1518
HERNANDO CORTéS was born at Medellin, a town in the southeast corner of Estremadura,[484] in 1485.[485] He came of an ancient and respectable family; and historians have gratified the national vanity by tracing it up to the Lombard kings, whose descendants crossed the Pyrenees and established themselves in Aragon under{298} the Gothic monarchy2.[486] This royal genealogy4 was not found out till Cortés had acquired a name which would confer distinction on any descent, however noble. His father, Martin Cortés de Monroy, was a captain of infantry5, in moderate circumstances, but a man of unblemished honor; and both he and his wife, Do?a Catalina Pizarro Altamirano, appear to have been much regarded for their excellent qualities.[487]
In his infancy6 Cortés is said to have had a feeble constitution, which strengthened as he grew older.[488] At fourteen, he was sent to Salamanca, as his father, who conceived great hopes from his quick and showy parts, proposed to educate him for the law, a profession which held out better inducements to the young aspirant7 than any other. The son, however, did not conform to these views. He showed little fondness for books, and, after loitering away two years at college, returned home, to the great chagrin8 of his parents. Yet his time had not been wholly misspent, since he had laid up a{299} little store of Latin, and learned to write good prose, and even verses “of some estimation, considering”—as an old writer quaintly9 remarks—“Cortés as the author.”[489] He now passed his days in the idle, unprofitable manner of one who, too wilful10 to be guided by others, proposes no object to himself. His buoyant spirits were continually breaking out in troublesome frolics and capricious humors, quite at variance11 with the orderly habits of his father’s household. He showed a particular inclination12 for the military profession, or rather for the life of adventure to which in those days it was sure to lead. And when, at the age of seventeen, he proposed to enroll14 himself under the banners of the Great Captain, his parents, probably thinking a life of hardship and hazard abroad preferable to one of idleness at home, made no objection.
The youthful cavalier, however, hesitated whether to seek his fortunes under that victorious15 chief, or in the New World, where gold as well as glory was to be won, and where the very dangers had a mystery and romance in them inexpressibly fascinating to a youthful fancy. It was in this direction, accordingly, that the hot spirits of that day found a vent13, especially from that part of the country where Cortés lived, the neighborhood of Seville and Cadiz, the focus of nautical16 enterprise. He decided17 on this latter course, and{300} an opportunity offered in the splendid armament fitted out under Don Nicolas de Ovando, successor to Columbus. An unlucky accident defeated the purpose of Cortés.[490]
As he was scaling a high wall, one night, which gave him access to the apartment of a lady with whom he was engaged in an intrigue18, the stones gave way, and he was thrown down with much violence and buried under the ruins. A severe contusion, though attended with no other serious consequences, confined him to his bed till after the departure of the fleet.[491]
Two years longer he remained at home, profiting little, as it would seem, from the lesson he had received. At length he availed himself of another opportunity presented by the departure of a small squadron of vessels19 bound to the Indian islands. He was nineteen years of age when he bade adieu to his native shores in 1504,—the same year in which Spain lost the best and greatest in her long line of princes, Isabella the Catholic.
The vessel20 in which Cortés sailed was commanded by one Alonso Quintero. The fleet touched at the Canaries, as was common in the outward passage. While the other vessels were detained there taking in supplies, Quintero secretly stole out by night from the islands, with the design of reaching Hispaniola and securing the market before the arrival of his companions. A furious storm which he encountered, however, dismasted{301} his ship, and he was obliged to return to port and refit. The convoy21 consented to wait for their unworthy partner, and after a short detention23 they all sailed in company again. But the faithless Quintero, as they drew near the islands, availed himself once more of the darkness of the night, to leave the squadron with the same purpose as before. Unluckily for him, he met with a succession of heavy gales24 and head-winds, which drove him from his course, and he wholly lost his reckoning. For many days the vessel was tossed about, and all on board were filled with apprehensions25, and no little indignation against the author of their calamities26. At length they were cheered one morning with the sight of a white dove, which, wearied by its flight, lighted on the topmast. The biographers of Cortés speak of it as a miracle.[492] Fortunately it was no miracle, but a very natural occurrence, showing incontestably that they were near land. In a short time, by taking the direction of the bird’s flight, they reached the island of Hispaniola; and, on coming into port, the worthy22 master had the satisfaction to find his companions arrived before him, and their cargoes27 already sold.[493]
Immediately on landing, Cortés repaired to the house of the governor, to whom he had been per{302}sonally known in Spain. Ovando was absent on an expedition into the interior, but the young man was kindly28 received by the secretary, who assured him there would be no doubt of his obtaining a liberal grant of land to settle on. “But I came to get gold,” replied Cortés, “not to till the soil, like a peasant.”
On the governor’s return, Cortés consented to give up his roving thoughts, at least for a time, as the other labored29 to convince him that he would be more likely to realize his wishes from the slow, indeed, but sure, returns of husbandry, where the soil and the laborers30 were a free gift to the planter, than by taking his chance in the lottery31 of adventure, in which there were so many blanks to a prize. He accordingly received a grant of land, with a repartimiento of Indians, and was appointed notary32 of the town or settlement of A?ua. His graver pursuits, however, did not prevent his indulgence of the amorous33 propensities34 which belong to the sunny clime where he was born; and this frequently involved him in affairs of honor, from which, though an expert swordsman, he carried away scars that accompanied him to his grave.[494] He occasionally, moreover, found the means of breaking up the monotony of his way of life by engaging in the military expeditions which, under the command of Ovando’s lieutenant35, Diego Velasquez, were employed to suppress the insurrections of the natives. In this school the young adventurer first studied the wild tactics of Indian warfare36; he became familiar with toil37 and danger,{303} and with those deeds of cruelty which have too often, alas38! stained the bright scutcheons of the Castilian chivalry39 in the New World. He was only prevented by illness—a most fortunate one, on this occasion—from embarking40 in Nicuessa’s expedition, which furnished a tale of woe41 not often matched in the annals of Spanish discovery. Providence42 reserved him for higher ends.
At length, in 1511, when Velasquez undertook the conquest of Cuba, Cortés willingly abandoned his quiet life for the stirring scenes there opened, and took part in the expedition. He displayed, throughout the invasion, an activity and courage that won him the approbation43 of the commander; while his free and cordial manners, his good humor and lively sallies of wit, made him the favorite of the soldiers. “He gave little evidence,” says a contemporary, “of the great qualities which he afterwards showed.” It is probable these qualities were not known to himself; while to a common observer his careless manners and jocund44 repartees might well seem incompatible45 with anything serious or profound; as the real depth of the current is not suspected under the light play and sunny sparkling of the surface.[495]
After the reduction of the island, Cortés seems to have been held in great favor by Velasquez, now appointed its governor. According to Las Casas, he was made one of his secretaries.[496] He still re{304}tained the same fondness for gallantry, for which his handsome person afforded obvious advantages, but which had more than once brought him into trouble in earlier life. Among the families who had taken up their residence in Cuba was one of the name of Xuarez, from Granada in Old Spain. It consisted of a brother, and four sisters remarkable46 for their beauty. With one of them, named Catalina, the susceptible47 heart of the young soldier became enamored.[497] How far the intimacy48 was carried is not quite certain. But it appears he gave his promise to marry her,—a promise which, when the time came, and reason, it may be, had got the better of passion, he showed no alacrity49 in keeping. He resisted, indeed, all remonstrances50 to this effect, from the lady’s family, backed by the governor, and somewhat sharpened, no doubt, in the latter by the particular interest he took in one of the fair sisters, who is said not to have repaid it with ingratitude51.
Whether the rebuke53 of Velasquez or some other cause of disgust rankled54 in the breast of Cortés, he now became cold towards his patron, and connected himself with a disaffected55 party tolerably numerous in the island. They were in the habit of meeting at his house and brooding over their causes of discontent, chiefly founded, it would appear, on{305} what they conceived an ill requital56 of their services in the distribution of lands and offices. It may well be imagined that it could have been no easy task for the ruler of one of these colonies, however discreet57 and well intentioned, to satisfy the indefinite cravings of speculators and adventurers, who swarmed58, like so many famished59 harpies, in the track of discovery in the New World.[498]
The malecontents determined60 to lay their grievances61 before the higher authorities in Hispaniola, from whom Velasquez had received his commission. The voyage was one of some hazard, as it was to be made in an open boat, across an arm of the sea eighteen leagues wide; and they fixed62 on Cortés, with whose fearless spirit they were well acquainted, as the fittest man to undertake it. The conspiracy63 got wind, and came to the governor’s ears before the departure of the envoy64, whom he instantly caused to be seized, loaded with fetters65, and placed in strict confinement66. It is even said he would have hung him, but for the interposition of his friends.[499] The fact is not incredible. The governors of these little territories, having entire control over the fortunes of their subjects, enjoyed an authority far more despotic than that of the sovereign himself. They were generally men of rank and personal consideration; their distance from the mother-country withdrew their conduct from searching scrutiny67, and, when that did occur, they usually had interest and means of corruption{306} at command sufficient to shield them from punishment. The Spanish colonial history, in its earlier stages, affords striking instances of the extraordinary assumption and abuse of powers by these petty potentates68; and the sad fate of Vasquez Nu?ez de Balboa, the illustrious discoverer of the Pacific, though the most signal, is by no means a solitary69 example, that the greatest services could be requited70 by persecution71 and an ignominious72 death.
The governor of Cuba, however, although irascible and suspicious in his nature, does not seem to have been vindictive73, nor particularly cruel. In the present instance, indeed, it may well be doubted whether the blame would not be more reasonably charged on the unfounded expectations of his followers74 than on himself.
Cortés did not long remain in durance. He contrived75 to throw back one of the bolts of his fetters, and, after extricating76 his limbs, succeeded in forcing open a window with the irons so as to admit of his escape. He was lodged77 on the second floor of the building, and was able to let himself down to the pavement without injury, and unobserved. He then made the best of his way to a neighboring church, where he claimed the privilege of sanctuary78.
Velasquez, though incensed79 at his escape, was afraid to violate the sanctity of the place by employing force. But he stationed a guard in the neighborhood, with orders to seize the fugitive80 if he should forget himself so far as to leave the sanctuary. In a few days this happened. As{307} Cortés was carelessly standing81 without the walls in front of the building, an alguacil suddenly sprang on him from behind and pinioned82 his arms, while others rushed in and secured him. This man, whose name was Juan Escudero, was afterwards hung by Cortés for some offence in New Spain.[500]
The unlucky prisoner was again put in irons, and carried on board a vessel to sail the next morning for Hispaniola, there to undergo his trial. Fortune favored him once more. He succeeded, after much difficulty and no little pain, in passing his feet through the rings which shackled83 them. He then came cautiously on deck, and, covered by the darkness of the night, stole quietly down the side of the ship into a boat that lay floating below. He pushed off from the vessel with as little noise as possible. As he drew near the shore, the stream became rapid and turbulent. He hesitated to trust his boat to it, and, as he was an excellent swimmer, prepared to breast it himself, and boldly plunged84 into the water. The current was strong, but the arm of a man struggling for life was stronger; and, after buffeting85 the waves till he was nearly exhausted86, he succeeded in gaining a landing; when he sought refuge in the same sanctuary which had protected him before. The facility with which Cortés a second time effected his escape may lead one to doubt the fidelity87 of his guards; who perhaps looked on him as the victim of persecution, and felt the influence of those popular manners{308} which seem to have gained him friends in every society into which he was thrown.[501]
For some reason not explained,—perhaps from policy,—he now relinquished88 his objections to the marriage with Catalina Xuarez. He thus secured the good offices of her family. Soon afterwards the governor himself relented, and became reconciled to his unfortunate enemy. A strange story is told in connection with this event. It is said his proud spirit refused to accept the proffers89 of reconciliation90 made him by Velasquez; and that one evening, leaving the sanctuary, he presented himself unexpectedly before the latter in his own quarters, when on a military excursion at some distance from the capital. The governor, startled by the sudden apparition91 of his enemy completely armed before him, with some dismay inquired the meaning of it. Cortés answered by insisting on a full explanation of his previous conduct. After some hot discussion the interview terminated amicably92; the parties embraced, and, when a messenger arrived to announce the escape of Cortés, he found him in the apartments of his Excellency, where, having retired93 to rest, both were actually sleeping in the same bed! The anecdote94 is repeated without distrust by more than one biographer of Cortés.[502] It is not very probable, however,{309} that a haughty95, irascible man like Velasquez should have given such uncommon96 proofs of condescension97 and familiarity to one, so far beneath him in station, with whom he had been so recently in deadly feud98; nor, on the other hand, that Cortés should have had the silly temerity99 to brave the lion in his den1, where a single nod would have sent him to the gibbet,—and that, too, with as little compunction or fear of consequences as would have attended the execution of an Indian slave.[503]
The reconciliation with the governor, however brought about, was permanent. Cortés, though not re-established in the office of secretary, received a liberal repartimiento of Indians, and an ample territory in the neighborhood of St. Jago, of which he was soon after made alcalde. He now lived almost wholly on his estate, devoting himself to agriculture with more zeal100 than formerly101. He stocked his plantation102 with different kinds of cattle, some of which were first introduced by him into Cuba.[504] He wrought103, also, the gold-mines which fell to his share, and which in this island promised better returns than those in Hispaniola. By this course of industry he found himself, in a few years, master of some two or three thousand castellanos, a large sum for one in his situation.{310} “God, who alone knows at what cost of Indian lives it was obtained,” exclaims Las Casas, “will take account of it!”[505] His days glided104 smoothly105 away in these tranquil106 pursuits, and in the society of his beautiful wife, who, however ineligible107 as a connection, from the inferiority of her condition, appears to have fulfilled all the relations of a faithful and affectionate partner. Indeed, he was often heard to say at this time, as the good bishop108 above quoted remarks, “that he lived as happily with her as if she had been the daughter of a duchess.” Fortune gave him the means in after-life of verifying the truth of his assertion.[506]
Such was the state of things, when Alvarado returned with the tidings of Grijalva’s discoveries and the rich fruits of his traffic with the natives. The news spread like wildfire throughout the island; for all saw in it the promise of more important results than any hitherto obtained. The governor, as already noticed, resolved to follow up the track of discovery with a more considerable armament; and he looked around for a proper person to share the expense of it and to take the command.
Several hidalgos presented themselves, whom, from want of proper qualifications, or from his distrust of their assuming an independence of their employer, he, one after another, rejected. There were two persons in St. Jago in whom he placed{311} great confidence,—Amador de Lares, the contador, or royal treasurer,[507] and his own secretary, Andres de Duero. Cortés was also in close intimacy with both these persons; and he availed himself of it to prevail on them to recommend him as a suitable person to be intrusted with the expedition. It is said he reinforced the proposal by promising109 a liberal share of the proceeds of it. However this may be, the parties urged his selection by the governor with all the eloquence110 of which they were capable. That officer had had ample experience of the capacity and courage of the candidate. He knew, too, that he had acquired a fortune which would enable him to co-operate materially in fitting out the armament. His popularity in the island would speedily attract followers to his standard.[508] All past animosities had long since been buried in oblivion, and the confidence he was now to repose111 in him would insure his fidelity and gratitude52. He lent a willing ear, therefore, to the recommendation of his counsellors, and, sending for Cortés, announced his purpose of making him Captain-General of the Armada.[509]
Cortés had now attained112 the object of his wishes,—the object for which his soul had panted ever{312} since he had set foot in the New World. He was no longer to be condemned113 to a life of mercenary drudgery114, nor to be cooped up within the precincts of a petty island; but he was to be placed on a new and independent theatre of action, and a boundless115 prospective116 was opened to his view, which might satisfy not merely the wildest cravings of avarice117, but, to a bold, aspiring118 spirit like his, the far more importunate119 cravings of ambition. He fully120 appreciated the importance of the late discoveries, and read in them the existence of the great empire in the far West, dark hints of which had floated, from time to time, to the Islands, and of which more certain glimpses had been caught by those who had reached the continent. This was the country intimated to the “Great Admiral” in his visit to Honduras in 1502, and which he might have reached had he held on a northern course, instead of striking to the south in quest of an imaginary strait. As it was, “he had but opened the gate,” to use his own bitter expression, “for others to enter.” The time had at length come when they were to enter it; and the young adventurer, whose magic lance was to dissolve the spell which had so long hung over these mysterious regions, now stood ready to assume the enterprise.
From this hour the deportment of Cortés seemed to undergo a change. His thoughts, instead of evaporating in empty levities121 or idle flashes of merriment, were wholly concentrated on the great object to which he was devoted122. His elastic123 spirits were shown in cheering and stimulating124 the companions of his toilsome duties, and he was roused{313} to a generous enthusiasm, of which even those who knew him best had not conceived him capable. He applied125 at once all the money in his possession to fitting out the armament. He raised more by the mortgage of his estates, and by giving his obligations to some wealthy merchants of the place, who relied for their reimbursement126 on the success of the expedition; and, when his own credit was exhausted, he availed himself of that of his friends.
The funds thus acquired he expended127 in the purchase of vessels, provisions, and military stores, while he invited recruits by offers of assistance to such as were too poor to provide for themselves, and by the additional promise of a liberal share of the anticipated profits.[510]
All was now bustle128 and excitement in the little town of St. Jago. Some were busy in refitting the vessels and getting them ready for the voyage; some in providing naval129 stores; others in converting their own estates into money in order to equip themselves; every one seemed anxious to contribute in some way or other to the success of the expedition. Six ships, some of them of a large size, had already been procured130; and three hundred recruits enrolled131 themselves in the course of a few days, eager to seek their fortunes under the banner of this daring and popular chieftain.
How far the governor contributed towards the expenses of the outfit132 is not very clear. If the{314} friends of Cortés are to be believed, nearly the whole burden fell on him; since, while he supplied the squadron without remuneration, the governor sold many of his own stores at an exorbitant133 profit.[511] Yet it does not seem probable that Velasquez, with such ample means at his command, should have thrown on his deputy the burden of the expedition, nor that the latter—had he done so—could have been in a condition to meet these expenses, amounting, as we are told, to more than twenty thousand gold ducats. Still it cannot be denied that an ambitious man like Cortés, who was to reap all the glory of the enterprise, would very naturally be less solicitous134 to count the gains of it, than his employer, who, inactive at home, and having no laurels135 to win, must look on the pecuniary136 profits as his only recompense. The question gave rise, some years later, to a furious litigation between the parties, with which it is not necessary at present to embarrass the reader.
It is due to Velasquez to state that the instructions delivered by him for the conduct of the ex{315}pedition cannot be charged with a narrow or mercenary spirit. The first object of the voyage was to find Grijaiva, after which the two commanders were to proceed in company together. Reports had been brought back by Cordova, on his return from the first visit to Yucatan, that six Christians137 were said to be lingering in captivity138 in the interior of the country. It was supposed they might belong to the party of the unfortunate Nicuessa, and orders were given to find them out, if possible, and restore them to liberty. But the great object of the expedition was barter139 with the natives. In pursuing this, special care was to be taken that they should receive no wrong, but be treated with kindness and humanity. Cortés was to bear in mind, above all things, that the object which the Spanish monarch3 had most at heart was the conversion140 of the Indians. He was to impress on them the grandeur141 and goodness of his royal master, to invite them “to give in their allegiance to him, and to manifest it by regaling him with such comfortable presents of gold, pearls, and precious stones as, by showing their own good will, would secure his favor and protection.” He was to make an accurate survey of the coast, sounding its bays and inlets for the benefit of future navigators. He was to acquaint himself with the natural products of the country, with the character of its different races, their institutions and progress in civilization; and he was to send home minute accounts of all these, together with such articles as he should obtain in his intercourse142 with them. Finally, he was to take the most careful care to omit nothing that{316} might redound143 to the service of God or his sovereign.[512]
Such was the general tenor144 of the instructions given to Cortés; and they must be admitted to provide for the interests of science and humanity, as well as for those which had reference only to a commercial speculation145. It may seem strange, considering the discontent shown by Velasquez with his former captain, Grijalva, for not colonizing146, that no directions should have been given to that effect here. But he had not yet received from Spain the warrant for investing his agents with such powers; and that which had been obtained from the Hieronymite fathers in Hispaniola conceded only the right to traffic with the natives. The commission at the same time recognized the authority of Cortés as Captain-General of the expedition.
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den
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| n.兽穴；秘密地方；安静的小房间，私室 | |
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monarchy
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| n.君主，最高统治者；君主政体，君主国 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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genealogy
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| n.家系，宗谱 | |
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infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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aspirant
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| n.热望者；adj.渴望的 | |
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chagrin
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| n.懊恼；气愤；委屈 | |
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quaintly
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| adv.古怪离奇地 | |
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wilful
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| adj.任性的，故意的 | |
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variance
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| n.矛盾，不同 | |
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inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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vent
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| n.通风口，排放口；开衩；vt.表达，发泄 | |
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enroll
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| v.招收；登记；入学；参军；成为会员（英)enrol | |
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victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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nautical
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| adj.海上的，航海的，船员的 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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intrigue
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| vt.激起兴趣，迷住；vi.耍阴谋；n.阴谋，密谋 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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convoy
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| vt.护送，护卫，护航；n.护送；护送队 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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detention
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| n.滞留，停留；拘留，扣留；(教育)留下 | |
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gales
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| 龙猫 | |
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apprehensions
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| 疑惧 | |
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calamities
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| n.灾祸，灾难( calamity的名词复数 )；不幸之事 | |
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cargoes
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| n.（船或飞机装载的）货物( cargo的名词复数 )；大量，重负 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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labored
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| adj.吃力的，谨慎的v.努力争取(for)( labor的过去式和过去分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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laborers
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| n.体力劳动者，工人( laborer的名词复数 )；（熟练工人的）辅助工 | |
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lottery
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| n.抽彩；碰运气的事，难于算计的事 | |
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notary
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| n.公证人，公证员 | |
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amorous
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| adj.多情的；有关爱情的 | |
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propensities
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| n.倾向，习性( propensity的名词复数 ) | |
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lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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38
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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39
chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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40
embarking
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| 乘船( embark的现在分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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41
woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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42
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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43
approbation
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| n.称赞；认可 | |
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44
jocund
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| adj.快乐的，高兴的 | |
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45
incompatible
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| adj.不相容的，不协调的，不相配的 | |
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46
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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47
susceptible
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| adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的 | |
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48
intimacy
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| n.熟悉，亲密，密切关系，亲昵的言行 | |
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49
alacrity
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| n.敏捷，轻快，乐意 | |
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50
remonstrances
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| n.抱怨，抗议( remonstrance的名词复数 ) | |
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51
ingratitude
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| n.忘恩负义 | |
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52
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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53
rebuke
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| v.指责，非难，斥责 [反]praise | |
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54
rankled
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| v.（使）痛苦不已，（使）怨恨不已( rankle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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55
disaffected
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| adj.（政治上）不满的，叛离的 | |
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56
requital
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| n.酬劳；报复 | |
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57
discreet
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| adj.(言行)谨慎的；慎重的；有判断力的 | |
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58
swarmed
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| 密集( swarm的过去式和过去分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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59
famished
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| adj.饥饿的 | |
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60
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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61
grievances
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| n.委屈( grievance的名词复数 )；苦衷；不满；牢骚 | |
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62
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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63
conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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64
envoy
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| n.使节，使者，代表，公使 | |
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65
fetters
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| n.脚镣( fetter的名词复数 )；束缚v.给…上脚镣，束缚( fetter的第三人称单数 ) | |
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66
confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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67
scrutiny
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| n.详细检查，仔细观察 | |
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68
potentates
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| n.君主，统治者( potentate的名词复数 )；有权势的人 | |
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69
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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70
requited
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| v.报答( requite的过去式和过去分词 )；酬谢；回报；报复 | |
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71
persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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72
ignominious
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| adj.可鄙的，不光彩的，耻辱的 | |
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73
vindictive
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| adj.有报仇心的，怀恨的，惩罚的 | |
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74
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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75
contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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76
extricating
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| v.使摆脱困难，脱身( extricate的现在分词 ) | |
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77
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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78
sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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79
incensed
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| 盛怒的 | |
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80
fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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81
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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82
pinioned
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| v.抓住[捆住]（双臂）( pinion的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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83
shackled
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| 给（某人）带上手铐或脚镣( shackle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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84
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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85
buffeting
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| 振动 | |
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86
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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87
fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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88
relinquished
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| 交出，让给( relinquish的过去式和过去分词 )； 放弃 | |
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89
proffers
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| v.提供，贡献，提出( proffer的第三人称单数 ) | |
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90
reconciliation
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| n.和解，和谐，一致 | |
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91
apparition
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| n.幽灵，神奇的现象 | |
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92
amicably
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| adv.友善地 | |
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93
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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94
anecdote
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| n.轶事，趣闻，短故事 | |
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95
haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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96
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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97
condescension
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| n.自以为高人一等，贬低(别人) | |
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98
feud
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| n.长期不和；世仇；v.长期争斗；世代结仇 | |
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99
temerity
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| n.鲁莽，冒失 | |
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100
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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101
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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102
plantation
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| n.种植园，大农场 | |
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103
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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104
glided
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| v.滑动( glide的过去式和过去分词 )；掠过；（鸟或飞机 ） 滑翔 | |
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105
smoothly
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| adv.平滑地，顺利地，流利地，流畅地 | |
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106
tranquil
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| adj. 安静的, 宁静的, 稳定的, 不变的 | |
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107
ineligible
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| adj.无资格的，不适当的 | |
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108
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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109
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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110
eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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111
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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112
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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113
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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114
drudgery
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| n.苦工，重活，单调乏味的工作 | |
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115
boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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116
prospective
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| adj.预期的，未来的，前瞻性的 | |
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117
avarice
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| n.贪婪；贪心 | |
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118
aspiring
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| adj.有志气的；有抱负的；高耸的v.渴望；追求 | |
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119
importunate
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| adj.强求的；纠缠不休的 | |
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120
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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121
levities
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| n.欠考虑( levity的名词复数 )；不慎重；轻率；轻浮 | |
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122
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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123
elastic
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| n.橡皮圈，松紧带；adj.有弹性的；灵活的 | |
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124
stimulating
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| adj.有启发性的，能激发人思考的 | |
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125
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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126
reimbursement
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| n.偿还，退还 | |
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127
expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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128
bustle
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| v.喧扰地忙乱，匆忙，奔忙；n.忙碌；喧闹 | |
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129
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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130
procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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131
enrolled
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| adj.入学登记了的v.[亦作enrol]( enroll的过去式和过去分词 )；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起 | |
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132
outfit
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| n.（为特殊用途的）全套装备，全套服装 | |
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133
exorbitant
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| adj.过分的；过度的 | |
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134
solicitous
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| adj.热切的，挂念的 | |
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135
laurels
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| n.桂冠，荣誉 | |
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136
pecuniary
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| adj.金钱的；金钱上的 | |
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137
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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138
captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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139
barter
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| n.物物交换，以货易货，实物交易 | |
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140
conversion
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| n.转化，转换，转变 | |
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141
grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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142
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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143
redound
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| v.有助于；提；报应 | |
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144
tenor
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| n.男高音（歌手），次中音（乐器），要旨，大意 | |
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145
speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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146
colonizing
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| v.开拓殖民地，移民于殖民地( colonize的现在分词 ) | |
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