The Germans, I am apt to believe, derive9 their original from no other people; and are nowise mixed with different nations arriving amongst them: since anciently those who went in search of new dwellings10, travelled not by land, but were carried in fleets; and into that mighty12 ocean so boundless13, and, as I may call it, so repugnant and forbidding, ships from our world rarely enter. Moreover, besides the dangers from a sea tempestuous14, horrid15 and unknown, who would relinquish16 Asia, or Africa, or Italy, to repair to Germany, a region hideous17 and rude, under a rigorous climate, dismal18 to behold19 or to manure20; {Footnote: To cultivate.} unless the same were his native country? In their old ballads21 (which amongst them are the only sort of registers and history) they celebrate Tuisto, a God sprung from the earth, and Mannus his son, as the fathers and founders23 of the nation. To Mannus they assign three sons, after whose names so many people are called; the Ingaevones, dwelling11 next the ocean; the Herminones, in the middle country; and all the rest, Istaevones. Some, borrowing a warrant from the darkness of antiquity24, maintain that the God had more sons, that thence came more denominations25 of people, the Marsians, Cambrians, Suevians, and Vandalians, and that these are the names truly genuine and original. For the rest, they affirm Germany to be a recent word, lately bestowed27: for that those who first passed the Rhine and expulsed the Gauls, and are now named Tungrians, were then called Germans: and thus by degrees the name of a tribe prevailed, not that of the nation; so that by an appellation29 at first occasioned by terror and conquest, they afterwards chose to be distinguished30, and assuming a name lately invented were universally called Germans.
They have a tradition that Hercules also had been in their country, and him above all other heroes they extol31 in their songs when they advance to battle. Amongst them too are found that kind of verses by the recital32 of which (by them called Barding) they inspire bravery; nay33, by such chanting itself they divine the success of the approaching fight. For, according to the different din6 of the battle, they urge furiously, or shrink timorously34. Nor does what they utter, so much seem to be singing as the voice and exertion35 of valour. They chiefly study a tone fierce and harsh, with a broken and unequal murmur36, and therefore apply their shields to their mouths, whence the voice may by rebounding38 swell39 with greater fulness and force. Besides there are some of opinion, that Ulysses, whilst he wandered about in his long and fabulous40 voyages, was carried into this ocean and entered Germany, and that by him Asciburgium was founded and named, a city at this day standing41 and inhabited upon the bank of the Rhine: nay, that in the same place was formerly42 found an altar dedicated43 to Ulysses, with the name of his father Laertes added to his own, and that upon the confines of Germany and Rhoetia are still extant certain monuments and tombs inscribed44 with Greek characters. Traditions these which I mean not either to confirm with arguments of my own or to refute. Let every one believe or deny the same according to his own bent45.
For myself, I concur46 in opinion with such as suppose the people of Germany never to have mingled47 by inter-marriages with other nations, but to have remained a people pure, and independent, and resembling none but themselves. Hence amongst such a mighty multitude of men, the same make and form is found in all, eyes stern and blue, yellow hair, huge bodies, but vigorous only in the first onset48. Of pains and labour they are not equally patient, nor can they at all endure thrift49 and heat. To bear hunger and cold they are hardened by their climate and soil.
Their lands, however somewhat different in aspect, yet taken all together consist of gloomy forests or nasty marshes50; lower and moister towards the confines of Gaul, more mountainous and windy towards Noricum and Pannonia; very apt to bear grain, but altogether unkindly to fruit trees; abounding51 in flocks and herds53, but generally small of growth. Nor even in their oxen is found the usual stateliness, no more than the natural ornaments54 and grandeur56 of head. In the number of their herds they rejoice; and these are their only, these their most desirable riches. Silver and gold the Gods have denied them, whether in mercy or in wrath57, I am unable to determine. Yet I would not venture to aver8 that in Germany no vein58 of gold or silver is produced; for who has ever searched? For the use and possession, it is certain they care not. Amongst them indeed are to be seen vessels59 of silver, such as have been presented to their Princes and Ambassadors, but holden in no other esteem60 than vessels made of earth. The Germans however adjoining to our frontiers value gold and silver for the purposes of commerce, and are wont61 to distinguish and prefer certain of our coins. They who live more remote are more primitive62 and simple in their dealings, and exchange one commodity for another. The money which they like is the old and long known, that indented64, {Footnote: With milled edges.} or that impressed with a chariot and two horses. Silver too is what they seek more than gold, from no fondness or preference, but because small pieces are more ready in purchasing things cheap and common.
Neither in truth do they abound52 in iron, as from the fashion of their weapons may be gathered. Swords they rarely use, or the larger spear. They carry javelins65 or, in their own language, framms, pointed67 with a piece of iron short and narrow, but so sharp and manageable, that with the same weapon they can fight at a distance or hand to hand, just as need requires. Nay, the horsemen also are content with a shield and a javelin66. The foot throw likewise weapons missive, each particular is armed with many, and hurls68 them a mighty space, all naked or only wearing a light cassock. In their equipment they show no ostentation69; only that their shields are diversified71 and adorned72 with curious colours. With coats of mail very few are furnished, and hardly upon any is seen a headpiece or helmet. Their horses are nowise signal either in fashion or in fleetness; nor taught to wheel and bound, according to the practice of the Romans: they only move them forward in a line, or turn them right about, with such compactness and equality that no one is ever behind the rest. To one who considers the whole it is manifest, that in their foot their principal strength lies, and therefore they fight intermixed with the horse: for such is their swiftness as to match and suit with the motions and engagements of the cavalry73. So that the infantry74 are elected from amongst the most robust75 of their youth, and placed in front of the army. The number to be sent is also ascertained76, out of every village an hundred, and by this very name they continue to be called at home, those of the hundred band: thus what was at first no more than a number, becomes thenceforth a title and distinction of honour. In arraying their army, they divide the whole into distinct battalions77 formed sharp in front. To recoil78 in battle, provided you return again to the attack, passes with them rather for policy than fear. Even when the combat is no more than doubtful, they bear away the bodies of their slain79. The most glaring disgrace that can befall them, is to have quitted their shield; nor to one branded with such ignominy is it lawful80 to join in their sacrifices, or to enter into their assemblies; and many who had escaped in the day of battle, have hanged themselves to put an end to this their infamy81.
In the choice of kings they are determined82 by the splendour of their race, in that of generals by their bravery. Neither is the power of their kings unbounded or arbitrary: and their generals procure83 obedience84 not so much by the force of their authority as by that of their example, when they appear enterprising and brave, when they signalise themselves by courage and prowess; and if they surpass all in admiration85 and pre-eminence, if they surpass all at the head of an army. But to none else but the Priests is it allowed to exercise correction, or to inflict86 bonds or stripes. Nor when the Priests do this, is the same considered as a punishment, or arising from the orders of the general, but from the immediate87 command of the Deity88, Him whom they believe to accompany them in war. They therefore carry with them when going to fight, certain images and figures taken out of their holy groves90. What proves the principal incentive91 to their valour is, that it is not at random92 nor by the fortuitous conflux of men that their troops and pointed battalions are formed, but by the conjunction of whole families, and tribes of relations. Moreover, close to the field of battle are lodged93 all the nearest and most interesting pledges of nature. Hence they hear the doleful howlings of their wives, hence the cries of their tender infants. These are to each particular the witnesses whom he most reverences94 and dreads97; these yield him the praise which affect him most. Their wounds and maims they carry to their mothers, or to their wives, neither are their mothers or wives shocked in telling, or in sucking their bleeding sores. {Footnote: Nec illae numerare aut exigere plagas pavent.} Nay, to their husbands and sons whilst engaged in battle, they administer meat and encouragement.
In history we find, that some armies already yielding and ready to fly, have been by the women restored, through their inflexible98 importunity99 and entreaties100, presenting their breasts, and showing their impending101 captivity102; an evil to the Germans then by far most dreadful when it befalls their women. So that the spirit of such cities as amongst their hostages are enjoined103 to send their damsels of quality, is always engaged more effectually than that of others. They even believe them endowed with something celestial104 and the spirit of prophecy. Neither do they disdain105 to consult them, nor neglect the responses which they return. In the reign106 of the deified Vespasian, we have seen Veleda for a long time, and by many nations, esteemed107 and adored as a divinity. In times past they likewise worshipped Aurinia and several more, from no complaisance108 or effort of flattery, nor as Deities109 of their own creating.
Of all the Gods, Mercury is he whom they worship most. To him on certain stated days it is lawful to offer even human victims. Hercules and Mars they appease110 with beasts usually allowed for sacrifice. Some of the Suevians make likewise immolations to Isis, Concerning the cause and original of this foreign sacrifice I have found small light; unless the figure of her image formed like a galley111, show that such devotion arrived from abroad. For the rest, from the grandeur and majesty112 of beings celestial, they judge it altogether unsuitable to hold the Gods enclosed within walls, or to represent them under any human likeness113. They consecrate114 whole woods and groves, and by the names of the Gods they call these recesses115; divinities these, which only in contemplation and mental reverence95 they behold.
To the use of lots and auguries117, they are addicted118 beyond all other nations. Their method of divining by lots is exceeding simple. From a tree which bears fruit they cut a twig119, and divide it into two small pieces. These they distinguish by so many several marks, and throw them at random and without order upon a white garment. Then the Priest of the community, if for the public the lots are consulted, or the father of a family if about a private concern, after he has solemnly invoked120 the Gods, with eyes lifted up to heaven, takes up every piece thrice, and having done thus forms a judgment121 according to the marks before made. If the chances have proved forbidding, they are no more consulted upon the same affair during the same day: even when they are inviting122, yet, for confirmation123, the faith of auguries too is tried. Yea, here also is the known practice of divining events from the voices and flight of birds. But to this nation it is peculiar124, to learn presages125 and admonitions divine from horses also. These are nourished by the State in the same sacred woods and groves, all milk-white and employed in no earthly labour. These yoked128 in the holy chariot, are accompanied by the Priest and the King, or the Chief of the community, who both carefully observe his actions and neighing. Nor in any sort of augury129 is more faith and assurance reposed130, not by the populace only, but even by the nobles, even by the Priests. These account themselves the ministers of the Gods, and the horses privy132 to his will. They have likewise another method of divination133, whence to learn the issue of great and mighty wars. From the nation with whom they are at war they contrive134, it avails not how, to gain a captive: him they engage in combat with one selected from amongst themselves, each armed after the manner of his country, and according as the victory falls to this or to the other, gather a presage126 of the whole.
Affairs of smaller moment the chiefs determine: about matters of higher consequence the whole nation deliberates; yet in such sort, that whatever depends upon the pleasure and decision of the people, is examined and discussed by the chiefs. Where no accident or emergency intervenes, they assemble upon stated days, either when the moon changes, or is full: since they believe such seasons to be the most fortunate for beginning all transactions. Neither in reckoning of time do they count, like us, the number of days but that of nights. In this style their ordinances136 are framed, in this style their diets appointed; and with them the night seems to lead and govern the day. From their extensive liberty this evil and default flows, that they meet not at once, nor as men commanded and afraid to disobey; so that often the second day, nay often the third, is consumed through the slowness of the members in assembling. They sit down as they list, promiscuously137, like a crowd, and all armed. It is by the Priests that silence is enjoined, and with the power of correction the Priests are then invested. Then the King or Chief is heard, as are others, each according to his precedence in age, or in nobility, or in warlike renown138, or in eloquence139; and the influence of every speaker proceeds rather from his ability to persuade than from any authority to command. If the proposition displease140, they reject it by an inarticulate murmur: if it be pleasing, they brandish141 their javelins. The most honourable142 manner of signifying their assent143, is to express their applause by the sound of their arms.
In the assembly it is allowed to present accusations144, and to prosecute145 capital offences. Punishments vary according to the quality of the crime. Traitors146 and deserters they hang upon trees. Cowards, and sluggards, and unnatural147 prostitutes they smother148 in mud and bogs149 under an heap of hurdles150. Such diversity in their executions has this view, that in punishing of glaring iniquities151, it behoves likewise to display them to sight: but effeminacy and pollution must be buried and concealed152. In lighter153 transgressions154 too the penalty is measured by the fault, and the delinquents155 upon conviction are condemned156 to pay a certain number of horses or cattle. Part of this mulct accrues157 to the King or to the community, part to him whose wrongs are vindicated158, or to his next kindred. In the same assemblies are also chosen their chiefs or rulers, such as administer justice in their villages and boroughs159. To each of these are assigned an hundred persons chosen from amongst the populace, to accompany and assist him, men who help him at once with their authority and their counsel.
Without being armed they transact135 nothing, whether of public or private concernment. But it is repugnant to their custom for any man to use arms, before the community has attested160 his capacity to wield161 them. Upon such testimonial, either one of the rulers, or his father, or some kinsman162 dignify163 the young man in the midst of the assembly, with a shield and javelin. This amongst them is the manly164 robe, this the first degree of honour conferred upon their youth. Before this they seem no more than part of a private family, but thenceforward part of the Commonweal. The princely dignity they confer even upon striplings, whose race is eminently165 noble, or whose fathers have done great and signal services to the State. For about the rest, who are more vigorous and long since tried, they crowd to attend: nor is it any shame to be seen amongst the followers167 of these. Nay, there are likewise degrees of followers, higher or lower, just as he whom they follow judges fit. Mighty too is the emulation168 amongst these followers, of each to be first in favour with his Prince; mighty also the emulation of the Princes, to excel in the number and valour of followers. This is their principal state, this their chief force, to be at all times surrounded with a huge band of chosen young men, for ornament55 and glory in peace, for security and defence in war. Nor is it amongst his own people only, but even from the neighbouring communities, that any of their Princes reaps so much renown and a name so great, when he surpasses in the number and magnanimity of his followers. For such are courted by Embassies, and distinguished with presents, and by the terror of their fame alone often dissipate wars.
In the day of battle, it is scandalous to the Prince to be surpassed in feats169 of bravery, scandalous to his followers to fail in matching the bravery of the Prince. But it is infamy during life, and indelible reproach, to return alive from a battle where their Prince was slain. To preserve their Prince, to defend him, and to ascribe to his glory all their own valorous deeds, is the sum and most sacred part of their oath. The Princes fight for victory; for the Prince his followers fight. Many of the young nobility, when their own community comes to languish170 in its vigour171 by long peace and inactivity, betake themselves through impatience172 to other States which then prove to be in war. For, besides that this people cannot brook173 repose131, besides that by perilous174 adventures they more quickly blazon175 their fame, they cannot otherwise than by violence and war support their huge train of retainers. For from the liberality of their Prince, they demand and enjoy that war-horse of theirs, with that victorious176 javelin dyed in the blood of their enemies. In the place of pay, they are supplied with a daily table and repasts; though grossly prepared, yet very profuse177. For maintaining such liberality and munificence178, a fund is furnished by continual wars and plunder179. Nor could you so easily persuade them to cultivate the ground, or to await the return of the seasons and produce of the year, as to provoke the foe180 and to risk wounds and death: since stupid and spiritless they account it, to acquire by their sweat what they can gain by their blood.
Upon any recess116 from war, they do not much attend the chase. Much more of their time they pass in indolence, resigned to sleep and repasts. {Footnote: "Dediti somno, ciboque:" handed over to sloth181 and gluttony.} All the most brave, all the most warlike, apply to nothing at all; but to their wives, to the ancient men, and to every the most impotent domestic, trust all the care of their house, and of their lands and possessions. They themselves loiter. {Footnote: Are rude and lazy.} Such is the amazing diversity of their nature, that in the same men is found so much delight in sloth, with so much enmity to tranquillity183 and repose. The communities are wont, of their own accord and man by man, to bestow26 upon their Princes a certain number of beasts, or a certain portion of grain; a contribution which passes indeed for a mark of reverence and honour, but serves also to supply their necessities. They chiefly rejoice in the gifts which come from the bordering countries, such as are sent not only by particulars but in the name of the State; curious horses, splendid armour184, rich harness, with collars of silver and gold. Now too they have learnt, what we have taught them, to receive money.
That none of the several people in Germany live together in cities, is abundantly known; nay, that amongst them none of their dwellings are suffered to be contiguous. They inhabit apart and distinct, just as a fountain, or a field, or a wood happened to invite them to settle. They raise their villages in opposite rows, but not in our manner with the houses joined one to another. Every man has a vacant space quite round his own, whether for security against accidents from fire, or that they want the art of building. With them in truth, is unknown even the use of mortar185 and of tiles. In all their structures they employ materials quite gross and unhewn, void of fashion and comeliness186. Some parts they besmear with an earth so pure and resplendent, that it resembles painting and colours. They are likewise wont to scoop187 caves deep in the ground, and over them to lay great heaps of dung. Thither188 they retire for shelter in the winter, and thither convey their grain: for by such close places they mollify the rigorous and excessive cold. Besides when at any time their enemy invades them, he can only ravage189 the open country, but either knows not such recesses as are invisible and subterraneous; or must suffer them to escape him, on this very account that he is uncertain where to find them.
For their covering a mantle190 is what they all wear, fastened with a clasp or, for want of it, with a thorn. As far as this reaches not they are naked, and lie whole days before the fire. The most wealthy are distinguished with a vest, not one large and flowing like those of Sarmatians and Parthians, but girt close about them and expressing the proportion of every limb. They likewise wear the skins of savage191 beasts, a dress which those bordering upon the Rhine use without any fondness or delicacy192, but about which such who live further in the country are more curious, as void of all apparel introduced by commerce. They choose certain wild beasts, and, having flayed193 them, diversify194 their hides with many spots, as also with the skins of monsters from the deep, such as are engendered195 in the distant ocean and in seas unknown. Neither does the dress of the women differ from that of the men, save that the women are orderly attired196 in linen198 embroidered199 with purple, and use no sleeves, so that all their arms are bare. The upper part of their breast is withal exposed. Yet the laws of matrimony are severely200 observed there; nor in the whole of their manners is ought more praiseworthy than this: for they are almost the only Barbarians202 contented203 with one wife, excepting a very few amongst them; men of dignity who marry divers70 wives, from no wantonness or lubricity, but courted for the lustre204 of their family into many alliances.
To the husband, the wife tenders no dowry; but the husband, to the wife. The parents and relations attend and declare their approbation205 of the presents, not presents adapted to feminine pomp and delicacy, nor such as serve to deck the new married woman; but oxen and horse accoutred, and a shield, with a javelin and sword. By virtue206 of these gifts, she is espoused207. She too on her part brings her husband some arms. This they esteem the highest tie, these the holy mysteries, and matrimonial Gods. That the woman may not suppose herself free from the considerations of fortitude208 and fighting, or exempt209 from the casualties of war, the very first solemnities of her wedding serve to warn her, that she comes to her husband as a partner in his hazards and fatigues210, that she is to suffer alike with him, to adventure alike, during peace or during war. This the oxen joined in the same yoke127 plainly indicate, this the horse ready equipped, this the present of arms. 'Tis thus she must be content to live, thus to resign life. The arms which she then receives she must preserve inviolate211, and to her sons restore the same, as presents worthy201 of them, such as their wives may again receive, and still resign to her grandchildren.
They therefore live in a state of chastity well secured; corrupted212 by no seducing213 shows and public diversions, by no irritations214 from banqueting. Of learning and of any secret intercourse215 by letters, they are all equally ignorant, men and women. Amongst a people so numerous, adultery is exceeding rare; a crime instantly punished, and the punishment left to be inflicted216 by the husband. He, having cut off her hair, expells her from his house naked, in presence of her kindred, and pursues her with stripes throughout the village. For, to a woman who has prostituted her person, no pardon is ever granted. However beautiful she be, however young, however abounding in wealth, a husband she can never find. In truth, nobody turns vices166 into mirth there, nor is the practice of corrupting217 and of yielding to corruption218, called the custom of the Age. Better still do those communities, in which none but virgins219 marry, and where to a single marriage all their views and inclinations220 are at once confined. Thus, as they have but one body and one life, they take but one husband, that beyond him they may have no thought, no further wishes, nor love him only as their husband but as their marriage. {Footnote: "Sed tamquam matrimonium ament."} To restrain generation and the increase of children, is esteemed an abominable222 sin, as also to kill infants newly born. And more powerful with them are good manners, than with other people are good laws.
In all their houses the children are reared naked and nasty; and thus grow into those limbs, into that bulk, which with marvel223 we behold. They are all nourished with the milk of their own mothers, and never surrendered to handmaids and nurses. The lord you cannot discern from the slave, by any superior delicacy in rearing. Amongst the same cattle they promiscuously live, upon the same ground they without distinction lie, till at a proper age the free-born are parted from the rest, and their bravery recommend them to notice. Slow and late do the young men come to the use of women, and thus very long preserve the vigour of youth. Neither are the virgins hastened to wed28. They must both have the same sprightly224 youth, the like stature225, and marry when equal and able-bodied. Thus the robustness226 of the parents is inherited by the children. Children are holden in the same estimation with their mother's brother, as with their father. Some hold this tie of blood to be most inviolable and binding227, and in receiving of hostages, such pledges are most considered and claimed, as they who at once possess affections the most unalienable, and the most diffuse228 interest in their family. To every man, however, his own children are heirs and successors: wills they make none: for want of children his next akin229 inherits; his own brothers, those of his father, or those of his mother. To ancient men, the more they abound in descendants, in relations and affinities230, so much the more favour and reverence accrues. From being childless, no advantage nor estimation is derived231.
All the enmities of your house, whether of your father or of your kindred, you must necessarily adopt; as well as all their friendships. Neither are such enmities unappeasable and permanent: since even for so great a crime as homicide, compensation is made by a fixed232 number of sheep and cattle, and by it the whole family is pacified233 to content. A temper this, wholesome234 to the State; because to a free nation, animosities and faction235 are always more menacing and perilous. In social feasts, and deeds of hospitality, no nation upon earth was ever more liberal and abounding. To refuse admitting under your roof any man whatsoever236, is held wicked and inhuman237. Every man receives every comer, and treats him with repasts as large as his ability can possibly furnish. When the whole stock is consumed, he who had treated so hospitably238 guides and accompanies his guest to a new scene of hospitality; and both proceed to the next house, though neither of them invited. Nor avails it, that they were not: they are there received, with the same frankness and humanity. Between a stranger and an acquaintance, in dispensing239 the rules and benefits of hospitality, no difference is made. Upon your departure, if you ask anything, it is the custom to grant it; and with the same facility, they ask of you. In gifts they delight, but neither claim merit from what they give, nor own any obligation for what they receive. Their manner of entertaining their guests is familiar and kind.
The moment they rise from sleep, which they generally prolong till late in the day, they bathe, most frequently in warm water; as in a country where the winter is very long and severe. From bathing, they sit down to meat; every man apart, upon a particular seat, and at a separate table. They then proceed to their affairs, all in arms; as in arms, they no less frequently go to banquet. To continue drinking night and day without intermission, is a reproach to no man. Frequent then are their broils240, as usual amongst men intoxicated241 with liquor; and such broils rarely terminate in angry words, but for the most part in maimings and slaughter242. Moreover in these their feasts, they generally deliberate about reconciling parties at enmity, about forming affinities, choosing of Princes, and finally about peace and war. For they judge, that at no season is the soul more open to thoughts that are artless and upright, or more fired with such as are great and bold. This people, of themselves nowise subtile or politic243, from the freedom of the place and occasion acquire still more frankness to disclose the most secret motions and purposes of their hearts. When therefore the minds of all have been once laid open and declared, on the day following the several sentiments are revised and canvassed244; and to both conjectures245 of time, due regard is had. They consult, when they know not how to dissemble; they determine, when they cannot mistake.
For their drink, they draw a liquor from barley246 or other grain; and ferment247 the same, so as to make it resemble wine. Nay, they who dwell upon the bank of the Rhine deal in wine. Their food is very simple; wild fruit, fresh venison, or coagulated milk. They banish248 hunger without formality, without curious dressing249 and curious fare. In extinguishing thirst, they use not equal temperance. If you will but humour their excess in drinking, and supply them with as much as they covet250, it will be no less easy to vanquish251 them by vices than by arms.
Of public diversions they have but one sort, and in all their meetings the same is still exhibited. Young men, such, as make it their pastime, fling themselves naked and dance amongst sharp swords and the deadly points of javelins. From habit they acquire their skill, and from their skill a graceful252 manner; yet from hence draw no gain or hire: though this adventurous253 gaiety has its reward, namely, that of pleasing the spectators. What is marvellous, playing at dice254 is one of their most serious employments; and even sober, they are gamesters: nay, so desperately255 do they venture upon the chance of winning or losing, that when their whole substance is played away, they stake their liberty and their persons upon one and the last throw. The loser goes calmly into voluntary bondage256. However younger he be, however stronger, he tamely suffers himself to be bound and sold by the winner. Such is their perseverance257 in an evil course: they themselves call it honour.
Slaves of this class, they exchange away in commerce, to free themselves too from the shame of such a victory. Of their other slaves they make not such use as we do of ours, by distributing amongst them the several offices and employments of the family. Each of them has a dwelling of his own, each a household to govern. His lord uses him like a tenant258, and obliges him to pay a quantity of grain, or of cattle, or of cloth. Thus far only the subserviency259 of the slave extends. All the other duties in a family, not the slaves, but the wives and children discharge. To inflict stripes upon a slave, or to put him in chains, or to doom260 him to severe labour, are things rarely seen. To kill them they sometimes are wont, not through correction or government, but in heat and rage, as they would an enemy, save that no vengeance261 or penalty follows. The freedmen very little surpass the slaves, rarely are of moment in the house; in the community never, excepting only such nations where arbitrary dominion262 prevails. For there they bear higher sway than the free-born, nay, higher than the nobles. In other countries the inferior condition of freedmen is a proof of public liberty.
To the practice of usury263 and of increasing money by interest, they are strangers; and hence is found a better guard against it, than if it were forbidden. They shift from land to land; and, still appropriating a portion suitable to the number of hands for manuring, anon parcel out the whole amongst particulars according to the condition and quality of each. As the plains are very spacious264, the allotments are easily assigned. Every year they change, and cultivate a fresh soil; yet still there is ground to spare. For they strive not to bestow labour proportionable to the fertility and compass of their lands, by planting orchards265, by enclosing meadows, by watering gardens. From the earth, corn only is exacted. Hence they quarter not the year into so many seasons. Winter, Spring, and Summer, they understand; and for each have proper appellations266. Of the name and blessings267 of Autumn, they are equally ignorant.
In performing their funerals, they show no state or vainglory. This only is carefully observed, that with the corpses268 of their signal men certain woods be burned. Upon the funeral pile they accumulate neither apparel nor perfumes. Into the fire, are always thrown the arms of the dead, and sometimes his horse. With sods of earth only the sepulchre is raised. The pomp of tedious and elaborate monuments they contemn269, as things grievous to the deceased. Tears and wailings they soon dismiss: their affliction and woe270 they long retain. In women, it is reckoned becoming to bewail their loss; in men, to remember it. This is what in general we have learned, in the original and customs of the whole people of Germany. I shall now deduce the institutions and usages of the several people, as far as they vary one from another; as also an account of what nations from thence removed, to settle themselves in Gaul.
That the Gauls were in times past more puissant271 and formidable, is related by the Prince of authors, the deified Julius; {Footnote: Julius Caesar.} and hence it is probable that they too have passed into Germany. For what a small obstacle must be a river, to restrain any nation, as each grew more potent182, from seizing or changing habitations; when as yet all habitations were common, and not parted or appropriated by the founding and terror of Monarchies272? The region therefore between the Hercynian Forest and the rivers Moenus {Footnote: Main.} and Rhine, was occupied by the Helvetians; as was that beyond it by the Boians, both nations of Gaul. There still remains273 a place called Boiemum, which denotes the primitive name and antiquity of the country, although the inhabitants have been changed. But whether the Araviscans are derived from the Osians, a nation of Germans passing into Pannonia, or the Osians from the Araviscans removing from thence into Germany, is a matter undecided; since they both still use the language, the same customs and the same laws. For, as of old they lived alike poor and alike free, equal proved the evils and advantages on each side the river, and common to both people. The Treverians and Nervians aspire274 passionately275 to the reputation of being descended276 from the Germans; since by the glory of this original, they would escape all imputation277 of resembling the Gauls in person and effeminacy. Such as dwell upon the bank of the Rhine, the Vangiones, the Tribocians, and the Nemetes, are without doubt all Germans. The Ubians are ashamed of their original; though they have a particular honour to boast, that of having merited an establishment as a Roman Colony, and still delight to be called Agrippinensians, after the name of their founder22: they indeed formerly came from beyond the Rhine, and, for the many proofs of their fidelity278, were settled upon the very bank of the river; not to be there confined or guarded themselves, but to guard and defend that boundary against the rest of the Germans.
Of all these nations, the Batavians are the most signal in bravery. They inhabit not much territory upon the Rhine, but possess an island in it. They were formerly part of the Cattans, and by means of feuds279 at home removed to these dwellings; whence they might become a portion of the Roman Empire. With them this honour still remains, as also the memorials of their ancient association with us: for they are not under the contempt of paying tribute, nor subject to be squeezed by the farmers of the revenue. Free from all impositions and payments, and only set apart for the purposes of fighting, they are reserved wholly for the wars, in the same manner as a magazine of weapons and armour. Under the same degree of homage280 are the nation of the Mattiacians. For such is the might and greatness of the Roman People, as to have carried the awe281 and esteem of their Empire beyond the Rhine and the ancient boundaries. Thus the Mattiacians, living upon the opposite banks, enjoy a settlement and limits of their own; yet in spirit and inclination221 are attached to us: in other things resembling the Batavians, save that as they still breathe their original air, still possess their primitive soil, they are thence inspired with superior vigour and keenness. Amongst the people of Germany I would not reckon those who occupy the lands which are under decimation, though they be such as dwell beyond the Rhine and the Danube. By several worthless and vagabond Gauls, and such as poverty rendered daring, that region was seized as one belonging to no certain possessor: afterwards it became a skirt of the Empire and part of a province, upon the enlargement of our bounds and the extending of our garrisons283 and frontier.
Beyond these are the Cattans, whose territories begin at the Hercynian Forest, and consist not of such wide and marshy284 plains, as those of the other communities contained within the vast compass of Germany; but produce ranges of hills, such as run lofty and contiguous for a long tract, then by degrees sink and decay. Moreover the Hercynian Forest attends for a while its native Cattans, then suddenly forsakes285 them. This people are distinguished with bodies more hardy286 and robust, compact limbs, stern countenances288, and greater vigour of spirit. For Germans, they are men of much sense and address. {Footnote: "Leur intelligence et leur finesse289 étonnent, dans des Germains."} They dignify chosen men, listen to such as are set over them, know how to preserve their post, to discern occasions, to rebate290 their own ardour and impatience; how to employ the day, how to entrench291 themselves by night. They account fortune amongst things slippery and uncertain, but bravery amongst such as are never-failing and secure; and, what is exceeding rare nor ever to be learnt but by a wholesome course of discipline, in the conduct of the general they repose more assurance than in the strength of the army. Their whole forces consist of foot, who besides their arms carry likewise instruments of iron and their provisions. You may see other Germans proceed equipped to battle, but the Cattans so as to conduct a war. {Footnote: "Alios ad proelium ire videas, Chattos ad bellum."} They rarely venture upon excursions or casual encounters. It is in truth peculiar to cavalry, suddenly to conquer, or suddenly to fly. Such haste and velocity292 rather resembles fear. Patience and deliberation are more akin to intrepidity293.
Moreover a custom, practised indeed in other nations of Germany, yet very rarely and confined only to particulars more daring than the rest, prevails amongst the Cattans by universal consent. As soon as they arrive to maturity294 of years, they let their hair and beards continue to grow, nor till they have slain an enemy do they ever lay aside this form of countenance287 by vow295 sacred to valour. Over the blood and spoil of a foe they make bare their face. They allege296, that they have now acquitted297 themselves of the debt and duty contracted by their birth, and rendered themselves worthy of their country, worthy of their parents. Upon the spiritless, cowardly and unwarlike, such deformity of visage still remains. {Footnote: "Manet squalor."} All the most brave likewise wear an iron ring (a mark of great dishonour298 this in that nation) and retain it as a chain; till by killing299 an enemy they become released. Many of the Cattans delight always to bear this terrible aspect; and, when grown white through age, become awful and conspicuous300 by such marks, both to the enemy and their own countrymen. By them in all engagements the first assault is made: of them the front of the battle is always composed, as men who in their looks are singular and tremendous. For even during peace they abate301 nothing in the grimness and horror of their countenance. They have no house to inhabit, no land to cultivate, nor any domestic charge or care. With whomsoever they come to sojourn302, by him they are maintained; always very prodigal303 of the substance of others, always despising what is their own, till the feebleness of old age overtakes them, and renders them unequal to the efforts of such rigid304 bravery.
Next to the Cattans, dwell the Usipians and Tencterians; upon the Rhine now running in a channel uniform and certain, such as suffices for a boundary. The Tencterians, besides their wonted glory in war, surpass in the service and discipline of their cavalry. Nor do the Cattans derive higher applause from their foot, than the Tencterians from their horse. Such was the order established by their forefathers305, and what their posterity306 still pursue. From riding and exercising of horses, their children borrow their pastimes; in this exercise the young men find matter for emulating307 one another, and in this the old men take pleasure to persevere308. Horses are by the father bequeathed as part of his household and family, horses are conveyed amongst the rights of succession, and as such the son receives them; but not the eldest309 son, like other effects, by priority of birth, but he who happens to be signal in boldness and superior in war.
Contiguous to the Tencterians formerly dwelt the Bructerians, in whose room it is said the Chamavians and Angrivarians are now settled; they who expulsed and almost extirpated310 the Bructerians, with the concurrence311 of the neighbouring nations: whether in detestation of their arrogance312, or allured313 by the love of spoil, or through the special favour of the Gods towards us Romans. They in truth even vouchsafed314 to gratify us with the sight of the battle. In it there fell above sixty thousand souls, without a blow struck by the Romans; but, what is a circumstance still more glorious, fell to furnish them with a spectacle of joy and recreation. May the Gods continue and perpetuate315 amongst these nations, if not any love for us, yet by all means this their animosity and hate towards each other: since whilst the destiny of the Empire thus urges it, fortune cannot more signally befriend us, than in sowing strife316 amongst our foes317.
The Angrivarians and Chamavians are enclosed behind, by the Dulgibinians and Chasuarians; and by other nations not so much noted318: before, the Frisians face them. The country of Frisia is divided into two; called the greater and lesser319, according to the measure of their strength. Both nations stretch along the Rhine, quite to the ocean; and surround vast lakes such as once have borne Roman fleets. We have moreover even ventured out from thence into the ocean, and upon its coasts common fame has reported the pillars of Hercules to be still standing: whether it be that Hercules ever visited these parts, or that to his renowned320 name we are wont to ascribe whatever is grand and glorious everywhere. Neither did Drusus who made the attempt, want boldness to pursue it: but the roughness of the ocean withstood him, nor would suffer discoveries to be made about itself, no more than about Hercules. Thenceforward the enterprise was dropped: nay, more pious321 and reverential it seemed, to believe the marvellous feats of the Gods than to know and to prove them. {Footnote: "Coelum ipsum petimus stultitia."}
Hitherto, I have been describing Germany towards the west. To the northward322, it winds away with an immense compass. And first of all occurs the nation of the Chaucians: who though they begin immediately at the confines of the Frisians, and occupy part of the shore, extend so far as to border upon all the several people whom I have already recounted; till at last, by a circuit, they reach quite to the boundaries of the Cattans. A region so vast, the Chaucians do not only possess but fill; a people of all the Germans the most noble, such as would rather maintain their grandeur by justice than violence. They live in repose, retired323 from broils abroad, void of avidity to possess more, free from a spirit of domineering over others. They provoke no wars, they ravage no countries, they pursue no plunder. Of their bravery and power, the chief evidence arises from hence, that, without wronging or oppressing others, they are come to be superior to all. Yet they are all ready to arm, and if an exigency324 require, armies are presently raised, powerful and abounding as they are in men and horses; and even when they are quiet and their weapons laid aside, their credit and name continue equally high.
Along the side of the Chaucians and Cattans dwell the Cheruscans; a people who finding no enemy to rouse them, were enfeebled by a peace overlasting and uniform, but such as they failed not to nourish. A conduct which proved more pleasing than secure; since treacherous325 is that repose which you enjoy amongst neighbours that are very powerful and very fond of rule and mastership. When recourse is once had to the sword, modesty326 and fair dealing63 will be vainly pleaded by the weaker; names these which are always assumed by the stronger. Thus the Cheruscans, they who formerly bore the character of good and upright, are now called cowards and fools; and the fortune of the Cattans who subdued327 them, grew immediately to be wisdom. In the ruin of the Cheruscans, the Fosians, also their neighbours, were involved; and in their calamities328 bore an equal share, though in their prosperity they had been weaker and less considered.
In the same winding tract of Germany live the Cimbrians, close to the ocean; a community now very small, but great in fame. Nay, of their ancient renown, many and extensive are the traces and monuments still remaining; even their entrenchments upon either shore, so vast in compass that from thence you may even now measure the greatness and numerous bands of that people, and assent to the account of an army so mighty. It was on the six hundred and fortieth year of Rome, when of the arms of the Cimbrians the first mention was made, during the Consulship329 of Caecilius Metellus and Papirius Carbo. If from that time we count to the second Consulship of the Emperor Trajan, the interval331 comprehends near two hundred and ten years; so long have we been conquering Germany. In a course of time, so vast between these two periods, many have been the blows and disasters suffered on each side. In truth neither from the Samnites, nor from the Carthaginians, nor from both Spains, nor from all the nations of Gaul, have we received more frequent checks and alarms; nor even from the Parthians: for, more vigorous and invincible332 is the liberty of the Germans than the monarchy333 of the Arsacides. Indeed, what has the power of the East to allege to our dishonour; but the fall of Crassus, that power which was itself overthrown334 and abased335 by Ventidius, with the loss of the great King Pacorus bereft336 of his life? But by the Germans the Roman People have been bereft of five armies, all commanded by Consuls330; by the Germans, the commanders of these armies, Carbo, and Cassius, and Scaurus Aurelius, and Servilius Caepio, as also Marcus Manlius, were all routed or taken: by the Germans even the Emperor Augustus was bereft of Varus and three legions. Nor without difficulty and loss of men were they defeated by Caius Marius in Italy, or by the deified Julius in Gaul, or by Drusus or Tiberius or Germanicus in their native territories. Soon after, the mighty menaces of Caligula against them ended in mockery and derision. Thenceforward they continued quiet, till taking advantage of our domestic division and civil wars, they stormed and seized the winter entrenchments of the legions, and aimed at the dominion of Gaul; from whence they were once more expulsed, and in the times preceding the present, we gained a triumph over them rather than a victory.
I must now proceed to speak of the Suevians, who are not, like the Cattans and Tencterians, comprehended in a single people; but divided into several nations all bearing distinct names, though, in general they are entitled Suevians, and occupy the larger share of Germany. This people are remarkable337 for a peculiar custom, that of twisting their hair and binding it up in a knot. It is thus the Suevians are distinguished from the other Germans, thus the free Suevians from their slaves. In other nations, whether from alliance of blood with the Suevians, or, as is usual, from imitation, this practice is also found, yet rarely, and never exceeds the years of youth. The Suevians, even when their hair is white through age, continue to raise it backwards338 in a manner stern and staring; and often tie it upon the top of their head only. That of their Princes, is more accurately339 disposed, and so far they study to appear agreeable and comely340; but without any culpable341 intention. For by it, they mean not to make love or to incite342 it: they thus dress when proceeding343 to war, and deck their heads so as to add to their height and terror in the eyes of the enemy.
Of all the Suevians, the Semnones recount themselves to be the most ancient and most noble. The belief of their antiquity is confirmed by religious mysteries. At a stated time of the year, all the several people descended from the same stock, assemble by their deputies in a wood; consecrated344 by the idolatries of their forefathers, and by superstitious345 awe in times of old. There by publicly sacrificing a man, they begin the horrible solemnity of their barbarous worship. To this grove89 another sort of reverence is also paid. No one enters it otherwise than bound with ligatures, thence professing346 his subordination and meanness, and the power of the Deity there. If he fall down, he is not permitted to rise or be raised, but grovels347 along upon the ground. And of all their superstition348, this is the drift and tendency; that from this place the nation drew their original, that here God, the supreme349 Governor of the world, resides, and that all things else whatsoever are subject to him and bound to obey him. The potent condition of the Semnones has increased their influence and authority, as they inhabit an hundred towns; and from the largeness of their community it comes, that they hold themselves for the head of the Suevians.
What on the contrary ennobles the Langobards is the smallness of their number, for that they, who are surrounded with very many and very powerful nations, derive their security from no obsequiousness350 or plying351; but from the dint352 of battle and adventurous deeds. There follow in order the Reudignians, and Aviones, and Angles, and Varinians, and Eudoses, and Suardones and Nuithones; all defended by rivers or forests. Nor in one of these nations does aught remarkable occur, only that they universally join in the worship of Herthum; that is to say, the Mother Earth. Her they believe to interpose in the affairs of men, and to visit countries. In an island of the ocean stands the wood Castum; in it is a chariot dedicated to the Goddess, covered over with a curtain, and permitted to be touched by none but the Priest. Whenever the Goddess enters this her holy vehicle, he perceives her; and with profound veneration353 attends the motion of the chariot, which is always drawn354 by yoked cows. Then it is that days of rejoicing always ensue, and in all places whatsoever which she descends355 to honour with a visit and her company, feasts and recreation abound. They go not to war; they touch no arms; fast laid up is every hostile weapon; peace and repose are then only known, then only beloved, till to the temple the same priest reconducts the Goddess when well tired with the conversation of mortal beings. Anon the chariot is washed and purified in a secret lake, as also the curtains; nay, the Deity herself too, if you choose to believe it. In this office it is slaves who minister, and they are forthwith doomed356 to be swallowed up in the same lake. Hence all men are possessed357 with mysterious terror; as well as with a holy ignorance what that must be, which none see but such as are immediately to perish. Moreover this quarter of the Suevians stretches to the middle of Germany.
The community next adjoining, is that of the Hermondurians; (that I may now follow the course of the Danube, as a little before I did that of the Rhine) a people this, faithful to the Romans. So that to them alone of all the Germans, commerce is permitted; not barely upon the bank of the Rhine, but more extensively, and even in that glorious colony in the province of Rhoetia. They travel everywhere at their own discretion358 and without a guard; and when to other nations, we show no more than our arms and encampments, to this people we throw open our houses and dwellings, as to men who have no longing282 to possess them. In the territories of the Hermondurians rises the Elbe, a river very famous and formerly well known to us; at present we only hear it named.
Close by the Hermondurians reside the Nariscans, and next to them the Marcomanians and Quadians. Amongst these the Marcomanians are most signal in force and renown; nay, their habitation itself they acquired by their bravery, as from thence they formerly expulsed the Boians. Nor do the Nariscans or Quadians degenerate359 in spirit. Now this is as it were the frontier of Germany, as far as Germany is washed by the Danube. To the times within our memory the Marcomanians and Quadians were governed by kings, who were natives of their own, descended from the noble line of Maroboduus and Tudrus. At present they are even subject to such as are foreigners. But the whole strength and sway of their kings is derived from the authority of the Romans. From our arms, they rarely receive any aid; from our money very frequently.
Nor less powerful are the several people beyond them; namely, the Marsignians, the Gothinians, the Osians and the Burians, who altogether enclose the Marcomanians and Quadians behind. Of those, the Marsignians and the Burians in speech and dress resemble the Suevians. From the Gallic language spoken by the Gothinians, and from that of Pannonia by the Osians, it is manifest that neither of these people are Germans; as it is also from their bearing to pay tribute. Upon them as upon aliens their tribute is imposed, partly by the Sarmatians, partly by the Quadians. The Gothinians, to heighten their disgrace, are forced to labour in the iron mines. By all these several nations but little level country is possessed: they are seated amongst forests, and upon the ridges360 and declivities of mountains. For, Suevia is parted by a continual ridge361 of mountains; beyond which, live many distinct nations. Of these the Lygians are most numerous and extensive, and spread into several communities. It will suffice to mention the most puissant; even the Arians, Helvicones, Manimians; Elysians and Naharvalians. Amongst the Naharvalians is shown a grove, sacred to devotion extremely ancient. Over it a Priest presides apparelled like a woman; but according to the explication of the Romans, 'tis Castor and Pollux who are here worshipped. This Divinity is named Alcis. There are indeed no images here, no traces of an extraneous362 superstition: yet their devotion is addressed to young men and to brothers. Now the Aryans, besides their forces, in which they surpass the several nations just recounted, are in their persons stern and truculent363; and even humour and improve their natural grimness and ferocity by art and time. They wear black shields, their bodies are painted black, they choose dark nights for engaging in battle; and by the very awe and ghastly hue364 of their army, strike the enemy with dread96, as none can bear this their aspect so surprising and as it were quite infernal. For, in all battles the eyes are vanquished365 first.
Beyond the Lygians dwell the Gothones, under the rule of a King; and thence held in subjection somewhat stricter than the other German nations, yet not so strict as to extinguish all their liberty. Immediately adjoining are the Rugians and Lemovians upon the coast of the ocean, and of these several nations the characteristics are a round shield, a short sword and kingly government. Next occur the communities of the Suiones, situated366 in the ocean itself; and besides their strength in men and arms, very powerful at sea. The form of their vessels varies thus far from ours, that they have prows367 at each end, so as to be always ready to row to shore without turning; nor are they moved by sails, nor on their sides have benches of oars368 placed, but the rowers ply37 here and there in all parts of the ship alike, as in some rivers is done, and change their oars from place to place, just as they shift their course hither or thither. To wealth also, amongst them, great veneration is paid, and thence a single ruler governs them, without all restriction369 of power, and exacting370 unlimited371 obedience. Neither here, as amongst other nations of Germany, are arms used indifferently by all, but shut up and warded372 under the care of a particular keeper, who in truth too is always a slave: since from all sudden invasions and attacks from their foes, the ocean protects them: besides that armed bands, when they are not employed, grow easily debauched and tumultuous. The truth is, it suits not the interest of an arbitrary Prince, to trust the care and power of arms either with a nobleman or with a freeman, or indeed with any man above the condition of a slave.
Beyond the Suiones is another sea, one very heavy and almost void of agitation374; and by it the whole globe is thought to be bounded and environed, for that the reflection of the sun, after his setting, continues till his rising, so bright as to darken the stars. To this, popular opinion has added, that the tumult373 also of his emerging from the sea is heard, that forms divine are then seen, as likewise the rays about his head. Only thus far extend the limits of nature, if what fame says be true. Upon the right of the Suevian Sea the Aestyan nations reside, who use the same customs and attire197 with the Suevians; their language more resembles that of Britain. They worship the Mother of the Gods. As the characteristic of their national superstition, they wear the images of wild boars. This alone serves them for arms, this is the safeguard of all, and by this every worshipper of the Goddess is secured even amidst his foes. Rare amongst them is the use of weapons of iron, but frequent that of clubs. In producing of grain and the other fruits of the earth, they labour with more assiduity and patience than is suitable to the usual laziness of Germans. Nay, they even search the deep, and of all the rest are the only people who gather amber375. They call it glasing, and find it amongst the shallows and upon the very shore. But, according to the ordinary incuriosity and ignorance of Barbarians, they have neither learnt, nor do they inquire, what is its nature, or from what cause it is produced. In truth it lay long neglected amongst the other gross discharges of the sea; till from our luxury, it gained a name and value. To themselves it is of no use: they gather it rough, they expose it in pieces coarse and unpolished, and for it receive a price with wonder. You would however conceive it to be a liquor issuing from trees, for that in the transparent376 substance are often seen birds and other animals, such as at first stuck in the soft gum, and by it, as it hardened, became quite enclosed. I am apt to believe that, as in the recesses of the East are found woods and groves dropping frankincense and balms, so in the isles377 and continent of the West such gums are extracted by the force and proximity378 of the sun; at first liquid and flowing into the next sea, then thrown by winds and waves upon the opposite shore. If you try the nature of amber by the application of fire, it kindles379 like a torch; and feeds a thick and unctuous380 flame very high scented381, and presently becomes glutinous382 like pitch or rosin.
Upon the Suiones, border the people Sitones; and, agreeing with them in all other things, differ from them in one, that here the sovereignty is exercised by a woman. So notoriously do they degenerate not only from a state of liberty, but even below a state of bondage. Here end the territories of the Suevians.
Whether amongst the Sarmatians or the Germans I ought to account the Peucinians, the Venedians, and the Fennians, is what I cannot determine; though the Peucinians, whom some call Basstarnians, speak the same language with the Germans, use the same attire, build like them, and live like them, in that dirtiness and sloth so common to all. Somewhat they are corrupted into the fashion of the Sarmatians by the intermarriages of the principal sort with that nation: from whence the Venedians have derived very many of their customs and a great resemblance. For they are continually traversing and infesting383 with robberies all the forests and mountains lying between the Peucinians and Fennians. Yet they are rather reckoned amongst the Germans, for that they have fixed houses, and carry shields, and prefer travelling on foot, and excel in swiftness. Usages these, all widely differing from those of the Sarmatians, who live on horseback and dwell in waggons384. In wonderful savageness385 live the nation of the Fennians, and in beastly poverty, destitute386 of arms, of horses, and of homes; their food, the common herbs; their apparel, skins; their bed, the earth; their only hope in their arrows, which for want of iron they point with bones. Their common support they have from the chase, women as well as men; for with these the former wander up and down, and crave387 a portion of the prey388. Nor other shelter have they even for their babes, against the violence of tempests and ravening389 beasts, than to cover them with the branches of trees twisted together: this a reception for the old men, and hither resort the young. Such a condition they judge more happy than the painful occupation of cultivating the ground, than the labour of rearing houses, than the agitations390 of hope and fear attending the defence of their own property or the seizing that of others. Secure against the designs of men, secure against the malignity391 of the Gods, they have accomplished392 a thing of infinite difficulty; that to them nothing remains even to be wished.
What further accounts we have are fabulous: as that the Hellusians and Oxiones have the countenances and aspect of men, with the bodies and limbs of savage beasts. This, as a thing about which I have no certain information, I shall leave untouched.
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mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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encompassed
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| v.围绕( encompass的过去式和过去分词 )；包围；包含；包括 | |
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tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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perpendicular
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| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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din
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| n.喧闹声，嘈杂声 | |
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ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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aver
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derive
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dwellings
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dwelling
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mighty
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boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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tempestuous
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horrid
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| adj.可怕的；令人惊恐的；恐怖的；极讨厌的 | |
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relinquish
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hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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18
dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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19
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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20
manure
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| n.粪，肥，肥粒；vt.施肥 | |
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21
ballads
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| 民歌，民谣，特别指叙述故事的歌( ballad的名词复数 )； 讴 | |
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22
Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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23
founders
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| n.创始人( founder的名词复数 ) | |
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24
antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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25
denominations
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| n.宗派( denomination的名词复数 )；教派；面额；名称 | |
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26
bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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27
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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28
wed
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| v.娶，嫁，与…结婚 | |
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29
appellation
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| n.名称，称呼 | |
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30
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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31
extol
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| v.赞美，颂扬 | |
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32
recital
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| n.朗诵，独奏会，独唱会 | |
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33
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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34
timorously
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| adv.胆怯地，羞怯地 | |
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35
exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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36
murmur
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| n.低语，低声的怨言；v.低语，低声而言 | |
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37
ply
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| v.(搬运工等)等候顾客，弯曲 | |
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38
rebounding
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| 蹦跳运动 | |
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39
swell
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| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
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40
fabulous
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| adj.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中的 | |
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41
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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42
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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43
dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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44
inscribed
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| v.写，刻( inscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；内接 | |
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45
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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46
concur
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| v.同意，意见一致，互助，同时发生 | |
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47
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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48
onset
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| n.进攻，袭击，开始，突然开始 | |
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49
thrift
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| adj.节约，节俭；n.节俭，节约 | |
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50
marshes
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| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
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51
abounding
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| adj.丰富的，大量的v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的现在分词 ) | |
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52
abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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53
herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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54
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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55
ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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56
grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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57
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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58
vein
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| n.血管，静脉；叶脉，纹理；情绪；vt.使成脉络 | |
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59
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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60
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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61
wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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62
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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63
dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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64
indented
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| adj.锯齿状的，高低不平的；缩进排版 | |
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65
javelins
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| n.标枪( javelin的名词复数 ) | |
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66
javelin
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| n.标枪，投枪 | |
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67
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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68
hurls
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的第三人称单数 )；大声叫骂 | |
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69
ostentation
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| n.夸耀，卖弄 | |
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70
divers
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| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
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71
diversified
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| adj.多样化的，多种经营的v.使多样化，多样化( diversify的过去式和过去分词 )；进入新的商业领域 | |
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72
adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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73
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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74
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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75
robust
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| adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的 | |
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76
ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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77
battalions
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| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
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78
recoil
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| vi.退却，退缩，畏缩 | |
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79
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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80
lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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81
infamy
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| n.声名狼藉，出丑，恶行 | |
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82
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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83
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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84
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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85
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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86
inflict
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| vt.(on)把…强加给，使遭受，使承担 | |
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87
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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88
deity
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| n.神，神性；被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
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89
grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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90
groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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91
incentive
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| n.刺激；动力；鼓励；诱因；动机 | |
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92
random
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| adj.随机的；任意的；n.偶然的(或随便的)行动 | |
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93
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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94
reverences
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| n.尊敬，崇敬( reverence的名词复数 )；敬礼 | |
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95
reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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96
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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97
dreads
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| n.恐惧，畏惧( dread的名词复数 )；令人恐惧的事物v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的第三人称单数 ) | |
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98
inflexible
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| adj.不可改变的，不受影响的，不屈服的 | |
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99
importunity
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| n.硬要，强求 | |
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100
entreaties
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| n.恳求，乞求( entreaty的名词复数 ) | |
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101
impending
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| a.imminent, about to come or happen | |
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102
captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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103
enjoined
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| v.命令( enjoin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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104
celestial
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| adj.天体的；天上的 | |
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105
disdain
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| n.鄙视，轻视；v.轻视，鄙视，不屑 | |
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106
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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107
esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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108
complaisance
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| n.彬彬有礼，殷勤，柔顺 | |
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109
deities
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| n.神，女神( deity的名词复数 )；神祗；神灵；神明 | |
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110
appease
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| v.安抚，缓和，平息，满足 | |
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111
galley
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| n.（飞机或船上的）厨房单层甲板大帆船；军舰舰长用的大划艇； | |
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112
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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113
likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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114
consecrate
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| v.使圣化，奉…为神圣；尊崇；奉献 | |
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115
recesses
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| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
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116
recess
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| n.短期休息，壁凹（墙上装架子，柜子等凹处） | |
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117
auguries
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| n.（古罗马）占卜术，占卜仪式( augury的名词复数 )；预兆 | |
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118
addicted
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| adj.沉溺于....的，对...上瘾的 | |
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119
twig
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| n.小树枝，嫩枝；v.理解 | |
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120
invoked
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| v.援引( invoke的过去式和过去分词 )；行使（权利等）；祈求救助；恳求 | |
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121
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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122
inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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123
confirmation
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| n.证实，确认，批准 | |
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124
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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125
presages
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| v.预示，预兆( presage的第三人称单数 ) | |
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126
presage
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| n.预感，不祥感；v.预示 | |
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127
yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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128
yoked
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| 结合（yoke的过去式形式） | |
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129
augury
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| n.预言，征兆，占卦 | |
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130
reposed
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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131
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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132
privy
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| adj.私用的；隐密的 | |
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133
divination
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| n.占卜，预测 | |
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134
contrive
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| vt.谋划，策划；设法做到；设计，想出 | |
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135
transact
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| v.处理；做交易；谈判 | |
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136
ordinances
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| n.条例，法令( ordinance的名词复数 ) | |
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137
promiscuously
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| adv.杂乱地，混杂地 | |
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138
renown
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| n.声誉，名望 | |
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139
eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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140
displease
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| vt.使不高兴，惹怒；n.不悦，不满，生气 | |
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141
brandish
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| v.挥舞，挥动；n.挥动，挥舞 | |
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142
honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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143
assent
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| v.批准，认可；n.批准，认可 | |
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144
accusations
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| n.指责( accusation的名词复数 )；指控；控告；（被告发、控告的）罪名 | |
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145
prosecute
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| vt.告发；进行；vi.告发，起诉，作检察官 | |
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146
traitors
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| 卖国贼( traitor的名词复数 )； 叛徒； 背叛者； 背信弃义的人 | |
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147
unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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148
smother
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| vt./vi.使窒息；抑制；闷死；n.浓烟；窒息 | |
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149
bogs
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| n.沼泽，泥塘( bog的名词复数 )；厕所v.（使）陷入泥沼， （使）陷入困境( bog的第三人称单数 )；妨碍，阻碍 | |
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150
hurdles
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| n.障碍( hurdle的名词复数 )；跳栏；（供人或马跳跃的）栏架；跨栏赛 | |
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151
iniquities
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| n.邪恶( iniquity的名词复数 )；极不公正 | |
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152
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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153
lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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154
transgressions
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| n.违反，违法，罪过( transgression的名词复数 ) | |
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155
delinquents
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| n.（尤指青少年）有过失的人，违法的人( delinquent的名词复数 ) | |
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156
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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157
accrues
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| v.增加( accrue的第三人称单数 )；（通过自然增长）产生；获得；（使钱款、债务）积累 | |
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158
vindicated
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| v.澄清（某人/某事物）受到的责难或嫌疑( vindicate的过去式和过去分词 )；表明或证明（所争辩的事物）属实、正当、有效等；维护 | |
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159
boroughs
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| （尤指大伦敦的）行政区( borough的名词复数 )； 议会中有代表的市镇 | |
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160
attested
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| adj.经检验证明无病的，经检验证明无菌的v.证明( attest的过去式和过去分词 )；证实；声称…属实；使宣誓 | |
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161
wield
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| vt.行使，运用，支配；挥，使用(武器等) | |
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162
kinsman
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| n.男亲属 | |
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163
dignify
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| vt.使有尊严；使崇高；给增光 | |
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164
manly
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| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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165
eminently
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| adv.突出地；显著地；不寻常地 | |
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166
vices
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| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
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167
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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168
emulation
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| n.竞争；仿效 | |
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169
feats
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| 功绩，伟业，技艺( feat的名词复数 ) | |
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170
languish
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| vi.变得衰弱无力，失去活力，（植物等）凋萎 | |
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171
vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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172
impatience
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| n.不耐烦，急躁 | |
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173
brook
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| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
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174
perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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175
blazon
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| n.纹章，装饰；精确描绘；v.广布；宣布 | |
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176
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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177
profuse
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| adj.很多的，大量的，极其丰富的 | |
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178
munificence
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| n.宽宏大量，慷慨给与 | |
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179
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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180
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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181
sloth
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| n.[动]树懒；懒惰，懒散 | |
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182
potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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183
tranquillity
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| n. 平静, 安静 | |
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184
armour
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| （=armor）n.盔甲；装甲部队 | |
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185
mortar
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| n.灰浆，灰泥；迫击炮；v.把…用灰浆涂接合 | |
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186
comeliness
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| n. 清秀, 美丽, 合宜 | |
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187
scoop
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| n.铲子，舀取，独家新闻；v.汲取，舀取，抢先登出 | |
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188
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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189
ravage
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| vt.使...荒废，破坏...；n.破坏，掠夺，荒废 | |
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190
mantle
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| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
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191
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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192
delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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193
flayed
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| v.痛打( flay的过去式和过去分词 )；把…打得皮开肉绽；剥（通常指动物）的皮；严厉批评 | |
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194
diversify
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| v.（使）不同，（使）变得多样化 | |
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195
engendered
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| v.产生（某形势或状况），造成，引起( engender的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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196
attired
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| adj.穿着整齐的v.使穿上衣服，使穿上盛装( attire的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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197
attire
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| v.穿衣，装扮[同]array；n.衣着；盛装 | |
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198
linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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199
embroidered
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| adj．绣花的 | |
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200
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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201
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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202
barbarians
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| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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203
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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204
lustre
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| n.光亮，光泽；荣誉 | |
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205
approbation
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| n.称赞；认可 | |
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206
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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207
espoused
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| v.（决定）支持，拥护（目标、主张等）( espouse的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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208
fortitude
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| n.坚忍不拔；刚毅 | |
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209
exempt
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| adj.免除的；v.使免除；n.免税者，被免除义务者 | |
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210
fatigues
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| n.疲劳( fatigue的名词复数 )；杂役；厌倦；（士兵穿的）工作服 | |
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211
inviolate
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| adj.未亵渎的，未受侵犯的 | |
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212
corrupted
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| （使）败坏( corrupt的过去式和过去分词 )； （使）腐化； 引起（计算机文件等的）错误； 破坏 | |
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213
seducing
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| 诱奸( seduce的现在分词 )； 勾引； 诱使堕落； 使入迷 | |
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214
irritations
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| n.激怒( irritation的名词复数 )；恼怒；生气；令人恼火的事 | |
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215
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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216
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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217
corrupting
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| （使）败坏( corrupt的现在分词 )； （使）腐化； 引起（计算机文件等的）错误； 破坏 | |
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218
corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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219
virgins
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| 处女，童男( virgin的名词复数 )； 童贞玛利亚（耶稣之母） | |
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220
inclinations
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| 倾向( inclination的名词复数 )； 倾斜； 爱好； 斜坡 | |
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221
inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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222
abominable
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| adj.可厌的，令人憎恶的 | |
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223
marvel
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| vi.(at)惊叹vt.感到惊异；n.令人惊异的事 | |
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224
sprightly
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| adj.愉快的，活泼的 | |
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225
stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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226
robustness
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| 坚固性，健壮性；鲁棒性 | |
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227
binding
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| 有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的 | |
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228
diffuse
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| v.扩散；传播；adj.冗长的；四散的，弥漫的 | |
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229
akin
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| adj.同族的，类似的 | |
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230
affinities
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| n.密切关系( affinity的名词复数 )；亲近；（生性）喜爱；类同 | |
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231
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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232
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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233
pacified
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| 使（某人）安静( pacify的过去式和过去分词 )； 息怒； 抚慰； 在（有战争的地区、国家等）实现和平 | |
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234
wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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235
faction
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| n.宗派，小集团；派别；派系斗争 | |
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236
whatsoever
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| adv.（用于否定句中以加强语气）任何；pron.无论什么 | |
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237
inhuman
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| adj.残忍的，不人道的，无人性的 | |
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238
hospitably
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| 亲切地，招待周到地，善于款待地 | |
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239
dispensing
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| v.分配( dispense的现在分词 )；施与；配（药） | |
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240
broils
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| v.（用火）烤（焙、炙等）( broil的第三人称单数 )；使卷入争吵；使混乱；被烤（或炙） | |
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241
intoxicated
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| 喝醉的，极其兴奋的 | |
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242
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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243
politic
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| adj.有智虑的；精明的；v.从政 | |
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244
canvassed
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| v.（在政治方面）游说( canvass的过去式和过去分词 )；调查（如选举前选民的）意见；为讨论而提出（意见等）；详细检查 | |
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245
conjectures
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| 推测，猜想( conjecture的名词复数 ) | |
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246
barley
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| n.大麦，大麦粒 | |
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247
ferment
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| vt.使发酵；n./vt.（使）激动，（使）动乱 | |
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248
banish
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| vt.放逐，驱逐；消除，排除 | |
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249
dressing
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| n.(食物)调料；包扎伤口的用品，敷料 | |
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250
covet
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| vt.垂涎；贪图(尤指属于他人的东西) | |
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251
vanquish
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| v.征服，战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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252
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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253
adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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254
dice
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| n.骰子；vt.把（食物）切成小方块，冒险 | |
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255
desperately
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| adv.极度渴望地，绝望地，孤注一掷地 | |
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256
bondage
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| n.奴役，束缚 | |
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257
perseverance
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| n.坚持不懈，不屈不挠 | |
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258
tenant
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| n.承租人；房客；佃户；v.租借，租用 | |
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259
subserviency
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| n.有用，裨益 | |
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260
doom
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| n.厄运，劫数；v.注定，命定 | |
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261
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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262
dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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263
usury
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| n.高利贷 | |
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264
spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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265
orchards
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| （通常指围起来的）果园( orchard的名词复数 ) | |
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266
appellations
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| n.名称，称号( appellation的名词复数 ) | |
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267
blessings
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| n.（上帝的）祝福( blessing的名词复数 )；好事；福分；因祸得福 | |
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268
corpses
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| n.死尸，尸体( corpse的名词复数 ) | |
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269
contemn
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| v.蔑视 | |
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270
woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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271
puissant
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| adj.强有力的 | |
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272
monarchies
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| n. 君主政体, 君主国, 君主政治 | |
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273
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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274
aspire
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| vi.(to，after)渴望，追求，有志于 | |
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275
passionately
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| ad.热烈地，激烈地 | |
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276
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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277
imputation
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| n.归罪，责难 | |
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278
fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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279
feuds
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| n.长期不和，世仇( feud的名词复数 ) | |
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280
homage
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| n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬 | |
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281
awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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282
longing
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| n.（for）渴望 | |
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283
garrisons
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| 守备部队，卫戍部队( garrison的名词复数 ) | |
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284
marshy
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| adj.沼泽的 | |
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285
forsakes
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| 放弃( forsake的第三人称单数 )； 弃绝； 抛弃； 摒弃 | |
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286
hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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287
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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288
countenances
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| n.面容( countenance的名词复数 )；表情；镇静；道义支持 | |
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289
finesse
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| n.精密技巧，灵巧，手腕 | |
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290
rebate
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|
| v./n.折扣，回扣，退款；vt.给...回扣，给...打折扣 | |
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291
entrench
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| v.使根深蒂固；n.壕沟；防御设施 | |
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292
velocity
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| n.速度，速率 | |
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293
intrepidity
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| n.大胆，刚勇；大胆的行为 | |
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294
maturity
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| n.成熟；完成；(支票、债券等)到期 | |
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295
vow
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| n.誓(言)，誓约；v.起誓，立誓 | |
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296
allege
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| vt.宣称，申述，主张，断言 | |
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297
acquitted
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| 宣判…无罪( acquit的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（自己）作出某种表现 | |
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298
dishonour
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|
| n./vt.拒付（支票、汇票、票据等）；vt.凌辱，使丢脸；n.不名誉，耻辱，不光彩 | |
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299
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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300
conspicuous
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|
| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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301
abate
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| vi.(风势，疼痛等)减弱，减轻，减退 | |
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302
sojourn
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| v./n.旅居，寄居；逗留 | |
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303
prodigal
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|
| adj.浪费的，挥霍的，放荡的 | |
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304
rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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305
forefathers
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| n.祖先，先人；祖先，祖宗( forefather的名词复数 )；列祖列宗；前人 | |
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306
posterity
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| n.后裔，子孙，后代 | |
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307
emulating
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|
| v.与…竞争( emulate的现在分词 )；努力赶上；计算机程序等仿真；模仿 | |
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308
persevere
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| v.坚持，坚忍，不屈不挠 | |
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309
eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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310
extirpated
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| v.消灭，灭绝( extirpate的过去式和过去分词 )；根除 | |
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311
concurrence
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| n.同意；并发 | |
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312
arrogance
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|
| n.傲慢，自大 | |
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313
allured
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| 诱引，吸引( allure的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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314
vouchsafed
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| v.给予，赐予( vouchsafe的过去式和过去分词 )；允诺 | |
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315
perpetuate
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| v.使永存，使永记不忘 | |
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316
strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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317
foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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318
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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319
lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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320
renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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321
pious
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|
| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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322
northward
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|
| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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323
retired
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|
| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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324
exigency
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| n.紧急；迫切需要 | |
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325
treacherous
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|
| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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326
modesty
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| n.谦逊，虚心，端庄，稳重，羞怯，朴素 | |
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327
subdued
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|
| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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328
calamities
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| n.灾祸，灾难( calamity的名词复数 )；不幸之事 | |
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329
consulship
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| 领事的职位或任期 | |
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330
consuls
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| 领事( consul的名词复数 )； （古罗马共和国时期）执政官 （古罗马共和国及其军队的最高首长，同时共有两位，每年选举一次） | |
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331
interval
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|
| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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332
invincible
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|
| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
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333
monarchy
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| n.君主，最高统治者；君主政体，君主国 | |
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334
overthrown
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|
| adj. 打翻的，推倒的，倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词 | |
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335
abased
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|
| 使谦卑( abase的过去式和过去分词 )； 使感到羞耻； 使降低（地位、身份等）； 降下 | |
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336
bereft
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|
| adj.被剥夺的 | |
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337
remarkable
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|
| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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338
backwards
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|
| adv.往回地，向原处，倒，相反，前后倒置地 | |
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339
accurately
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|
| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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340
comely
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|
| adj.漂亮的，合宜的 | |
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341
culpable
|
|
| adj.有罪的，该受谴责的 | |
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342
incite
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| v.引起，激动，煽动 | |
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343
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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344
consecrated
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|
| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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345
superstitious
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|
| adj.迷信的 | |
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346
professing
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| 声称( profess的现在分词 )； 宣称； 公开表明； 信奉 | |
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347
grovels
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| v.卑躬屈节，奴颜婢膝( grovel的第三人称单数 )；趴 | |
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348
superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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349
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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350
obsequiousness
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| 媚骨 | |
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351
plying
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|
| v.使用（工具）( ply的现在分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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352
dint
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| n.由于，靠；凹坑 | |
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353
veneration
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| n.尊敬，崇拜 | |
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354
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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355
descends
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|
| v.下来( descend的第三人称单数 )；下去；下降；下斜 | |
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356
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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357
possessed
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|
| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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358
discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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359
degenerate
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|
| v.退步，堕落；adj.退步的，堕落的；n.堕落者 | |
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360
ridges
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| n.脊( ridge的名词复数 )；山脊；脊状突起；大气层的)高压脊 | |
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361
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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362
extraneous
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|
| adj.体外的；外来的；外部的 | |
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363
truculent
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|
| adj.野蛮的，粗野的 | |
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364
hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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365
vanquished
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| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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366
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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367
prows
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| n.船首( prow的名词复数 ) | |
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368
oars
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| n.桨，橹( oar的名词复数 )；划手v.划（行）( oar的第三人称单数 ) | |
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369
restriction
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| n.限制，约束 | |
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370
exacting
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| adj.苛求的，要求严格的 | |
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371
unlimited
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| adj.无限的，不受控制的，无条件的 | |
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372
warded
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| 有锁孔的，有钥匙榫槽的 | |
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373
tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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374
agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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375
amber
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|
| n.琥珀；琥珀色；adj.琥珀制的 | |
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376
transparent
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| adj.明显的，无疑的；透明的 | |
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377
isles
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| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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378
proximity
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| n.接近，邻近 | |
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379
kindles
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的第三人称单数 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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380
unctuous
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| adj.油腔滑调的，大胆的 | |
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381
scented
|
|
| adj.有香味的；洒香水的；有气味的v.嗅到(scent的过去分词) | |
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382
glutinous
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|
| adj.粘的，胶状的 | |
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383
infesting
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|
| v.害虫、野兽大批出没于( infest的现在分词 )；遍布于 | |
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384
waggons
|
|
| 四轮的运货马车( waggon的名词复数 )； 铁路货车； 小手推车 | |
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385
savageness
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|
| 天然，野蛮 | |
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386
destitute
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|
| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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387
crave
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|
| vt.渴望得到，迫切需要，恳求，请求 | |
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388
prey
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|
| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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389
ravening
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|
| a.贪婪而饥饿的 | |
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390
agitations
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|
| （液体等的）摇动( agitation的名词复数 )； 鼓动； 激烈争论； （情绪等的）纷乱 | |
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391
malignity
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|
| n.极度的恶意，恶毒；（病的）恶性 | |
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392
accomplished
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|
| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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