some unsightly dead trunk with its foliage of shining green and its countless151 clusters of creamy white flowers, it forms one of the most attractive objects imaginable. Thin out its shoots; but do not prune them, since, if they are much shortened, they will yield no flowers whatever. Give it a rich soil, with autumnal top-dressing of manure; a treatment good for the whole group, and, indeed, for all climbing roses. Donna Maria has pure white flowers. Its growth is less vigorous than others, its foliage light green, and it blooms in large clusters. Myrianthes Rénoncule has flowers of a pale peach-color, drooping in large clusters, and in form resembling a double ranunculus. Rosa Plena is of a bright flesh-color, large and double. Princesse Marie is reddish-pink. Fortune's Yellow is a native of China and Japan, and is sometimes included in this class. It is of a bright fawn-color, with a tinge of copper; beautiful under shelter, but will not bear a winter exposure in the Northern States. It is of comparatively recent introduction. Rampante blooms profusely in clusters of pure white. Flora is of a bright rose; Leopoldine d'Orléans, white, tinged with rose; and Spectabilis, rosy-lilac.
While some of this race are perfectly hardy, others will require protection against a Northern winter. The ease of their culture, their rapid growth, and their admirable effect where masses of flowers and verdure are desired, will commend them all to favor in the Middle and Southern States.
"I know of no rose idea," says Mr. Rivers, "prettier than that of a wilderness of evergreen roses, the varieties planted promiscuously152, and suffered to cover the surface of the ground with their entangled shoots. To effect this, the ground should be dug, manured, and thoroughly153 cleaned from perennial154 weeds, such as couch-grass, &c., and the plants planted from three to five feet asunder155. If the soil be rich, the latter distance will do. They must be hoed amongst, and kept clean from weeds after planting, till the branches meet: they will then soon form a beautiful mass of foliage and flowers, covering the soil too densely156 for weeds of minor157 growth to flourish. Those weeds that are more robust158 should be pulled out occasionally; and this is all the culture they will require. For temples, columns, wire-fences, which they soon cover with beauty, and verandas159, their use is now becoming well known. One of the most complete temples of roses is that at the seat of——-Warner, Esq., Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire; and the prettiest specimens160 of festooning these roses from one column to another by means of small iron chains (strong iron wire will do) may be seen at Broxbourn Bury, near Hoddesdon, the seat of———-Bosanquet, Esq.
"... About six or eight years ago, I received, among others, some very stout161 short stocks of the Dog Rose: they were not more than two feet in height, but stouter162 than a large broom-handle, the bark thick and gray with age. They were planted, and grew most luxuriantly. I was for some little time at a loss what varieties to bud them with; for, be it remembered, all stout and old rose-stocks require to be worked with very strong-growing sorts of roses, to take off the abundance of sap, and keep them in a healthy state. At last, in a mere freak of fancy, I had them budded with some varieties of the Evergreen Rose (Rosa Sempervirens). They grew most luxuriantly; and after a year or two, not being trees adapted for sale, they were planted in a sloping bank of strong white clay, and left to grow and bloom as Nature dictated163: not a shoot was ever touched with the pruning-knife.
"One of these trees is on a stem a trifle more than two feet in height, and it has been these two or three summers past a picture of beauty. When in full bloom, the ends of its shoots rest on the ground, and it then forms a perfect dome164 of roses: nothing in rose-culture can really be more beautiful. It will be at once seen with what facility such stout, short, old rose-stocks can be found in any hedge. They may be planted in the kitchen-garden, budded with the above-mentioned sort, and, to give variety in color, with some of the following kinds,—all varieties of Rosa Sempervirens, Myrianthes, Jaunatre, Adelaide d'Orléans, and Spectabilis. Every bud will succeed, as no roses grow more freely; and, after remaining one season from budding in their 'nursery,' some nice places must be found for them on the lawn, where, unpruned, unchecked, they will, with all the freshness of unassisted Nature, annually165 delight the eye of the lover of flowers." *
* This will do for the Southern States. Unhappily, it will
not do in New England.
Rosa Multiflora.—The parent of this family belongs to Japan and China. With few exceptions, we cannot recommend them to Northern cultivators for growth in the open air, as they bear our winters but indifferently, and, in some cases, are killed outright166. Russelliana, or Scarlet Grevillia, blooms in large clusters of a rich, dark lake, changing to various shades of red and lilac, so that the cluster presents a curious diversity of hue. As it is extremely vigorous in growth, it would make an admirable pillar or climbing rose, were it but a little more hardy. It would, no doubt, succeed if the pillar were protected during winter by fastening around it a covering of pine or spruce boughs. These exclude sun, but not air; so that the rose is not exposed to the dangers from dampness which attend a compact mass of straw soaked by rain and snow. As Russelliana bears pruning better than most climbing roses, it may be grown as a bush; in which state it has flourished here for a number of years without protection. De la Grifferaie may also be grown as a bush with perfect success as far North as Boston. It gives a great abundance of blush and rose-colored flowers, forming a high mound167 of bloom. Laura Davoust forms an admirable greenhouse stock for rafter roses. Indeed, it is well worth a place for its own sake. Its small double flowers of bright pink and flesh-color, changing to white, are produced in large and graceful clusters, beautiful from the varieties of shade which they exhibit. Carmin Velouté, Alba, and Coccinea are also good varieties of this family, the value of which is greatly diminished by the imperfect hardiness of many of its members.
The following are roses of doubtful parentage, several of them much esteemed168 abroad; though, for the most part, they have not been sufficiently169 tried here to establish their merit and their hardiness in our Northern climate. All those named below bear an English winter.
Madame d'Arblay, or Wells's White, is of a light flesh-color, and its growth is exceedingly vigorous. The Garland is of a light fawn-color, changing to white, and blooms in large clusters of double flowers, which turn to pink before fading. Sir John Sebright has small semidouble crimson flowers, a color valuable in a climbing rose, because not very common. Menoux is also crimson. Indica Major is of a pale blush. Among others under this head may be mentioned Astrolabe, Bengale Formidable, Queen, and Clair. The last, however, is but a moderate grower for a climbing rose.
"Among climbing roses, but few can be found that will bear seed in England, the Ayrshire roses excepted, from some of which it is probable that some fine and original climbers may be raised. A most desirable object to obtain is a dark crimson Rosa ruga: this may possibly be accomplished170 by planting that favorite rose with the Ayrshire Queen, and fertilizing its flowers very carefully with those of that dark rose. It is remarkable, that although these roses are both hybrids, from species apparently very remote in their affinities171, yet both of them bear seed, even without being fertilized. The Blush Ayrshire, a most abundant seed-bearer, may also be planted with the Ayrshire Queen, the Gloire de Rosomènes, the Double Yellow Brier, Single Crimson Moss, Celina Moss, the China Rose Fabvier, and its flowers fertilized with the pollen of these roses: if any combination can be effected, pleasing results may reasonably be hoped for. To make assurance doubly sure, the anthers of the Ayrshire Rose should be removed from some of the flowers with which the experiment is tried."—Rivers.
Rosa Banksia.—This very beautiful and very singular family more resembles in bloom a double Spiraea prunifolia, dwarf almond, or Chinese plum, than a rose. Its shoots are long, flexible, and graceful, and its foliage of a deep, polished green. In the flowering season, each shoot is like a pendulous garland of white, yellow, or rose-colored blossoms, small in size, and countless in number. It is not hardy here, or even in England; but it is one of the few once-blooming roses that are worth training on a greenhouse rafter. We have found it to succeed in a house without fire, with the protection of straw placed around it in winter. It will then bloom in the spring.
This rose is a native of China, and was named in compliment to Lady Banks. In Italy and the south of France it grows to perfection, climbing with an astonishing vigor, and covering every object within its reach. According to the French writer Deslongchamps, there was in 1842 a Banksia Rose at Toulon, of which the stem was, at its base, two feet and four inches in circumference; while the largest of the six branches measured a foot in girth. Its foliage covered a space of wall seventy-five feet wide, and about eighteen feet high; and it sometimes produced shoots fifteen feet long in a single year. It flowered in April and May; from fifty to sixty thousand of its double white blossoms opening at once, with an effect which the writer describes as magical. This remarkable tree was then about thirty-four years old. Deslongchamps also describes another Banksia Rose at Caserta, in the kingdom of Naples, which climbed to the top of a poplar sixty feet high, killed it with its embraces, and mantled172 its lifeless form with its rich green drapery, and its flowery garlands and festoons of white.
Banksian roses must not be shortened much; for, if they are, they will not bloom. The branches may be thinned out, however, to any degree necessary. The strong, thick shoots of overgrown proportions, and often but half ripened173, which they sometimes make towards the end of summer, should be cut out, as they draw too much life from the blooming part of the plant. The same rule will also apply to many other species. These gross and immature174 shoots occur in many roses, both in the open ground and under glass; and, as they rarely produce good flowers, they should not be suffered to rob the rest of the plant of its nourishment.
The Double White Banksia is the best known, and one of the most beautiful. Jaunatre Pleine is of a primrose175 yellow. Jaune Serin is of a bright yellow. Fortune's Banksia has double white flowers, much larger than usual with the species, and is greatly admired. The Yellow Banksia is of a bright yellow, small, and very double. Rosea is of a bright rose, double.
The Banksia is frequently used in greenhouses and conservatories176 as a stock for other climbing roses; and, in many cases, answers well.
Rosa Rubifolia.—This native rose has been much improved by Mr. Feast and others, and now has many varieties, some of which are evidently hybrids. The single variety is in itself very attractive; blooming in clusters, which last a long time, and exhibit a pleasing diversity of shade, since the flowers grow paler as they grow old. For our own part, we prefer the parent to most of its more pretending offspring.
All of this family are held in great scorn by transatlantic cultivators. Perhaps the climate of England is unfavorable to them; perhaps national prejudice may color the judgment177; or perhaps the fact that a less rigorous climate permits the successful cultivation of many fine climbing roses which cannot well be grown here may explain the slight esteem with which these coarse children of the prairies are regarded. Coarse, without doubt, they are, except those into which another element has been infused by hybridization, accidental or otherwise: and yet our climate forbids us to dispense178 with them.
The Queen of the Prairies is among those best known and most desirable. Individually, its flowers are as void of beauty as a rose can be. Sometimes they are precisely179 like a small cabbage,—not the rose so called, but the vegetable,—and they are as deficient in fragrance as in elegance180. Yet we regard this rose as a most valuable possession. It will cover a wall, a pillar, a bank, or a dead trunk, with a profusion of bloom, gorgeous as a feature of the garden landscape, though unworthy to be gathered or critically examined. It is perfectly hardy, and of the easiest culture. Those who can make no other rose grow rarely fail with this. The Baltimore Belle181 is a notable exception to every thing we have said in disparagement182 of the Prairie roses. It is evidently a hybrid of some tender, ever-blooming variety, apparently one of the Noisettes; and derives183, from its paternal184 parent, qualities of delicacy and beauty which are not conspicuous185 in the maternal186 stock. At the same time, it has lost some of the robust and hardy character of the unmixed Prairie. In a severe New-England winter, its younger shoots are often killed back. It shows a tendency to bloom in the autumn; and a trifle more of the Noisette blood infused into it would, no doubt, make it a true autumnal rose. Some florists187 use it for spring forcing in the greenhouse; for which the delicacy of its clustering white flowers, shaded with a soft, flesh-color, well fits it. When the worthy Rivers, patriarch of English rose-growers, pronounced sentence, ex cathedra, against the whole race of Prairies,—"I will dismiss them with the remark, that none of them are worth cultivating,"—he included in his decree of excommunication one of the prettiest climbing roses in existence.
Anna Maria has very double flowers of pink and rose. Linn?an Hill Beauty bears white and pale blush flowers. Miss Gunnell is pale pink, with a tinge of buff. It is one of the best, though not equal to the Baltimore Belle. Mrs. Hovey has large white flowers; President, deep pink; Triumphant188, deep rose; Superba, light pink. Among other sorts are the King of the Prairie, Eva Corinne, Jane, and Seraphim189, all excellent for general effect, but not to be classed with the roses suitable for the bouquet190 or the drawing-room.
The Prairie roses might, no doubt, be greatly improved by hybridizing. Thus, by fertilization with the pollen of the Musk Rose, we should probably obtain an offspring with some of the delicacy and fragrance of that species. Again: by applying the pollen of some vigorous, hardy rose of deep and vivid color, we should improve the color of the Prairie without impairing191 its hardiness. Hybrid China Paul Ricaut would probably answer well for this experiment. The Baltimore Belle bears seed occasionally; but is so uncertain and capricious in this respect, that it will require no little perseverance in the hybridist.
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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hardiness
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| n.耐劳性，强壮；勇气，胆子 | |
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perpetuating
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| perpetuate的现在进行式 | |
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effulgence
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| n.光辉 | |
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utterance
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| n.用言语表达，话语，言语 | |
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hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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progeny
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| n.后代，子孙；结果 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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moss
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| n.苔，藓，地衣 | |
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prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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pruning
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| n.修枝，剪枝，修剪v.修剪（树木等）( prune的现在分词 )；精简某事物，除去某事物多余的部分 | |
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crested
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| adj.有顶饰的，有纹章的，有冠毛的v.到达山顶（或浪峰）( crest的过去式和过去分词 )；到达洪峰，达到顶点 | |
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peculiarity
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| n.独特性，特色；特殊的东西；怪癖 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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manure
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| n.粪，肥，肥粒；vt.施肥 | |
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prune
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| n.酶干；vt.修剪，砍掉，削减；vi.删除 | |
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pruned
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| v.修剪（树木等）( prune的过去式和过去分词 )；精简某事物，除去某事物多余的部分 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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dwarf
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| n.矮子，侏儒，矮小的动植物；vt.使…矮小 | |
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mosses
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| n. 藓类, 苔藓植物 名词moss的复数形式 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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loam
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| n.沃土 | |
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boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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hybrid
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| n.(动，植）杂种，混合物 | |
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pollen
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| n.[植]花粉 | |
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Fertilized
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| v.施肥( fertilize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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remarkably
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| ad.不同寻常地，相当地 | |
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humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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tranquil
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| adj. 安静的, 宁静的, 稳定的, 不变的 | |
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35
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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36
eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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37
rosy
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| adj.美好的，乐观的，玫瑰色的 | |
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38
hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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39
foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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40
crimson
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| n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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41
verging
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| 接近，逼近（verge的现在分词形式） | |
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42
thrift
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| adj.节约，节俭；n.节俭，节约 | |
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43
belies
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| v.掩饰( belie的第三人称单数 )；证明（或显示）…为虚假；辜负；就…扯谎 | |
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44
glossy
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| adj.平滑的；有光泽的 | |
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45
exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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46
prolific
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| adj.丰富的，大量的；多产的，富有创造力的 | |
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47
velvety
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| adj. 像天鹅绒的, 轻软光滑的, 柔软的 | |
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48
dwarfed
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| vt.（使）显得矮小（dwarf的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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49
seedling
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| n.秧苗，树苗 | |
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50
seedlings
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| n.刚出芽的幼苗( seedling的名词复数 ) | |
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51
procurable
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| adj.可得到的，得手的 | |
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52
pegging
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| n.外汇钉住，固定证券价格v.用夹子或钉子固定( peg的现在分词 )；使固定在某水平 | |
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53
dressing
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| n.(食物)调料；包扎伤口的用品，敷料 | |
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54
perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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55
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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56
erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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57
petals
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| n.花瓣( petal的名词复数 ) | |
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58
entangled
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| adj.卷入的；陷入的；被缠住的；缠在一起的v.使某人（某物/自己）缠绕，纠缠于（某物中），使某人（自己）陷入（困难或复杂的环境中）( entangle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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59
fertilizing
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| v.施肥( fertilize的现在分词 ) | |
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60
hip
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| n.臀部，髋；屋脊 | |
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61
ripen
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| vt.使成熟；vi.成熟 | |
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62
hips
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| abbr.high impact polystyrene 高冲击强度聚苯乙烯，耐冲性聚苯乙烯n.臀部( hip的名词复数 )；[建筑学]屋脊；臀围（尺寸）；臀部…的 | |
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63
lavished
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| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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64
mosque
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| n.清真寺 | |
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65
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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66
distilled
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| adj.由蒸馏得来的v.蒸馏( distil的过去式和过去分词 )；从…提取精华 | |
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67
renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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68
spines
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| n.脊柱( spine的名词复数 )；脊椎；（动植物的）刺；书脊 | |
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69
florist
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| n.花商；种花者 | |
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70
waxy
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| adj.苍白的；光滑的 | |
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71
tint
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| n.淡色，浅色；染发剂；vt.着以淡淡的颜色 | |
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72
tinged
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| v.（使）发丁丁声( ting的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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73
tinge
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| vt.(较淡)着色于，染色；使带有…气息；n.淡淡色彩，些微的气息 | |
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74
delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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75
circumference
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| n.圆周，周长，圆周线 | |
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76
chaste
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| adj.贞洁的；有道德的；善良的；简朴的 | |
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77
hues
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| 色彩( hue的名词复数 )； 色调； 信仰； 观点 | |
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78
progenitor
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| n.祖先，先驱 | |
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79
bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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80
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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81
supplanted
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| 把…排挤掉，取代( supplant的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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82
spotted
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| adj.有斑点的，斑纹的，弄污了的 | |
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83
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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84
scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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85
carnation
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| n.康乃馨（一种花） | |
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86
incipient
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| adj.起初的，发端的，初期的 | |
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87
plentifully
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| adv. 许多地，丰饶地 | |
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88
judicious
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| adj.明智的，明断的，能作出明智决定的 | |
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89
eligible
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| adj.有条件被选中的；(尤指婚姻等)合适(意)的 | |
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90
deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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91
procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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92
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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93
hybrids
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|
| n.杂交生成的生物体( hybrid的名词复数 )；杂交植物（或动物）；杂种；（不同事物的）混合物 | |
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94
distinctive
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| adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的 | |
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95
profuse
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| adj.很多的，大量的，极其丰富的 | |
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96
overlapping
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|
| adj./n.交迭（的） | |
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97
regularity
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|
| n.规律性，规则性；匀称，整齐 | |
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98
profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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99
pendulous
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| adj.下垂的；摆动的 | |
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100
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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101
scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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102
vegetate
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| v.无所事事地过活 | |
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103
nominally
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| 在名义上，表面地； 应名儿 | |
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104
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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105
clumps
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| n.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的名词复数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声v.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的第三人称单数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声 | |
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106
flora
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| n.(某一地区的)植物群 | |
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107
dwarfs
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|
| n.侏儒，矮子（dwarf的复数形式）vt.（使）显得矮小（dwarf的第三人称单数形式） | |
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108
appendages
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| n.附属物( appendage的名词复数 )；依附的人；附属器官；附属肢体（如臂、腿、尾等） | |
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109
profusely
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| ad.abundantly | |
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110
spiny
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| adj.多刺的，刺状的；n.多刺的东西 | |
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111
copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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112
lateral
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| adj.侧面的，旁边的 | |
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113
defective
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| adj.有毛病的，有问题的，有瑕疵的 | |
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114
abortive
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| adj.不成功的，发育不全的 | |
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115
spherical
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| adj.球形的；球面的 | |
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116
lamented
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| adj.被哀悼的，令人遗憾的v.（为…）哀悼，痛哭，悲伤( lament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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117
quackery
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| n.庸医的医术，骗子的行为 | |
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118
mansion
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| n.大厦，大楼；宅第 | |
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119
cramped
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| a.狭窄的 | |
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120
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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121
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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122
musk
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| n.麝香, 能发出麝香的各种各样的植物，香猫 | |
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123
graft
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| n.移植，嫁接，艰苦工作，贪污；v.移植，嫁接 | |
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124
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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125
quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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126
inoculated
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| v.给…做预防注射( inoculate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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127
nourishment
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| n.食物，营养品；营养情况 | |
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128
divers
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| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
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129
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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130
bards
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| n.诗人( bard的名词复数 ) | |
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131
rustic
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| adj.乡村的，有乡村特色的；n.乡下人，乡巴佬 | |
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132
muse
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| n.缪斯（希腊神话中的女神），创作灵感 | |
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133
thicket
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| n.灌木丛，树林 | |
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134
grafting
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| 嫁接法，移植法 | |
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135
fragrance
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| n.芬芳，香味，香气 | |
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136
monstrous
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| adj.巨大的；恐怖的；可耻的，丢脸的 | |
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137
carmine
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| n.深红色，洋红色 | |
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138
celestial
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| adj.天体的；天上的 | |
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139
lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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140
botanists
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| n.植物学家，研究植物的人( botanist的名词复数 ) | |
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141
mellow
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| adj.柔和的；熟透的；v.变柔和；(使)成熟 | |
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142
ornamental
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| adj.装饰的；作装饰用的；n.装饰品；观赏植物 | |
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143
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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144
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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145
tints
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| 色彩( tint的名词复数 )； 带白的颜色； （淡色）染发剂； 痕迹 | |
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146
evergreen
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| n.常青树；adj.四季常青的 | |
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147
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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148
preposterous
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| adj.荒谬的，可笑的 | |
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149
drooping
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| adj. 下垂的，无力的 动词droop的现在分词 | |
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150
mantling
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| 覆巾 | |
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151
countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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152
promiscuously
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| adv.杂乱地，混杂地 | |
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153
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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154
perennial
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| adj.终年的；长久的 | |
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155
asunder
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| adj.分离的，化为碎片 | |
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156
densely
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| ad.密集地；浓厚地 | |
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157
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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158
robust
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| adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的 | |
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159
verandas
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| 阳台，走廊( veranda的名词复数 ) | |
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160
specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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162
stouter
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| 粗壮的( stout的比较级 )； 结实的； 坚固的； 坚定的 | |
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163
dictated
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| v.大声讲或读( dictate的过去式和过去分词 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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164
dome
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| n.圆屋顶，拱顶 | |
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165
annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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166
outright
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| adv.坦率地；彻底地；立即；adj.无疑的；彻底的 | |
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167
mound
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| n.土墩，堤，小山；v.筑堤，用土堆防卫 | |
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168
esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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169
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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170
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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171
affinities
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| n.密切关系( affinity的名词复数 )；亲近；（生性）喜爱；类同 | |
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172
mantled
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| 披着斗篷的，覆盖着的 | |
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173
ripened
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| v.成熟，使熟( ripen的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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174
immature
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| adj.未成熟的，发育未全的，未充分发展的 | |
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175
primrose
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| n.樱草，最佳部分， | |
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176
conservatories
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| n.（培植植物的）温室，暖房( conservatory的名词复数 ) | |
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177
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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178
dispense
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| vt.分配，分发；配(药)，发(药)；实施 | |
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179
precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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180
elegance
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| n.优雅；优美，雅致；精致，巧妙 | |
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181
belle
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| n.靓女 | |
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182
disparagement
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| n.轻视，轻蔑 | |
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183
derives
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| v.得到( derive的第三人称单数 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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184
paternal
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| adj.父亲的，像父亲的，父系的，父方的 | |
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185
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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186
maternal
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| adj.母亲的，母亲般的，母系的，母方的 | |
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187
florists
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| n.花商，花农，花卉研究者( florist的名词复数 ) | |
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188
triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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189
seraphim
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| n.六翼天使(seraph的复数)；六翼天使( seraph的名词复数 ) | |
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190
bouquet
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| n.花束，酒香 | |
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191
impairing
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| v.损害，削弱( impair的现在分词 ) | |
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