THE ILLINOIS.
We turn to a region of which, as yet, we have caught but transient glimpses; a region which to our forefathers1 seemed remote and strange, as to us the mountain strongholds of the Apaches, or the wastes of farthest Oregon. The country of the Illinois was chiefly embraced within the boundaries of the state which now retains the name. Thitherward, from the east, the west, and the north, three mighty2 rivers rolled their tributary3 waters; while countless4 smaller streams—small only in comparison—traversed the land with a watery5 network, impregnating the warm soil with exuberant6 fecundity7. From the eastward8, the Ohio—La Belle9 Rivière—pursued its windings10 for more than a thousand miles. The Mississippi descended11 from the distant north; while from its fountains in the west, three thousand miles away, the Missouri poured its torrent12 towards the same common centre. Born among mountains, trackless even now, except by the adventurous14 footstep of the trapper,—nurtured amid the howling of beasts and the war-cries of savages16, never silent in that wilderness,—it holds its angry course through sun-scorched17 deserts, among towers and palaces, the architecture of no human hand, among lodges18 of barbarian19 hordes20, and herds21 of bison blackening the prairie to the horizon. Fierce, reckless, headstrong, exulting22 in its tumultuous force, it plays a thousand freaks of wanton power; bearing away forests from its shores, and planting them, with roots uppermost, in its quicksands; sweeping23 off islands, and rebuilding them; frothing and raging in foam24 and whirlpool, and, again, gliding25 with dwindled26 current along its sandy channel. At length, dark with uncurbed fury, it pours its muddy tide into the reluctant Mississippi. That majestic27 river, drawing life from the pure fountains of the north, wandering among emerald prairies and wood-crowned bluffs28, loses all its earlier charm with this unhallowed union. At first, it shrinks as with repugnance29; and along the same channel the two streams flow side455 by side, with unmingled waters. But the disturbing power prevails at length; and the united torrent bears onward30 in its might, boiling up from the bottom, whirling in many a vortex, flooding its shores with a malign31 deluge32 fraught33 with pestilence34 and fever, and burying forests in its depths, to insnare the heedless voyager. Mightiest35 among rivers, it is the connecting link of adverse36 climates and contrasted races; and, while at its northern source the fur-clad Indian shivers in the cold, where it mingles37 with the ocean, the growth of the tropics springs along its banks, and the panting negro cools his limbs in its refreshing38 waters.
A Plan of the several Villages in the Illinois Country, with Part of the River Mississippi &c.
Larger.
To these great rivers and their tributary streams the country of the Illinois owed its wealth, its grassy39 prairies, and the stately woods that flourished on its deep, rich soil. This prolific40 land teemed41 with life. It was a hunter’s paradise. Deer grazed on its meadows. The elk42 trooped in herds, like squadrons of cavalry43. In the still morning, one might hear the clatter44 of their antlers for half a mile over the dewy prairie. Countless bison roamed the plains, filing in grave procession to drink at the rivers, plunging45 and snorting among the rapids and quicksands, rolling their huge bulk on the grass, rushing upon each other in hot encounter, like champions under shield. The wildcat glared from the thicket46; the raccoon thrust his furry47 countenance48 from the hollow tree, and the opossum swung, head downwards49, from the overhanging bough50.
With the opening spring, when the forests are budding into leaf, and the prairies gemmed51 with flowers; when a warm, faint haze52 rests upon the landscape,—then heart and senses are inthralled with luxurious53 beauty. The shrubs54 and wild fruit-trees, flushed with pale red blossoms, and the small clustering flowers of grape-vines, which choke the gigantic trees with Laoco?n writhings, fill the forest with their rich perfume. A few days later, and a cloud of verdure overshadows the land; while birds innumerable sing beneath its canopy55, and brighten its shades with their glancing hues56.
Yet this western paradise is not free from the primal57 curse. The beneficent sun, which kindles58 into life so many forms of loveliness and beauty, fails not to engender59 venom60 and death from the rank slime of pestilential swamp and marsh61. In some stagnant62 pool, buried in the jungle-like depths of the forest,456 where the hot and lifeless water reeks63 with exhalations, the water-snake basks64 by the margin65, or winds his checkered66 length of loathsome67 beauty across the sleepy surface. From beneath the rotten carcass of some fallen tree, the moccason thrusts out his broad flat head, ready to dart68 on the intruder. On the dry, sun-scorched prairie, the rattlesnake, a more generous enemy, reposes70 in his spiral coil. He scorns to shun71 the eye of day, as if conscious of the honor accorded to his name by the warlike race, who, jointly72 with him, claim lordship over the land.[454] But some intrusive73 footstep awakes him from his slumbers74. His neck is arched; the white fangs75 gleam in his distended76 jaws77; his small eyes dart rays of unutterable fierceness; and his rattles69, invisible with their quick vibration78, ring the sharp warning which no man will dare to contemn79.
The land thus prodigal80 of good and evil, so remote from the sea, so primitive81 in its aspect, might well be deemed an undiscovered region, ignorant of European arts; yet it may boast a colonization82 as old as that of many a spot to which are accorded the scanty83 honors of an American antiquity84. The earliest settlement of Pennsylvania was made in 1681; the first occupation of the Illinois took place in the previous year. La Salle may be called the father of the colony. That457 remarkable85 man entered the country with a handful of followers86, bent87 on his grand scheme of Mississippi discovery. A legion of enemies rose in his path; but neither delay, disappointment, sickness, famine, open force, nor secret conspiracy88, could bend his soul of iron. Disasters accumulated upon him. He flung them off, and still pressed forward to his object. His victorious89 energy bore all before it; but the success on which he had staked his life served only to entail90 fresh calamity91, and an untimely death; and his best reward is, that his name stands forth92 in history an imperishable monument of heroic constancy. When on his way to the Mississippi, in the year 1680, La Salle built a fort in the country of the Illinois; and, on his return from the mouth of the great river, some of his followers remained, and established themselves near the spot. Heroes of another stamp took up the work which the daring Norman had begun. Jesuit missionaries93, among the best and purest of their order, burning with zeal94 for the salvation95 of souls, and the gaining of an immortal96 crown, here toiled97 and suffered, with a self-sacrificing devotion which extorts98 a tribute of admiration99 even from sectarian bigotry100. While the colder apostles of Protestantism labored101 upon the outskirts102 of heathendom, these champions of the cross, the forlorn hope of the army of Rome, pierced to the heart of its dark and dreary103 domain104, confronting death at every step, and well repaid for all, could they but sprinkle a few drops of water on the forehead of a dying child, or hang a gilded105 crucifix round the neck of some warrior106, pleased with the glittering trinket. With the beginning of the eighteenth century, the black robe of the Jesuit was known in every village of the Illinois. Defying the wiles107 of Satan and the malice108 of his emissaries, the Indian sorcerers; exposed to the rage of the elements, and every casualty of forest life, they followed their wandering proselytes to war and to the chase; now wading109 through morasses110, now dragging canoes over rapids and sandbars; now scorched with heat on the sweltering prairie, and now shivering houseless in the blasts of January. At Kaskaskia and Cahokia they established missions, and built frail111 churches from the bark of trees, fit emblems112 of their own transient and futile113 labors114. Morning and evening, the savage15 worshippers sang praises to458 the Virgin115, and knelt in supplication116 before the shrine117 of St. Joseph.[455]
Soldiers and fur-traders followed where these pioneers of the church had led the way. Forts were built here and there throughout the country, and the cabins of settlers clustered about the mission-houses. The new colonists118, emigrants119 from Canada or disbanded soldiers of French regiments120, bore a close resemblance to the settlers of Detroit, or the primitive people of Acadia; whose simple life poetry has chosen as an appropriate theme, but who, nevertheless, are best contemplated121 from a distance. The Creole of the Illinois, contented122, light-hearted, and thriftless, by no means fulfilled the injunction to increase and multiply; and the colony languished123 in spite of the fertile soil. The people labored long enough to gain a bare subsistence for each passing day, and spent the rest of their time in dancing and merry-making, smoking, gossiping, and hunting. Their native gayety was irrepressible, and they found means to stimulate124 it with wine made from the fruit of the wild grape-vines. Thus they passed their days, at peace with themselves, hand and glove with their Indian neighbors, and ignorant of all the world beside. Money was scarcely known among them. Skins and furs were the prevailing125 currency, and in every village a great portion of the land was held in common. The military commandant, whose station was at Fort Chartres, on the Mississippi, ruled the colony with a sway absolute as that of the Pacha of Egypt, and judged civil and criminal cases without right of appeal. Yet his power was exercised in a patriarchal spirit, and he usually commanded the respect and confidence of the people. Many years later, when, after the War of the Revolution, the Illinois came under the jurisdiction126 of the United States, the perplexed127 inhabitants, totally at a loss to understand the complicated machinery128 of republicanism, begged to be delivered from the intolerable burden of self-government, and to be once more subjected to a military commandant.[456]
459
The Creole is as unchanging in his nature and habits as the Indian himself. Even at this day, one may see, along the banks of the Mississippi, the same low-browed cottages, with their broad eaves and picturesque129 verandas130, which, a century ago, were clustered around the mission-house at Kaskaskia; and, entering, one finds the inmate131 the same lively, story-telling, and pipe-smoking being that his ancestor was before him. Yet, with all his genial132 traits, the rough world deals hardly with him. He lives a mere133 drone in the busy hive of an American population. The living tide encroaches on his rest, as the muddy torrent of the great river chafes134 away the farm and homestead of his fathers. Yet he contrives135 to be happy, though looking back regretfully to the better days of old.
At the date of this history, the population of the colony, exclusive of negroes, who, in that simple community, were treated rather as humble136 friends than as slaves, did not exceed two thousand souls, distributed in several small settlements. There were about eighty houses at Kaskaskia, forty or fifty at Cahokia, a few at Vincennes and Fort Chartres, and a few more scattered137 in small clusters upon the various streams. The agricultural portion of the colonists were, as we have described them, marked with many weaknesses, and many amiable138 virtues139; but their morals were not improved by a large admixture of fur-traders,—reckless, harebrained adventurers, who, happily for the peace of their relatives, were absent on their wandering vocation140 during the greater part of the year.[457]
460
Swarms141 of vagabond Indians infested142 the settlements; and, to people of any other character, they would have proved an intolerable annoyance143. But the easy-tempered Creoles made friends and comrades of them; ate, drank, smoked, and often married with them. They were a debauched and drunken rabble144, the remnants of that branch of the Algonquin stock known among the French as the Illinois, a people once numerous and powerful, but now miserably145 enfeebled, and corrupted147 by foreign wars, domestic dissensions, and their own licentious148 manners. They comprised the broken fragments of five tribes,—the Kaskaskias, Cahokias, Peorias, Mitchigamias, and Tamaronas. Some of their villages were in the close vicinity of the Creole settlements. On a hot summer morning, they might be seen lounging about the trading-house, basking149 in the sun, begging for a dram of whiskey, or chaffering with the hard-featured trader for beads150, tobacco, gunpowder151, and red paint.
About the Wabash and its branches, to the eastward of the Illinois, dwelt tribes of similar lineage, but more warlike in character, and less corrupt146 in manners. These were the Miamis, in their three divisions, their near kindred, the Piankishaws, and a portion of the Kickapoos. There was another settlement of the Miamis upon the River Maumee, still farther to the east; and it was here that Bradstreet’s ambassador,461 Captain Morris, had met so rough a welcome. The strength of these combined tribes was very considerable; and, one and all, they looked with wrath152 and abhorrence153 on the threatened advent13 of the English.
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1
forefathers
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| n.祖先，先人；祖先，祖宗( forefather的名词复数 )；列祖列宗；前人 | |
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2
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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tributary
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| n.支流；纳贡国；adj.附庸的；辅助的；支流的 | |
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4
countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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5
watery
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| adj.有水的，水汪汪的；湿的，湿润的 | |
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6
exuberant
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| adj.充满活力的；（植物）繁茂的 | |
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fecundity
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| n.生产力；丰富 | |
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8
eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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belle
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| n.靓女 | |
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windings
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| （道路、河流等）蜿蜒的，弯曲的( winding的名词复数 )； 缠绕( wind的现在分词 )； 卷绕； 转动（把手） | |
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descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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13
advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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15
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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scorched
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| 烧焦，烤焦( scorch的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（植物）枯萎，把…晒枯； 高速行驶； 枯焦 | |
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lodges
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| v.存放( lodge的第三人称单数 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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barbarian
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| n.野蛮人；adj.野蛮(人)的；未开化的 | |
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hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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22
exulting
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| vi. 欢欣鼓舞，狂喜 | |
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23
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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24
foam
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| v./n.泡沫，起泡沫 | |
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gliding
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| v. 滑翔 adj. 滑动的 | |
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dwindled
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| v.逐渐变少或变小( dwindle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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bluffs
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| 恐吓( bluff的名词复数 )； 悬崖； 峭壁 | |
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repugnance
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| n.嫌恶 | |
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onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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malign
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| adj.有害的；恶性的；恶意的；v.诽谤，诬蔑 | |
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deluge
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| n./vt.洪水，暴雨，使泛滥 | |
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fraught
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| adj.充满…的，伴有(危险等)的；忧虑的 | |
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pestilence
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| n.瘟疫 | |
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mightiest
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| adj.趾高气扬( mighty的最高级 )；巨大的；强有力的；浩瀚的 | |
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adverse
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| adj.不利的；有害的；敌对的，不友好的 | |
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mingles
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| 混合，混入( mingle的第三人称单数 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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refreshing
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| adj.使精神振作的，使人清爽的，使人喜欢的 | |
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grassy
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| adj.盖满草的；长满草的 | |
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prolific
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| adj.丰富的，大量的；多产的，富有创造力的 | |
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41
teemed
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| v.充满( teem的过去式和过去分词 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注 | |
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42
elk
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| n.麋鹿 | |
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43
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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44
clatter
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| v./n.(使)发出连续而清脆的撞击声 | |
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plunging
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| adj.跳进的，突进的v.颠簸( plunge的现在分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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46
thicket
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| n.灌木丛，树林 | |
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47
furry
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| adj.毛皮的；似毛皮的；毛皮制的 | |
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48
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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49
downwards
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| adj./adv.向下的（地），下行的（地） | |
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50
bough
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| n.大树枝，主枝 | |
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51
gemmed
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| 点缀（gem的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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52
haze
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| n.霾，烟雾；懵懂，迷糊；vi.(over)变模糊 | |
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53
luxurious
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| adj.精美而昂贵的；豪华的 | |
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54
shrubs
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| 灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
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55
canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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56
hues
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| 色彩( hue的名词复数 )； 色调； 信仰； 观点 | |
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primal
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| adj.原始的；最重要的 | |
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58
kindles
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的第三人称单数 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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59
engender
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| v.产生，引起 | |
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60
venom
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| n.毒液，恶毒，痛恨 | |
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marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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stagnant
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| adj.不流动的，停滞的，不景气的 | |
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reeks
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| n.恶臭( reek的名词复数 )v.发出浓烈的臭气( reek的第三人称单数 )；散发臭气；发出难闻的气味 (of sth)；明显带有（令人不快或生疑的跡象） | |
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basks
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| v.晒太阳，取暖( bask的第三人称单数 )；对…感到乐趣；因他人的功绩而出名；仰仗…的余泽 | |
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margin
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| n.页边空白；差额；余地，余裕；边，边缘 | |
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checkered
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| adj.有方格图案的 | |
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loathsome
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| adj.讨厌的，令人厌恶的 | |
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dart
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| v.猛冲，投掷；n.飞镖，猛冲 | |
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rattles
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| （使）发出格格的响声， （使）作嘎嘎声( rattle的第三人称单数 )； 喋喋不休地说话； 迅速而嘎嘎作响地移动，堕下或走动； 使紧张，使恐惧 | |
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reposes
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的第三人称单数 ) | |
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71
shun
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| vt.避开，回避，避免 | |
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72
jointly
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| ad.联合地，共同地 | |
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73
intrusive
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| adj.打搅的；侵扰的 | |
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74
slumbers
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| 睡眠，安眠( slumber的名词复数 ) | |
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fangs
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| n.（尤指狗和狼的）长而尖的牙( fang的名词复数 )；（蛇的）毒牙；罐座 | |
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76
distended
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| v.（使）膨胀，肿胀( distend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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77
jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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78
vibration
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| n.颤动，振动；摆动 | |
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79
contemn
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| v.蔑视 | |
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80
prodigal
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| adj.浪费的，挥霍的，放荡的 | |
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81
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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82
colonization
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| 殖民地的开拓，殖民，殖民地化； 移殖 | |
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83
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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84
antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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85
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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86
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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87
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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88
conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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89
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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90
entail
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| vt.使承担，使成为必要，需要 | |
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91
calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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92
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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93
missionaries
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| n.传教士( missionary的名词复数 ) | |
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94
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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95
salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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96
immortal
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| adj.不朽的；永生的，不死的；神的 | |
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97
toiled
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的过去式和过去分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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98
extorts
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| v.敲诈( extort的第三人称单数 )；曲解 | |
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99
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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100
bigotry
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| n.偏见，偏执，持偏见的行为[态度]等 | |
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101
labored
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| adj.吃力的，谨慎的v.努力争取(for)( labor的过去式和过去分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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102
outskirts
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| n.郊外，郊区 | |
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103
dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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104
domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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105
gilded
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| a.镀金的，富有的 | |
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106
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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107
wiles
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| n.（旨在欺骗或吸引人的）诡计，花招；欺骗，欺诈( wile的名词复数 ) | |
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108
malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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109
wading
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的现在分词 ) | |
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110
morasses
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| n.缠作一团( morass的名词复数 )；困境；沼泽；陷阱 | |
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111
frail
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| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
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112
emblems
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| n.象征，标记( emblem的名词复数 ) | |
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113
futile
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| adj.无效的，无用的，无希望的 | |
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114
labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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115
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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116
supplication
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| n.恳求，祈愿，哀求 | |
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117
shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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118
colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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119
emigrants
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| n.（从本国移往他国的）移民( emigrant的名词复数 ) | |
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120
regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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121
contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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122
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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123
languished
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| 长期受苦( languish的过去式和过去分词 )； 受折磨； 变得（越来越）衰弱； 因渴望而变得憔悴或闷闷不乐 | |
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124
stimulate
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| vt.刺激，使兴奋；激励，使…振奋 | |
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125
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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126
jurisdiction
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| n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权 | |
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127
perplexed
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| adj.不知所措的 | |
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128
machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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129
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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130
verandas
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| 阳台，走廊( veranda的名词复数 ) | |
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131
inmate
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| n.被收容者；(房屋等的)居住人；住院人 | |
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132
genial
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| adj.亲切的，和蔼的，愉快的，脾气好的 | |
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133
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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134
chafes
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| v.擦热（尤指皮肤）( chafe的第三人称单数 )；擦痛；发怒；惹怒 | |
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135
contrives
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| （不顾困难地）促成某事( contrive的第三人称单数 )； 巧妙地策划，精巧地制造（如机器）； 设法做到 | |
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136
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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137
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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138
amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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139
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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140
vocation
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| n.职业，行业 | |
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141
swarms
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| 蜂群，一大群( swarm的名词复数 ) | |
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142
infested
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| adj.为患的，大批滋生的（常与with搭配）v.害虫、野兽大批出没于( infest的过去式和过去分词 )；遍布于 | |
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143
annoyance
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| n.恼怒，生气，烦恼 | |
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144
rabble
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| n.乌合之众，暴民；下等人 | |
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145
miserably
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| adv.痛苦地；悲惨地；糟糕地；极度地 | |
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146
corrupt
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| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
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147
corrupted
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| （使）败坏( corrupt的过去式和过去分词 )； （使）腐化； 引起（计算机文件等的）错误； 破坏 | |
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148
licentious
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| adj.放纵的，淫乱的 | |
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149
basking
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| v.晒太阳，取暖( bask的现在分词 )；对…感到乐趣；因他人的功绩而出名；仰仗…的余泽 | |
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150
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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151
gunpowder
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| n.火药 | |
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152
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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153
abhorrence
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| n.憎恶；可憎恶的事 | |
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