The work of ravage2 had begun afresh upon the borders. The Indians had taken the precaution to remove all their settlements to the western side of the River Muskingum, trusting that the impervious3 forests, with their unnumbered streams, would prove a sufficient barrier against invasion. Having thus, as they thought, placed their women and children in safety, they had flung themselves upon the settlements with all the rage and ferocity of the previous season. So fierce and active were the war-parties on the borders, that the English governor of Pennsylvania had recourse to a measure which the frontier inhabitants had long demanded, and issued a proclamation, offering a high bounty5 for Indian scalps, whether of men or women; a barbarous expedient6, fruitful of butcheries and murders, but incapable7 of producing any decisive result.[422]
419
A Map of the Country on the Ohio & Muskingum Rivers Shewing the Situation of the Indian Towns with respect to the Army under the Command of Colonel Bouquet By Tho.s Hutchins Afs. Engineer.
Larger.
Early in the season, a soldier named David Owens, who, several years before, had deserted9 and joined the Indians, came to one of the outposts, accompanied by a young provincial10 recently taken prisoner on the Delaware, and bringing five scalps. While living among the Indians, Owens had formed a connection with one of their women, who had borne him several children. Growing tired, at length, of the forest life, he had become anxious to return to the settlements, but feared to do so without first having made some atonement for his former desertion. One night, he had been encamped on the Susquehanna, with four Shawanoe warriors12, a boy of the same tribe, his own wife and two children, and another Indian woman. The young provincial, who came with him to the settlements, was also of the party. In the middle of the night, Owens arose, and looking about him saw, by the dull glow of the camp-fire, that all were buried in deep sleep. Cautiously awakening13 the young provincial, he told him to leave the place, and lie quiet at a little distance, until he should call him. He next stealthily removed the weapons from beside the sleeping savages15, and concealed16 them in the woods, reserving to himself two loaded rifles. Returning to the camp, he knelt on the ground between two of the yet unconscious warriors, and, pointing a rifle at the head of each, touched the triggers, and shot both dead at once. Startled by the reports, the survivors17 sprang to their feet in bewildered terror. The two remaining warriors bounded into the woods; but the women and children, benumbed with fright, had no power to escape, and one and all died shrieking18 under the hatchet19 of the miscreant20. His devilish work complete, the wretch21 sat watching until daylight among the dead bodies of his children and comrades, undaunted by the awful422 gloom and solitude22 of the darkened forest. In the morning, he scalped his victims, with the exception of the two children, and, followed by the young white man, directed his steps towards the settlements, with the bloody23 trophies24 of his atrocity25. His desertion was pardoned; he was employed as an interpreter, and ordered to accompany the troops on the intended expedition. His example is one of many in which the worst acts of Indian ferocity have been thrown into shade by the enormities of white barbarians26.[423]
Bouquet was now urging on his preparations for his march into the valley of the Ohio. We have seen how, in the preceding summer, he had been embarrassed by what he calls “the unnatural28 obstinacy29 of the government of Pennsylvania.” “It disables us,” he had written to the equally indignant Amherst, “from crushing the savages on this side of the lakes, and may draw us into a lingering war, which might have been terminated by another blow.... I see that the whole burden of this war will rest upon us; and while the few regular troops you have left can keep the enemy at a distance, the Provinces will let them fight it out without interfering30.”[424]
Amherst, after vainly hoping that the Assembly of Pennsylvania would “exert themselves like men,”[425] had, equally in423 vain, sent Colonel James Robertson as a special messenger to the provincial commissioners31. “I found all my pleading vain,” the disappointed envoy32 had written, “and believe Cicero’s would have been so. I never saw any men so determined33 in the right as these people are in this absurdly wrong resolve.”[426] The resolve in question related to the seven hundred men whom the Assembly had voted to raise for protecting the gathering34 of the harvest, and whom the commissioners stiffly refused to place at the disposition35 of the military authorities.
It is apparent in all this that, at an early period of the war, a change had come over the spirit of the commander-in-chief, whose prejudices and pride had revolted, at the outset, against the asking of provincial aid to “chastise36 the savages,” but who had soon been brought to reason by his own helplessness and the exigencies37 of the situation. In like manner, a change, though at the eleventh hour, had now come over the spirit of the Pennsylvania Assembly. The invasion of the Paxton borderers, during the past winter, had scared the Quaker faction39 into their senses. Their old quarrel with the governor and the proprietaries40, their scruples41 about war, and their affection for Indians, were all postponed42 to the necessity of the hour. The Assembly voted to raise three hundred men to guard the frontiers, and a thousand to join Bouquet. Their commissioners went farther; for they promised to send to England for fifty couples of bloodhounds, to hunt Indian scalping-parties.[427]
In the preceding summer, half as many men would have sufficed; for, after the battle of Bushy Run, Bouquet wrote to Amherst from Fort Pitt, that, with a reinforcement of three hundred provincial rangers43, he could destroy all the Delaware424 towns, “and clear the country of that vermin between this fort and Lake Erie;”[428] but he added, with some bitterness, that the provinces would not even furnish escorts to convoys44, so that his hands were completely tied.[429]
It was past midsummer before the thousand Pennsylvanians were ready to move; so that the season for navigating45 the Ohio and its branches was lost. As for Virginia and Maryland, they would do absolutely nothing. On the fifth of August, Bouquet was at Carlisle, with his new levies46 and such regulars as he had, chiefly the veterans of Bushy Run. Before the tenth, two hundred of the Pennsylvanians had deserted, sheltered, as usual, by the country people. His force, even with full ranks, was too small; and he now took the responsibility of writing to Colonel Lewis, of the Virginia militia47, to send him two hundred volunteers, to take the place of the deserters.[430] A body of Virginians accordingly joined him at Fort Pitt, to his great satisfaction, for he set a high value on these backwoods riflemen; but the responsibility he had assumed proved afterwards a source of extreme annoyance48 to him.
The little army soon reached Fort Loudon, then in a decayed and ruinous condition, like all the wooden forts built during the French war. Here Bouquet received the strange communication from Bradstreet, informing him that he might return home with his troops, as a treaty had been concluded with the Delawares and Shawanoes. Bouquet’s disgust found vent38 in a letter to the commander-in-chief: “I received this moment advice from Colonel Bradstreet.... The terms he gives them (the Indians) are such as fill me with astonishment50.... Had Colonel Bradstreet been as well informed as425 I am of the horrid51 perfidies52 of the Delawares and Shawanese, whose parties as late as the 22d instant killed six men ... he never could have compromised the honor of the nation by such disgraceful conditions, and that at a time when two armies, after long struggles, are in full motion to penetrate53 into the heart of the enemy’s country. Permit me likewise humbly54 to represent to your Excellency that I have not deserved the affront55 laid upon me by this treaty of peace, concluded by a younger officer, in the department where you have done me the honor to appoint me to command, without referring the deputies of the savages to me at Fort Pitt, but telling them that he shall send and prevent my proceeding56 against them. I can therefore take no notice of his peace, but (shall) proceed forthwith to the Ohio, where I shall wait till I receive your orders.”[431]
After waiting for more than a week for his wrath58 to cool, he wrote to Bradstreet in terms which, though restrained and temperate59, plainly showed his indignation.[432] He had now reached Fort Bedford, where more Pennsylvanians ran off, with their arms and horses, and where he vainly waited the arrival of a large reinforcement of friendly Indians, who had been promised by Sir William Johnson, but who never arrived. On reaching Fort Ligonier, he had the satisfaction of forwarding two letters, which the commander-in-chief had significantly sent through his hands, to Bradstreet, containing a peremptory60 disavowal of the treaty.[433] Continuing to advance, he passed in safety the scene of his desperate fight of426 the last summer, and on the seventeenth of September arrived at Fort Pitt, with no other loss than that of a few men picked off from the flanks and rear by lurking61 Indian marksmen.[434]
The day before his arrival, ten Delaware chiefs and warriors appeared on the farther bank of the river, pretending to be deputies sent by their nation to confer with the English commander. Three of them, after much hesitation62, came over to the fort, where, being closely questioned, and found unable to give any good account of their mission, they were detained as spies; while their companions, greatly disconcerted, fled back to their villages. Bouquet, on his arrival, released one of the three captives, and sent him home with the following message to his people:—
“I have received an account, from Colonel Bradstreet, that your nations had begged for peace, which he had consented to grant, upon assurance that you had recalled all your warriors from our frontiers; and, in consequence of this, I would not have proceeded against your towns, if I had not heard that, in open violation63 of your engagements, you have since murdered several of our people.
“I was therefore determined to have attacked you, as a427 people whose promises can no more be relied on. But I will put it once more in your power to save yourselves and your families from total destruction, by giving us satisfaction for the hostilities65 committed against us. And, first, you are to leave the path open for my expresses from hence to Detroit; and as I am now to send two men with despatches to Colonel Bradstreet, who commands on the lakes, I desire to know whether you will send two of your people to bring them safe back with an answer. And if they receive any injury either in going or coming, or if the letters are taken from them, I will immediately put the Indians now in my power to death, and will show no mercy, for the future, to any of your nations that shall fall into my hands. I allow you ten days to have my letters delivered at Detroit, and ten days to bring me back an answer.”[435]
The liberated66 spy faithfully discharged his mission; and the firm, decisive tone of the message had a profound effect upon the hostile warriors; clearly indicating, as it did, with what manner of man they had to deal. Many, who were before clamorous68 for battle, were now ready to sue for peace, as the only means to avert69 their ruin.
Before the army was ready to march, two Iroquois warriors came to the fort, pretending friendship, but anxious, in reality, to retard70 the expedition until the approaching winter should make it impossible to proceed. They represented the numbers of the enemy, and the extreme difficulty of penetrating71 so rough a country; and affirmed that, if the troops remained quiet, the hostile tribes, who were already collecting their prisoners, would soon arrive to make their submission72. Bouquet turned a deaf ear to their advice, and sent them to inform the Delawares and Shawanoes that he was on his way to chastise them for their perfidy73 and cruelty, unless they should save themselves by an ample and speedy atonement.
Early in October, the troops left Fort Pitt, and began their westward75 march into a wilderness76 which no army had ever before sought to penetrate. Encumbered77 with their camp equipage, with droves of cattle and sheep for subsistence, and a long train of pack-horses laden78 with provisions, their progress428 was tedious and difficult, and seven or eight miles were the ordinary measure of a day’s march. The woodsmen of Virginia, veteran hunters and Indian-fighters, were thrown far out in front and on either flank, scouring79 the forest to detect any sign of a lurking ambuscade. The pioneers toiled80 in the van, hewing8 their way through woods and thickets81; while the army dragged its weary length behind them through the forest, like a serpent creeping through tall grass. The surrounding country, whenever a casual opening in the matted foliage82 gave a glimpse of its features, disclosed scenery of wild, primeval beauty. Sometimes the army defiled83 along the margin84 of the Ohio, by its broad eddying85 current and the bright landscape of its shores. Sometimes they descended86 into the thickest gloom of the woods, damp, still, and cool as the recesses88 of a cavern89, where the black soil oozed90 beneath the tread, where the rough columns of the forest seemed to exude91 a clammy sweat, and the slimy mosses92 were trickling93 with moisture; while the carcasses of prostrate94 trees, green with the decay of a century, sank into pulp95 at the lightest pressure of the foot. More frequently, the forest was of a fresher growth; and the restless leaves of young maples96 and basswood shook down spots of sunlight on the marching columns. Sometimes they waded97 the clear current of a stream, with its vistas98 of arching foliage and sparkling water. There were intervals99, but these were rare, when, escaping for a moment from the labyrinth100 of woods, they emerged into the light of an open meadow, rich with herbage, and girdled by a zone of forest; gladdened by the notes of birds, and enlivened, it may be, by grazing herds101 of deer. These spots, welcome to the forest traveller as an oasis102 to a wanderer in the desert, form the precursors103 of the prairies; which, growing wider and more frequent as one advances westward, expand at last into the boundless104 plains beyond the Mississippi.
On the tenth day after leaving Fort Pitt, the army reached the River Muskingum, and approached the objects of their march, the haunts of the barbarian27 warriors, who had turned whole districts into desolation. Their progress had met no interruption. A few skulking105 Indians had hovered106 about them, but, alarmed by their numbers, feared to venture an attack. The Indian cabins which they passed on their way were deserted429 by their tenants107, who had joined their western brethren. When the troops crossed the Muskingum, they saw, a little below the fording-place, the abandoned wigwams of the village of Tuscaroras, recently the abode108 of more than a hundred families, who had fled in terror at the approach of the invaders109.
Bouquet was in the heart of the enemy’s country. Their villages, except some remoter settlements of the Shawanoes, all lay within a few days’ march; and no other choice was left them than to sue for peace, or risk the desperate chances of battle against a commander who, a year before, with a third of his present force, had routed them at the fight of Bushy Run. The vigorous and active among them might, it is true, escape by flight; but, in doing so, they must abandon to the victors their dwellings111, and their secret hordes112 of corn. They were confounded at the multitude of the invaders, exaggerated, doubtless, in the reports which reached their villages, and amazed that an army should force its way so deep into the forest fastnesses, which they had thought impregnable. They knew, on the other hand, that Colonel Bradstreet was still at Sandusky, in a position to assail114 them in the rear. Thus pressed on both sides, they saw that they must submit, and bend their stubborn pride to beg for peace; not alone with words, which cost nothing, and would have been worth nothing, but by the delivery of prisoners, and the surrender of chiefs and warriors as pledges of good faith. Bouquet had sent two soldiers from Fort Pitt with letters to Colonel Bradstreet; but these men had been detained, under specious115 pretexts116, by the Delawares. They now appeared at his camp, sent back by their captors, with a message to the effect that, within a few days, the chiefs would arrive and hold a conference with him.
Bouquet continued his march down the valley of the Muskingum, until he reached a spot where the broad meadows, which bordered the river, would supply abundant grazing for the cattle and horses; while the terraces above, shaded by forest-trees, offered a convenient site for an encampment. Here he began to erect117 a small palisade work, as a depot118 for stores and baggage. Before the task was complete, a deputation of chiefs arrived, bringing word that their warriors were430 encamped, in great numbers, about eight miles from the spot, and desiring Bouquet to appoint the time and place for a council. He ordered them to meet him, on the next day, at a point near the margin of the river, a little below the camp; and thither119 a party of men was at once despatched, to erect a sort of rustic120 arbor121 of saplings and the boughs122 of trees, large enough to shelter the English officers and the Indian chiefs. With a host of warriors in the neighborhood, who would gladly break in upon them, could they hope that the attack would succeed, it behooved123 the English to use every precaution. A double guard was placed, and a stringent124 discipline enforced.
In the morning, the little army moved in battle order to the place of council. Here the principal officers assumed their seats under the canopy125 of branches, while the glittering array of the troops was drawn126 out on the meadow in front, in such a manner as to produce the most imposing127 effect on the minds of the Indians, in whose eyes the sight of fifteen hundred men under arms was a spectacle equally new and astounding128. The perfect order and silence of the far-extended lines; the ridges129 of bayonets flashing in the sun; the fluttering tartans of the Highland130 regulars; the bright red uniform of the Royal Americans; the darker garb131 and duller trappings of the Pennsylvania troops, and the bands of Virginia backwoodsmen, who, in fringed hunting-frocks and Indian moccasons, stood leaning carelessly on their rifles,—all these combined to form a scene of military pomp and power not soon to be forgotten.
At the appointed hour, the deputation appeared. The most prominent among them were Kiashuta, chief of the band of Senecas who had deserted their ancient homes to form a colony on the Ohio; Custaloga, chief of the Delawares; and the head chief of the Shawanoes, whose name sets orthography132 at defiance133. As they approached, painted and plumed134 in all their savage14 pomp, they looked neither to the right hand nor to the left, not deigning135, under the eyes of their enemy, to cast even a glance at the military display around them. They seated themselves, with stern, impassive looks, and an air of sullen136 dignity; while their sombre brows betrayed the hatred137 still rankling138 in their hearts. After a few minutes had been431 consumed in the indispensable ceremony of smoking, Turtle Heart, a chief of the Delawares, and orator139 of the deputation, rose, bearing in his hand a bag containing the belts of wampum. Addressing himself to the English commander, he spoke140 as follows, delivering a belt for every clause of his speech:—
“Brother, I speak in behalf of the three nations whose chiefs are here present. With this belt I open your ears and your hearts, that you may listen to my words.
“Brother, this war was neither your fault nor ours. It was the work of the nations who live to the westward, and of our wild young men, who would have killed us if we had resisted them. We now put away all evil from our hearts; and we hope that your mind and ours will once more be united together.
“Brother, it is the will of the Great Spirit that there should be peace between us. We, on our side, now take fast hold of the chain of friendship; but, as we cannot hold it alone, we desire that you will take hold also, and we must look up to the Great Spirit, that he may make us strong, and not permit this chain to fall from our hands.
“Brother, these words come from our hearts, and not from our lips. You desire that we should deliver up your flesh and blood now captive among us; and, to show you that we are sincere, we now return you as many of them as we have at present been able to bring. [Here he delivered eighteen white prisoners, who had been brought by the deputation to the council.] You shall receive the rest as soon as we have time to collect them.”[436]
In such figurative terms, not devoid141 of dignity, did the Indian orator sue for peace to his detested142 enemies. When he had concluded, the chiefs of every tribe rose in succession, to express concurrence143 in what he had said, each delivering a432 belt of wampum and a bundle of small sticks; the latter designed to indicate the number of English prisoners whom his followers144 retained, and whom he pledged himself to surrender. In an Indian council, when one of the speakers has advanced a matter of weight and urgency, the other party defers145 his reply to the following day, that due time may be allowed for deliberation. Accordingly, in the present instance, the council adjourned146 to the next morning, each party retiring to its respective camp. But, when day dawned, the weather had changed. The valley of the Muskingum was filled with driving mist and rain, and the meeting was in consequence postponed. On the third day, the landscape brightened afresh, the troops marched once more to the place of council, and the Indian chiefs convened147 to hear the reply of their triumphant148 foe149. It was not of a kind to please them. The opening words gave an earnest of what was to come; for Bouquet discarded the usual address of an Indian harangue150: fathers, brothers, or children,—terms which imply a relation of friendship, or a desire to conciliate,—and adopted a sterner and more distant form.
“Sachems, war-chiefs, and warriors,[437] the excuses you have offered are frivolous151 and unavailing, and your conduct is without defence or apology. You could not have acted as you pretend to have done through fear of the western nations; for, had you stood faithful to us, you knew that we would have protected you against their anger; and as for your young men, it was your duty to punish them, if they did amiss. You have drawn down our just resentment152 by your violence and perfidy. Last summer, in cold blood, and in a time of profound peace, you robbed and murdered the traders, who had come among you at your own express desire. You attacked Fort Pitt, which was built by your consent; and you destroyed433 our outposts and garrisons153, whenever treachery could place them in your power. You assailed154 our troops—the same who now stand before you—in the woods at Bushy Run; and, when we had routed and driven you off, you sent your scalping-parties to the frontier, and murdered many hundreds of our people. Last July, when the other nations came to ask for peace, at Niagara, you not only refused to attend, but sent an insolent155 message instead, in which you expressed a pretended contempt for the English; and, at the same time, told the surrounding nations that you would never lay down the hatchet. Afterwards, when Colonel Bradstreet came up Lake Erie, you sent a deputation of your chiefs, and concluded a treaty with him; but your engagements were no sooner made than broken; and, from that day to this, you have scalped and butchered us without ceasing. Nay156, I am informed that, when you heard that this army was penetrating the woods, you mustered158 your warriors to attack us, and were only deterred159 from doing so when you found how greatly we outnumbered you. This is not the only instance of your bad faith; for, since the beginning of the last war, you have made repeated treaties with us, and promised to give up your prisoners; but you have never kept these engagements, nor any others. We shall endure this no longer; and I am now come among you to force you to make atonement for the injuries you have done us. I have brought with me the relatives of those you have murdered. They are eager for vengeance160, and nothing restrains them from taking it but my assurance that this army shall not leave your country until you have given them an ample satisfaction.
“Your allies, the Ottawas, Ojibwas, and Wyandots, have begged for peace; the Six Nations have leagued themselves with us; the great lakes and rivers around you are all in our possession, and your friends the French are in subjection to us, and can do no more to aid you. You are all in our power, and, if we choose, we can exterminate161 you from the earth; but the English are a merciful and generous people, averse162 to shed the blood even of their greatest enemies; and if it were possible that you could convince us that you sincerely repent163 of your past perfidy, and that we could depend on your good behavior for the future, you might yet hope for mercy and434 peace. If I find that you faithfully execute the conditions which I shall prescribe, I will not treat you with the severity you deserve.
“I give you twelve days from this date to deliver into my hands all the prisoners in your possession, without exception: Englishmen, Frenchmen, women, and children; whether adopted into your tribes, married, or living among you under any denomination164 or pretence165 whatsoever166. And you are to furnish these prisoners with clothing, provisions, and horses, to carry them to Fort Pitt. When you have fully67 complied with these conditions, you shall then know on what terms you may obtain the peace you sue for.”
This speech, with the stern voice and countenance167 of the speaker, told with chilling effect upon the awe-stricken hearers. It quelled168 their native haughtiness169, and sunk them to the depths of humiliation170. Their speeches in reply were dull and insipid171, void of that savage eloquence172, which, springing from a wild spirit of independence, has so often distinguished174 the forest orators175. Judging the temper of their enemies by their own insatiable thirst for vengeance, they hastened, with all the alacrity176 of terror, to fulfil the prescribed conditions, and avert the threatened ruin. They dispersed177 to their different villages, to collect and bring in the prisoners; while Bouquet, on his part, knowing that his best security for their good faith was to keep up the alarm which his decisive measures had created, determined to march yet nearer to their settlements. Still following the course of the Muskingum, he descended to a spot near its confluence178 with its main branch, which might be regarded as a central point with respect to the surrounding Indian villages. Here, with the exception of the distant Shawanoe settlements, they were all within reach of his hand, and he could readily chastise the first attempt at deceit or evasion179. The principal chiefs of each tribe had been forced to accompany him as hostages.[438]
435
For the space of a day, hundreds of axes were busy at their work. The trees were felled, the ground cleared, and, with marvellous rapidity, a town sprang up in the heart of the wilderness, martial180 in aspect and rigorous in discipline; with storehouses, hospitals, and works of defence, rude sylvan4 cabins mingled182 with white tents, and the forest rearing its sombre rampart around the whole. On one side of this singular encampment was a range of buildings, designed to receive the expected prisoners; and matrons, brought for this purpose with the army, were appointed to take charge of the women and children among them. At the opposite side, a canopy of branches, sustained on the upright trunks of young trees, formed a rude council-hall, in keeping with the savage assembly for whose reception it was designed.
And now, issuing from the forest, came warriors, conducting troops of prisoners, or leading captive children,—wild young barbarians, born perhaps among themselves, and scarcely to be distinguished from their own. Yet, seeing the sullen reluctance183 which the Indians soon betrayed in this ungrateful task, Bouquet thought it expedient to stimulate184 their efforts by sending detachments of soldiers to each of the villages, still retaining the chiefs in pledge for their safety. About this time, a Canadian officer, named Hertel, with a party of Caughnawaga Indians, arrived with a letter from Colonel Bradstreet, dated at Sandusky. The writer declared that he was unable to remain longer in the Indian country, and was on the point of retiring down Lake Erie with his army; a movement which, at the least, was of doubtful necessity, and which might have involved the most disastrous185 consequences. Had the tidings been received but a few days sooner, the whole effect of Bouquet’s measures would probably have436 been destroyed, the Indians encouraged to resistance, and the war brought to the arbitration186 of a battle, which must needs have been a fierce and bloody one. But, happily for both parties, Bouquet now had his enemies firmly in his grasp, and the boldest warrior11 dared not violate the truce187.
The messengers who brought the letter of Bradstreet brought also the tidings that peace was made with the northern Indians; but stated, at the same time, that these tribes had murdered many of their captives, and given up but few of the remainder, so that no small number were still within their power. The conduct of Bradstreet in this matter was the more disgraceful, since he had been encamped for weeks almost within gunshot of the Wyandot villages at Sandusky, where most of the prisoners were detained. Bouquet, on his part, though separated from this place by a journey of many days, resolved to take upon himself the duty which his brother officer had strangely neglected. He sent an embassy to Sandusky, demanding that the prisoners should be surrendered. This measure was in a great degree successful. He despatched messengers soon after to the principal Shawanoe village, on the Scioto, distant about eighty miles from his camp, to rouse the inhabitants to a greater activity than they seemed inclined to display. This was a fortunate step; for the Shawanoes of the Scioto, who had been guilty of atrocious cruelties during the war, had conceived the idea that they were excluded from the general amnesty, and marked out for destruction. This notion had been propagated, and perhaps suggested, by the French traders in their villages; and so thorough was the conviction of the Shawanoes, that they came to the desperate purpose of murdering their prisoners, and marching, with all the warriors they could muster157, to attack the English. This plan was no sooner formed than the French traders opened their stores of bullets and gunpowder188, and dealt them out freely to the Indians. Bouquet’s messengers came in time to prevent the catastrophe189, and relieve the terrors of the Shawanoes, by the assurance that peace would be granted to them on the same conditions as to the rest. Thus encouraged, they abandoned their design, and set out with lighter190 hearts for the English camp, bringing with them a portion of their prisoners. When about half-way on their437 journey, they were met by an Indian runner, who told them that a soldier had been killed in the woods, and their tribe charged with the crime. On hearing this, their fear revived, and with it their former purpose. Having collected their prisoners in a meadow, they surrounded the miserable191 wretches192, armed with guns, war-clubs, and bows and arrows, and prepared to put them to death. But another runner arrived before the butchery began, and, assuring them that what they had heard was false, prevailed on them once more to proceed. They pursued their journey without farther interruption, and, coming in safety to the camp, delivered the prisoners whom they had brought.
These by no means included all of their captives, for nearly a hundred were left behind, because they belonged to warriors who had gone to the Illinois to procure193 arms and ammunition194 from the French; and there is no authority in an Indian community powerful enough to deprive the meanest warrior of his property, even in circumstances of the greatest public exigency195. This was clearly understood by the English commander, and he therefore received the submission of the Shawanoes, at the same time compelling them to deliver hostages for the future surrender of the remaining prisoners.
Band after band of captives had been daily arriving, until upwards196 of two hundred were now collected in the camp; including, as far as could be ascertained197, all who had been in the hands of the Indians, excepting those belonging to the absent warriors of the Shawanoes. Up to this time, Bouquet had maintained a stern and rigorous demeanor199; repressing his natural clemency200 and humanity, refusing all friendly intercourse201 with the Indians, and telling them that he should treat them as enemies until they had fully complied with all the required conditions. In this, he displayed his knowledge of their character; for, like all warlike savages, they are extremely prone202 to interpret lenity and moderation into timidity and indecision; and he who, from good-nature or mistaken philanthropy, is betrayed into yielding a point which he has before insisted on, may have deep cause to rue74 it. As their own dealings with their enemies are not leavened203 with such humanizing ingredients, they can seldom comprehend them; and to win over an Indian foe by kindness should only be438 attempted by one who has already proved clearly that he is able and ready to subdue204 him by force.
But now, when every condition was satisfied, such inexorable rigor181 was no longer demanded; and, having convoked205 the chiefs in the sylvan council-house, Bouquet signified his willingness to receive their offers of peace.
“Brother,” began the Indian orator, “with this belt of wampum I dispel206 the black cloud that has hung so long over our heads, that the sunshine of peace may once more descend87 to warm and gladden us. I wipe the tears from your eyes, and condole207 with you on the loss of your brethren who have perished in this war. I gather their bones together, and cover them deep in the earth, that the sight of them may no longer bring sorrow to your hearts; and I scatter208 dry leaves over the spot, that it may depart for ever from memory.
“The path of peace, which once ran between your dwellings and mine, has of late been choked with thorns and briers, so that no one could pass that way; and we have both almost forgotten that such a path had ever been. I now clear away all such obstructions209, and make a broad, smooth road, so that you and I may freely visit each other, as our fathers used to do. I kindle210 a great council-fire, whose smoke shall rise to heaven, in view of all the nations; while you and I sit together and smoke the peace-pipe at its blaze.”[439]
439
In this strain, the orator of each tribe, in turn, expressed the purpose of his people to lay down their arms, and live for the future in friendship with the English. Every deputation received a separate audience, and the successive conferences were thus extended through several days. To each and all, Bouquet made a similar reply, in words to the following effect:—
“By your full compliance211 with the conditions which I imposed, you have satisfied me of your sincerity212, and I now receive you once more as brethren. The King, my master, has commissioned me, not to make treaties for him, but to fight his battles; and though I now offer you peace, it is not in my power to settle its precise terms and conditions. For this, I refer you to Sir William Johnson, his Majesty213’s agent and superintendent214 for Indian affairs, who will settle with you the articles of peace, and determine every thing in relation to trade. Two things, however, I shall insist on. And, first, you are to give hostages, as security that you will preserve good faith, and send, without delay, a deputation of your chiefs to Sir William Johnson. In the next place, these chiefs are to be fully empowered to treat in behalf of your nation; and you will bind215 yourselves to adhere strictly216 to every thing they shall agree upon in your behalf.”
440
These demands were readily complied with. Hostages were given, and chiefs appointed for the embassy; and now, for the first time, Bouquet, to the great relief of the Indians,—for they doubted his intentions,—extended to them the hand of friendship, which he had so long withheld217. A prominent chief of the Delawares, too proud to sue for peace, had refused to attend the council; on which Bouquet ordered him to be deposed218, and a successor, of a less obdurate219 spirit, installed in his place. The Shawanoes were the last of the tribes admitted to a hearing; and the demeanor of their orator clearly evinced the haughty220 reluctance with which he stooped to ask peace of his mortal enemies.
“When you came among us,” such were his concluding words, “you came with a hatchet raised to strike us. We now take it from your hand, and throw it up to the Great Spirit, that he may do with it what shall seem good in his sight. We hope that you, who are warriors, will take hold of the chain of friendship which we now extend to you. We, who are also warriors, will take hold as you do; and we will think no more of war, in pity for our women, children, and old men.”[440]
On this occasion, the Shawanoe chiefs, expressing a hope for a renewal221 of the friendship which in former years had subsisted222 between their people and the English, displayed the dilapidated parchments of several treaties made between their ancestors and the descendants of William Penn,—documents, some of which had been preserved among them for more441 than half a century, with the scrupulous223 respect they are prone to exhibit for such ancestral records. They were told that, since they had not delivered all their prisoners, they could scarcely expect to meet the same indulgence which had been extended to their brethren; but that, nevertheless, in full belief of their sincerity, the English would grant them peace, on condition of their promising224 to surrender the remaining captives early in the following spring, and giving up six of their chiefs as hostages. These conditions were agreed to; and it may be added that, at the appointed time, all the prisoners who had been left in their hands, to the number of a hundred, were brought in to Fort Pitt, and delivered up to the commanding officer.[441]
From the hard formalities and rigid225 self-control of an Indian council-house, where the struggles of fear, rage, and hatred were deep buried beneath a surface of iron immobility, we turn to scenes of a widely different nature; an exhibition of mingled and contrasted passions, more worthy226 the pen of the dramatist than that of the historian; who, restricted to the meagre outline of recorded authority, can reflect but a feeble image of the truth. In the ranks of the Pennsylvania troops, and among the Virginia riflemen, were the fathers, brothers, and husbands of those whose rescue from captivity227 was a chief object of the march. Ignorant what had befallen them, and doubtful whether they were yet among the living, these men had joined the army, in the feverish228 hope of winning them back to home and civilization. Perhaps those whom they sought had perished by the slow torments229 of the stake;442 perhaps by the more merciful hatchet; or perhaps they still dragged out a wretched life in the midst of a savage horde113. There were instances in which whole families had been carried off at once. The old, the sick, or the despairing, had been tomahawked, as useless encumbrances230; while the rest, pitilessly forced asunder231, were scattered232 through every quarter of the wilderness. It was a strange and moving sight, when troop after troop of prisoners arrived in succession—the meeting of husbands with wives, and fathers with children, the reunion of broken families, long separated in a disastrous captivity; and, on the other hand, the agonies of those who learned tidings of death and horror, or groaned233 under the torture of protracted234 suspense235. Women, frantic236 between hope and fear, were rushing hither and thither, in search of those whose tender limbs had, perhaps, long since fattened237 the cubs238 of the she-wolf; or were pausing, in an agony of doubt, before some sunburnt young savage, who, startled at the haggard apparition239, shrank from his forgotten parent, and clung to the tawny240 breast of his adopted mother. Others were divided between delight and anguish241: on the one hand, the joy of an unexpected recognition; and, on the other, the misery242 of realized fears, or the more intolerable pangs243 of doubts not yet resolved. Of all the spectators of this tragic244 drama, few were obdurate enough to stand unmoved. The roughest soldiers felt the contagious245 sympathy, and softened246 into unwonted tenderness.
Among the children brought in for surrender, there were some, who, captured several years before, as early, perhaps, as the French war, had lost every recollection of friends and home. Terrified by the novel sights around them, the flash and glitter of arms, and the strange complexion247 of the pale-faced warriors, they screamed and struggled lustily when consigned248 to the hands of their relatives. There were young women, too, who had become the partners of Indian husbands; and who now, with all their hybrid249 offspring, were led reluctantly into the presence of fathers or brothers whose images were almost blotted250 from their memory. They stood agitated251 and bewildered; the revival252 of old affections, and the rush of dormant253 memories, painfully contending with more recent attachments254, and the shame of their real or fancied disgrace; while443 their Indian lords looked on, scarcely less moved than they, yet hardening themselves with savage stoicism, and standing255 in the midst of their enemies, imperturbable256 as statues of bronze. These women were compelled to return with their children to the settlements; yet they all did so with reluctance, and several afterwards made their escape, eagerly hastening back to their warrior husbands, and the toils257 and vicissitudes258 of an Indian wigwam.[442]
Day after day brought renewals259 of these scenes, deepening in interest as they drew towards their close. A few individual incidents have been recorded. A young Virginian, robbed of his wife but a few months before, had volunteered in the expedition with the faint hope of recovering her; and, after long suspense, had recognized her among a troop of prisoners, bearing in her arms a child born during her captivity. But the joy of the meeting was bitterly alloyed by the loss of a former child, not two years old, captured with the mother, but soon taken from her, and carried, she could not tell whither. Days passed on; they could learn no tidings of its fate, and the mother, harrowed with terrible imaginations, was almost driven to despair; when, at length, she discovered her child in the arms of an Indian warrior, and snatched it with an irrepressible cry of transport.
When the army, on its homeward march, reached the town of Carlisle, those who had been unable to follow the expedition came thither in numbers, to inquire for the friends they had lost. Among the rest was an old woman, whose daughter had been carried off nine years before. In the crowd of female captives, she discovered one in whose wild and swarthy features she discerned the altered lineaments of her child; but the444 girl, who had almost forgotten her native tongue, returned no sign of recognition to her eager words, and the old woman bitterly complained that the daughter, whom she had so often sung to sleep on her knee, had forgotten her in her old age. Bouquet suggested an expedient which proves him a man of feeling and perception. “Sing the song that you used to sing to her when a child.” The old woman obeyed; and a sudden start, a look of bewilderment, and a passionate260 flood of tears, removed every doubt, and restored the long-lost daughter to her mother’s arms.[443]
The tender affections by no means form a salient feature in the Indian character. They hold them in contempt, and scorn every manifestation261 of them; yet, on this occasion, they would not be repressed, and the human heart betrayed itself, though throbbing262 under a breastplate of ice. None of the ordinary signs of emotion, neither tears, words, nor looks, declared how greatly they were moved. It was by their kindness and solicitude263, by their attention to the wants of the captives, by their offers of furs, garments, the choicest articles of food, and every thing which in their eyes seemed luxury, that they displayed their sorrow at parting from their adopted relatives and friends.[444] Some among them went much farther, and asked permission to follow the army on its homeward march, that they might hunt for the captives, and supply them with better food than the military stores could furnish. A young Seneca warrior had become deeply enamoured of a Virginian girl. At great risk of his life, he accompanied the troops far within the limits of the settlements; and, at every night’s encampment, approaching the quarters of the captives as closely as the sentinels would permit, he sat watching, with patient vigilance, to catch a glimpse of his lost mistress.
The Indian women, whom no idea of honor compels to wear an iron mask, were far from emulating264 the frigid265 demeanor of their lords. All day they ran wailing266 through the445 camp; and, when night came, the hills and woods resounded267 with their dreary268 lamentations.[445]
The word prisoner, as applied269 to captives taken by the Indians, is a misnomer270, and conveys a wholly false impression of their situation and treatment. When the vengeance of the conquerors271 is sated; when they have shot, stabbed, burned, or beaten to death, enough to satisfy the shades of their departed relatives, they usually treat those who survive their wrath with moderation and humanity; often adopting them to supply the place of lost brothers, husbands, or children, whose names are given to the successors thus substituted in their place. By a formal ceremony, the white blood is washed from their veins272; and they are regarded thenceforth as members of the tribe, faring equally with the rest in prosperity or adversity, in famine or abundance. When children are adopted in this manner by Indian women, they nurture273 them with the same tenderness and indulgence which they extend, in a remarkable274 degree, to their own offspring; and such young women as will not marry an Indian husband are treated with a singular forbearance, in which superstition275, natural temperament276, and a sense of right and justice may all claim a share.[446] The captive, unless he excites suspicion by his conduct, or exhibits peculiar277 contumacy, is left with no other restraint than his own free will. The warrior who captured him, or to whom he was assigned in the division of the spoil, sometimes claims, it is true, a certain right of property in him, to the exclusion278 of others; but this claim is soon446 forgotten, and is seldom exercised to the inconvenience of the captive, who has no other prison than the earth, the air, and the forest.[447] Five hundred miles of wilderness, beset279 with difficulty and danger, are the sole bars to his escape, should he desire to effect it; but, strange as it may appear, this wish is apt to expire in his heart, and he often remains280 to the end of his life a contented281 denizen282 of the woods.
Among the captives brought in for delivery were some bound fast to prevent their escape; and many others, who, amid the general tumult283 of joy and sorrow, sat sullen and scowling284, angry that they were forced to abandon the wild license285 of the forest for the irksome restraints of society.[448] Thus to look back with a fond longing198 to inhospitable deserts, where men, beasts, and Nature herself, seem arrayed in arms, and where ease, security, and all that civilization reckons among the goods of life, are alike cut off, may appear to argue some strange perversity286 or moral malformation. Yet such has been the experience of many a sound and healthful mind. To him who has once tasted the reckless independence, the haughty self-reliance, the sense of irresponsible freedom, which the forest life engenders287, civilization thenceforth seems flat and stale. Its pleasures are insipid, its pursuits wearisome, its conventionalities, duties, and mutual288 dependence173 alike tedious and disgusting. The entrapped289 wanderer grows fierce and restless, and pants for breathing-room. His path, it is true, was choked with difficulties, but his body and soul were hardened to meet them; it was beset with dangers, but these were the very spice of his life, gladdening his heart with exulting290 self-confidence, and sending the blood through his veins with a livelier current. The wilderness, rough, harsh, and inexorable, has charms more potent291 in their seductive influence than all the lures292 of luxury and sloth293. And often he on whom it has cast its magic finds no heart to dissolve the spell, and447 remains a wanderer and an Ishmaelite to the hour of his death.[449]
There is a chord, in the breasts of most men, prompt to answer loudly or faintly, as the case may be, to such rude appeals. But there is influence of another sort, strongest with minds of the finest texture294, yet sometimes holding a controlling power over those who neither acknowledge nor suspect its workings. There are few so imbruted by vice49, so perverted295 by art and luxury, as to dwell in the closest presence of Nature, deaf to her voice of melody and power, untouched by the ennobling influences which mould and penetrate the heart that has not hardened itself against them. Into the spirit of such an one the mountain wind breathes its own freshness, and the midsummer tempest, as it rends296 the forest, pours its own fierce energy. His thoughts flow with the placid297 stream of the broad, deep river, or dance in light with the sparkling current of the mountain brook298. No passing mood or fancy of448 his mind but has its image and its echo in the wild world around him. There is softness in the mellow299 air, the warm sunshine, and the budding leaves of spring; and in the forest flower, which, more delicate than the pampered300 offspring of gardens, lifts its tender head through the refuse and decay of the wilderness. But it is the grand and heroic in the hearts of men which finds its worthiest301 symbol and noblest inspiration amid these desert realms,—in the mountain, rearing its savage head through clouds and sleet302, or basking303 its majestic304 strength in the radiance of the sinking sun; in the interminable forest, the thunder booming over its lonely waste, the whirlwind tearing through its inmost depths, or the sun at length setting in gorgeous majesty beyond its waves of verdure. To the sick, the wearied, or the sated spirit, nature opens a theatre of boundless life, and holds forth57 a cup brimming with redundant305 pleasure. In the other joys of existence, fear is balanced against hope, and satiety306 against delight; but here one may fearlessly drink, gaining, with every draught307, new vigor110 and a heightened zest308, and finding no dregs of bitterness at the bottom.
Having accomplished309 its work, the army left the Muskingum, and, retracing310 its former course, arrived at Fort Pitt on the twenty-eighth of November. The recovered captives were sent to their respective homes in Pennsylvania or Virginia; and the provincial troops disbanded, not without warm praises for the hardihood and steadiness with which they had met the difficulties of the campaign. The happy issue of the expedition spread joy throughout the country. At the next session of the Pennsylvania Assembly, one of its first acts was to pass a vote of thanks to Colonel Bouquet, expressing in earnest terms its sense of his services and personal merits, and conveying its acknowledgments for the regard which he had constantly shown to the civil rights of the inhabitants.[450] The Assembly of Virginia passed a similar vote; and both houses concurred311 in recommending Bouquet to the King for promotion312.
Nevertheless, his position was far from being an easy or a pleasant one. It may be remembered that the desertion of his newly levied313 soldiers had forced him to ask Colonel Lewis to449 raise for him one or two companies of Virginian volunteers. Virginia, which had profited by the campaign, though contributing nothing to it, refused to pay these troops; and its agents tried to throw the burden upon Bouquet in person. The Assembly of Pennsylvania, with a justice and a generosity314 which went far to redeem315 the past, came to his relief and assumed the debt, though not till he had suffered the most serious annoyance. Certain recent military regulations contributed at the same time to increase his vexation and his difficulties. He had asked in vain, the year before, to be relieved from his command. He now asked again, and the request was granted; on which he wrote to Gage64: “The disgust I have conceived from the ill-nature and ingratitude316 of those individuals (the Virginian officials) makes me accept with great satisfaction your obliging offer to discharge me of this department, in which I never desire to serve again, nor, indeed, to be commanding officer in any other, since the new regulations you were pleased to communicate to me; being sensible of my inability to carry on the service upon the terms prescribed.”[451]
He was preparing to return to Europe, when he received the announcement of his promotion to the rank of Brigadier General. He was taken completely by surprise; for he had supposed that the rigid prescriptions318 of the service had closed the path of advancement319 against him, as a foreigner. “I had, to-day,” he wrote to Gage, “the honor of your Excellency’s letter of the fifteenth instant. The unexpected honor, which his Majesty has condescended320 to confer upon me, fills my heart with the utmost gratitude317. Permit me, sir, to express my sincere acknowledgments of my great obligation to you.... The flattering prospect321 of preferment, open to the other foreign officers by the removal of that dreadful barrier, gives me the highest satisfaction, being convinced that his Majesty has no subjects more devoted322 to his service.”[452]
Among the letters of congratulation which he received from officers serving under him is the following, from Captain George Etherington, of the first battalion323 of the Royal450 American regiment324, who commanded at Michillimackinac when it was captured:—
“Lancaster, Pa., 19 April, 1765.
“Sir:
“Though I almost despair of this reaching you before you sail for Europe, yet I cannot deny myself the pleasure of giving you joy on your promotion, and can with truth tell you that it gives great joy to all the gentlemen of the battalion, for two reasons: first, on your account; and, secondly325, on our own, as by that means we may hope for the pleasure of continuing under your command.
“You can hardly imagine how this place rings with the news of your promotion, for the townsmen and boors326 (i.e., German farmers) stop us in the streets to ask if it is true that the King has made Colonel Bouquet a general; and, when they are told it is true, they march off with great joy; so you see the old proverb wrong for once, which says, he that prospers327 is envied; for sure I am that all the people here are more pleased with the news of your promotion than they would be if the government would take off the stamp duty....
“Geo. Etherington.
“Brigadier General Henry Bouquet.”
“And,” concludes Dr. William Smith, the chronicler of the campaign, “as he is rendered as dear by his private virtues328 to those who have the honor of his more intimate acquaintance, as he is by his military services to the public, it is hoped he may long continue among us, where his experienced abilities will enable him, and his love of the English constitution entitle him, to fill any future trust to which his Majesty may be pleased to call him.” This hope was not destined329 to fulfilment. Bouquet was assigned to the command of the southern military department; and, within three years after his return from the Muskingum, he was attacked with a fever at Pensacola, which closed the career of a gallant330 soldier and a generous man.
The Delawares and Shawanoes, mindful of their engagement and of the hostages which they had given to keep it, sent their deputies, within the appointed time, to Sir William451 Johnson, who concluded a treaty with them; stipulating331, among the other terms, that they should grant free passage through their country to English troops and travellers; that they should make full restitution332 for the goods taken from the traders at the breaking out of the war; and that they should aid their triumphant enemies in the difficult task which yet remained to be accomplished,—that of taking possession of the Illinois, and occupying its posts and settlements with British troops.
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1
bouquet
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| n.花束，酒香 | |
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ravage
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| vt.使...荒废，破坏...；n.破坏，掠夺，荒废 | |
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impervious
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| adj.不能渗透的，不能穿过的，不易伤害的 | |
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sylvan
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| adj.森林的 | |
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bounty
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| n.慷慨的赠予物，奖金；慷慨，大方；施与 | |
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expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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hewing
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| v.（用斧、刀等）砍、劈( hew的现在分词 )；砍成；劈出；开辟 | |
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deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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provincial
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| adj.省的，地方的；n．外省人，乡下人 | |
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warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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awakening
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| n.觉醒，醒悟 adj.觉醒中的；唤醒的 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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shrieking
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| v.尖叫( shriek的现在分词 ) | |
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hatchet
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| n.短柄小斧；v.扼杀 | |
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miscreant
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| n.恶棍 | |
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wretch
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| n.可怜的人，不幸的人；卑鄙的人 | |
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solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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trophies
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| n.（为竞赛获胜者颁发的）奖品( trophy的名词复数 )；奖杯；（尤指狩猎或战争中获得的）纪念品；（用于比赛或赛跑名称）奖 | |
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atrocity
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| n.残暴，暴行 | |
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barbarians
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| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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barbarian
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| n.野蛮人；adj.野蛮(人)的；未开化的 | |
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unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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obstinacy
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| n.顽固；（病痛等）难治 | |
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interfering
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| adj. 妨碍的 动词interfere的现在分词 | |
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commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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envoy
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| n.使节，使者，代表，公使 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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chastise
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| vt.责骂，严惩 | |
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exigencies
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| n.急切需要 | |
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vent
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| n.通风口，排放口；开衩；vt.表达，发泄 | |
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faction
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| n.宗派，小集团；派别；派系斗争 | |
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proprietaries
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| n.所有人( proprietary的名词复数 )；专卖药品；独家制造（及销售）的产品 | |
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scruples
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| n.良心上的不安( scruple的名词复数 )；顾虑，顾忌v.感到于心不安，有顾忌( scruple的第三人称单数 ) | |
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postponed
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| vt.& vi.延期，缓办，（使）延迟vt.把…放在次要地位；[语]把…放在后面（或句尾）vi.（疟疾等）延缓发作（或复发） | |
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rangers
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| 护林者( ranger的名词复数 )； 突击队员 | |
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convoys
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| n.（有护航的）船队( convoy的名词复数 )；车队；护航（队）；护送队 | |
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navigating
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| v.给（船舶、飞机等）引航，导航( navigate的现在分词 )；（从海上、空中等）横越；横渡；飞跃 | |
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levies
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| （部队）征兵( levy的名词复数 )； 募捐； 被征募的军队 | |
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militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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annoyance
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| n.恼怒，生气，烦恼 | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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50
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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51
horrid
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| adj.可怕的；令人惊恐的；恐怖的；极讨厌的 | |
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52
perfidies
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| n.背信弃义，背叛，出卖( perfidy的名词复数 ) | |
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53
penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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54
humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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55
affront
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| n./v.侮辱，触怒 | |
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56
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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57
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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58
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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59
temperate
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| adj.温和的，温带的，自我克制的，不过分的 | |
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60
peremptory
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| adj.紧急的，专横的，断然的 | |
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61
lurking
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| 潜在 | |
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62
hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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63
violation
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| n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯 | |
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64
gage
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| n.标准尺寸，规格；量规，量表 [=gauge] | |
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65
hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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66
liberated
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| a.无拘束的，放纵的 | |
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67
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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68
clamorous
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| adj.吵闹的，喧哗的 | |
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69
avert
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| v.防止，避免；转移(目光、注意力等) | |
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70
retard
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| n.阻止，延迟；vt.妨碍，延迟，使减速 | |
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71
penetrating
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| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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72
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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73
perfidy
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| n.背信弃义，不忠贞 | |
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74
rue
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| n.懊悔，芸香，后悔；v.后悔，悲伤，懊悔 | |
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75
westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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76
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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77
encumbered
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，拖累( encumber的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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78
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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79
scouring
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| 擦[洗]净，冲刷，洗涤 | |
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80
toiled
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的过去式和过去分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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81
thickets
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| n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 )；丛状物 | |
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82
foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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83
defiled
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| v.玷污( defile的过去式和过去分词 )；污染；弄脏；纵列行进 | |
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84
margin
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| n.页边空白；差额；余地，余裕；边，边缘 | |
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85
eddying
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| 涡流，涡流的形成 | |
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86
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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87
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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88
recesses
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| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
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89
cavern
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| n.洞穴，大山洞 | |
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90
oozed
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| v.（浓液等）慢慢地冒出，渗出( ooze的过去式和过去分词 )；使（液体）缓缓流出；（浓液）渗出，慢慢流出 | |
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91
exude
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| v.(使)流出，(使)渗出 | |
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92
mosses
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| n. 藓类, 苔藓植物 名词moss的复数形式 | |
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93
trickling
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| n.油画底色含油太多而成泡沫状突起v.滴( trickle的现在分词 )；淌；使)慢慢走；缓慢移动 | |
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94
prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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95
pulp
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| n.果肉，纸浆；v.化成纸浆，除去...果肉，制成纸浆 | |
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96
maples
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| 槭树，枫树( maple的名词复数 )； 槭木 | |
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97
waded
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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98
vistas
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| 长条形景色( vista的名词复数 )； 回顾； 展望； （未来可能发生的）一系列情景 | |
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99
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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100
labyrinth
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|
| n.迷宫；难解的事物；迷路 | |
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101
herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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102
oasis
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| n.（沙漠中的）绿洲，宜人的地方 | |
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103
precursors
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| n.先驱( precursor的名词复数 )；先行者；先兆；初期形式 | |
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104
boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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105
skulking
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| v.潜伏，偷偷摸摸地走动，鬼鬼祟祟地活动( skulk的现在分词 ) | |
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106
hovered
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| 鸟( hover的过去式和过去分词 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫 | |
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107
tenants
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| n.房客( tenant的名词复数 )；佃户；占用者；占有者 | |
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108
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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109
invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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110
vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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111
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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112
hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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113
horde
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| n.群众，一大群 | |
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114
assail
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| v.猛烈攻击，抨击，痛斥 | |
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115
specious
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| adj.似是而非的；adv.似是而非地 | |
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116
pretexts
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| n.借口，托辞( pretext的名词复数 ) | |
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117
erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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118
depot
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| n.仓库，储藏处；公共汽车站；火车站 | |
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119
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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120
rustic
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| adj.乡村的，有乡村特色的；n.乡下人，乡巴佬 | |
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121
arbor
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| n.凉亭；树木 | |
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122
boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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123
behooved
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| v.适宜( behoove的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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124
stringent
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| adj.严厉的；令人信服的；银根紧的 | |
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125
canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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126
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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127
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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128
astounding
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| adj.使人震惊的vt.使震惊，使大吃一惊astound的现在分词) | |
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129
ridges
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| n.脊( ridge的名词复数 )；山脊；脊状突起；大气层的)高压脊 | |
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130
highland
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| n.(pl.)高地，山地 | |
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131
garb
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| n.服装，装束 | |
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132
orthography
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| n.拼字法，拼字式 | |
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133
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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134
plumed
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| 饰有羽毛的 | |
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135
deigning
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| v.屈尊，俯就( deign的现在分词 ) | |
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136
sullen
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| adj.愠怒的，闷闷不乐的，(天气等)阴沉的 | |
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137
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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138
rankling
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| v.（使）痛苦不已，（使）怨恨不已( rankle的现在分词 ) | |
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139
orator
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| n.演说者，演讲者，雄辩家 | |
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140
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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141
devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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142
detested
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| v.憎恶，嫌恶，痛恨( detest的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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143
concurrence
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| n.同意；并发 | |
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144
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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145
defers
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| v.拖延，延缓，推迟( defer的第三人称单数 )；服从某人的意愿，遵从 | |
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146
adjourned
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| （使）休会， （使）休庭( adjourn的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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147
convened
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| 召开( convene的过去式 )； 召集； （为正式会议而）聚集； 集合 | |
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148
triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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149
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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150
harangue
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| n.慷慨冗长的训话，言辞激烈的讲话 | |
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151
frivolous
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| adj.轻薄的；轻率的 | |
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152
resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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153
garrisons
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| 守备部队，卫戍部队( garrison的名词复数 ) | |
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154
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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155
insolent
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| adj.傲慢的，无理的 | |
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156
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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157
muster
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| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
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158
mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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159
deterred
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| v.阻止，制止( deter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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160
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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161
exterminate
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| v.扑灭，消灭，根绝 | |
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162
averse
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| adj.厌恶的；反对的，不乐意的 | |
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163
repent
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| v.悔悟，悔改，忏悔，后悔 | |
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164
denomination
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| n.命名，取名，(度量衡、货币等的)单位 | |
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165
pretence
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| n.假装，作假；借口，口实；虚伪；虚饰 | |
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166
whatsoever
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| adv.（用于否定句中以加强语气）任何；pron.无论什么 | |
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167
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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168
quelled
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| v.（用武力）制止，结束，镇压( quell的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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169
haughtiness
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| n.傲慢；傲气 | |
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170
humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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171
insipid
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| adj.无味的，枯燥乏味的，单调的 | |
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172
eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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173
dependence
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| n.依靠，依赖；信任，信赖；隶属 | |
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174
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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175
orators
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| n.演说者，演讲家( orator的名词复数 ) | |
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176
alacrity
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| n.敏捷，轻快，乐意 | |
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177
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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178
confluence
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| n.汇合，聚集 | |
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179
evasion
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| n.逃避，偷漏(税) | |
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180
martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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181
rigor
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| n.严酷，严格，严厉 | |
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182
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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183
reluctance
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| n.厌恶，讨厌，勉强，不情愿 | |
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184
stimulate
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| vt.刺激，使兴奋；激励，使…振奋 | |
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185
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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186
arbitration
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| n.调停，仲裁 | |
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187
truce
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| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
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188
gunpowder
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| n.火药 | |
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189
catastrophe
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| n.大灾难，大祸 | |
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190
lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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191
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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192
wretches
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| n.不幸的人( wretch的名词复数 )；可怜的人；恶棍；坏蛋 | |
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193
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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194
ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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195
exigency
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| n.紧急；迫切需要 | |
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196
upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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197
ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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198
longing
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| n.（for）渴望 | |
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199
demeanor
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| n.行为；风度 | |
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200
clemency
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| n.温和，仁慈，宽厚 | |
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201
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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202
prone
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| adj.(to)易于…的，很可能…的；俯卧的 | |
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203
leavened
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| adj.加酵母的v.使（面团）发酵( leaven的过去式和过去分词 )；在…中掺入改变的因素 | |
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204
subdue
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| vt.制服，使顺从，征服；抑制，克制 | |
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205
convoked
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| v.召集，召开（会议）( convoke的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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206
dispel
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| vt.驱走，驱散，消除 | |
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207
condole
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| v.同情；慰问 | |
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208
scatter
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| vt.撒，驱散，散开；散布/播；vi.分散，消散 | |
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209
obstructions
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| n.障碍物( obstruction的名词复数 )；阻碍物；阻碍；阻挠 | |
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210
kindle
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| v.点燃，着火 | |
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211
compliance
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| n.顺从；服从；附和；屈从 | |
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212
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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213
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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214
superintendent
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| n.监督人，主管，总监；(英国)警务长 | |
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215
bind
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| vt.捆，包扎；装订；约束；使凝固；vi.变硬 | |
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216
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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217
withheld
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| withhold过去式及过去分词 | |
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218
deposed
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| v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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219
obdurate
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| adj.固执的，顽固的 | |
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220
haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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221
renewal
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| adj.(契约)延期，续订，更新，复活，重来 | |
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222
subsisted
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| v.（靠很少的钱或食物）维持生活，生存下去( subsist的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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223
scrupulous
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| adj.审慎的，小心翼翼的，完全的，纯粹的 | |
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224
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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225
rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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226
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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227
captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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228
feverish
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| adj.发烧的，狂热的，兴奋的 | |
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229
torments
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| （肉体或精神上的）折磨，痛苦( torment的名词复数 )； 造成痛苦的事物[人] | |
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230
encumbrances
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| n.负担( encumbrance的名词复数 )；累赘；妨碍；阻碍 | |
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231
asunder
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|
| adj.分离的，化为碎片 | |
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232
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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233
groaned
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| v.呻吟( groan的过去式和过去分词 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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234
protracted
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|
| adj.拖延的；延长的v.拖延“protract”的过去式和过去分词 | |
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235
suspense
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| n.（对可能发生的事）紧张感，担心，挂虑 | |
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236
frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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237
fattened
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|
| v.喂肥( fatten的过去式和过去分词 )；养肥（牲畜）；使（钱）增多；使（公司）升值 | |
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238
cubs
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| n.幼小的兽，不懂规矩的年轻人( cub的名词复数 ) | |
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239
apparition
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| n.幽灵，神奇的现象 | |
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240
tawny
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|
| adj.茶色的，黄褐色的；n.黄褐色 | |
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241
anguish
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| n.(尤指心灵上的)极度痛苦，烦恼 | |
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242
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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243
pangs
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| 突然的剧痛( pang的名词复数 )； 悲痛 | |
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244
tragic
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|
| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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245
contagious
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|
| adj.传染性的，有感染力的 | |
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246
softened
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| （使）变软( soften的过去式和过去分词 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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247
complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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248
consigned
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| v.把…置于（令人不快的境地）( consign的过去式和过去分词 )；把…托付给；把…托人代售；丟弃 | |
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249
hybrid
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| n.(动，植）杂种，混合物 | |
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250
blotted
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| 涂污( blot的过去式和过去分词 )； （用吸墨纸）吸干 | |
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251
agitated
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|
| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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252
revival
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|
| n.复兴，复苏，（精力、活力等的）重振 | |
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253
dormant
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|
| adj.暂停活动的；休眠的；潜伏的 | |
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254
attachments
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|
| n.（用电子邮件发送的）附件( attachment的名词复数 )；附着；连接；附属物 | |
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255
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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256
imperturbable
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|
| adj.镇静的 | |
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257
toils
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| 网 | |
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258
vicissitudes
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|
| n.变迁，世事变化；变迁兴衰( vicissitude的名词复数 )；盛衰兴废 | |
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259
renewals
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| 重建( renewal的名词复数 )； 更新； 重生； 合同的续订 | |
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260
passionate
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的 | |
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261
manifestation
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| n.表现形式；表明；现象 | |
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262
throbbing
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| a. 跳动的,悸动的 | |
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263
solicitude
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| n.焦虑 | |
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264
emulating
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|
| v.与…竞争( emulate的现在分词 )；努力赶上；计算机程序等仿真；模仿 | |
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265
frigid
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|
| adj.寒冷的，凛冽的；冷淡的；拘禁的 | |
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266
wailing
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| v.哭叫，哀号( wail的现在分词 )；沱 | |
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267
resounded
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|
| v.（指声音等）回荡于某处( resound的过去式和过去分词 )；产生回响；（指某处）回荡着声音 | |
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268
dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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269
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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270
misnomer
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| n.误称 | |
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271
conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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272
veins
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| n.纹理；矿脉( vein的名词复数 )；静脉；叶脉；纹理 | |
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273
nurture
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| n.养育，照顾，教育；滋养，营养品；vt.养育，给与营养物，教养，扶持 | |
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274
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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275
superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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276
temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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277
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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278
exclusion
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| n.拒绝，排除，排斥，远足，远途旅行 | |
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279
beset
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| v.镶嵌；困扰，包围 | |
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280
remains
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|
| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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281
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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282
denizen
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| n.居民，外籍居民 | |
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283
tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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284
scowling
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| 怒视，生气地皱眉( scowl的现在分词 ) | |
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285
license
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|
| n.执照，许可证，特许；v.许可，特许 | |
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286
perversity
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| n.任性；刚愎自用 | |
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287
engenders
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| v.产生（某形势或状况），造成，引起( engender的第三人称单数 ) | |
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288
mutual
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|
| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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289
entrapped
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| v.使陷入圈套，使入陷阱( entrap的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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290
exulting
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| vi. 欢欣鼓舞，狂喜 | |
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291
potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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292
lures
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| 吸引力，魅力（lure的复数形式） | |
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293
sloth
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|
| n.[动]树懒；懒惰，懒散 | |
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294
texture
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| n.(织物)质地；(材料)构造；结构；肌理 | |
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295
perverted
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|
| adj.不正当的v.滥用( pervert的过去式和过去分词 )；腐蚀；败坏；使堕落 | |
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296
rends
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| v.撕碎( rend的第三人称单数 )；分裂；（因愤怒、痛苦等而）揪扯（衣服或头发等）；（声音等）刺破 | |
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297
placid
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|
| adj.安静的，平和的 | |
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298
brook
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|
| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
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299
mellow
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|
| adj.柔和的；熟透的；v.变柔和；(使)成熟 | |
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300
pampered
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| adj.饮食过量的，饮食奢侈的v.纵容，宠，娇养( pamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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worthiest
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| 应得某事物( worthy的最高级 )； 值得做某事； 可尊敬的； 有（某人或事物）的典型特征 | |
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302
sleet
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| n.雨雪；v.下雨雪，下冰雹 | |
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basking
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| v.晒太阳，取暖( bask的现在分词 )；对…感到乐趣；因他人的功绩而出名；仰仗…的余泽 | |
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304
majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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305
redundant
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| adj.多余的，过剩的；(食物)丰富的；被解雇的 | |
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306
satiety
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| n.饱和；(市场的)充分供应 | |
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307
draught
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| n.拉，牵引，拖；一网（饮，吸，阵)；顿服药量，通风；v.起草，设计 | |
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zest
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| n.乐趣；滋味，风味；兴趣 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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310
retracing
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| v.折回( retrace的现在分词 )；回忆；回顾；追溯 | |
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311
concurred
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| 同意（concur的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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313
levied
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| 征（兵）( levy的过去式和过去分词 )； 索取； 发动（战争）； 征税 | |
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314
generosity
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| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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315
redeem
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| v.买回，赎回，挽回，恢复，履行（诺言等） | |
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316
ingratitude
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| n.忘恩负义 | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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318
prescriptions
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| 药( prescription的名词复数 )； 处方； 开处方； 计划 | |
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319
advancement
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| n.前进，促进，提升 | |
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condescended
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| 屈尊，俯就( condescend的过去式和过去分词 )； 故意表示和蔼可亲 | |
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321
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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322
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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323
battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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324
regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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325
secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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326
boors
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| n.农民( boor的名词复数 )；乡下佬；没礼貌的人；粗野的人 | |
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prospers
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| v.成功，兴旺( prosper的第三人称单数 ) | |
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virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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330
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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331
stipulating
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| v.（尤指在协议或建议中）规定，约定，讲明（条件等）( stipulate的现在分词 )；规定，明确要求 | |
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332
restitution
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| n.赔偿；恢复原状 | |
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