1519
THE Spaniards were allowed to repose1 undisturbed the following day, and to recruit their strength after the fatigue2 and hard fighting of the preceding. They found sufficient employment, however, in repairing and cleaning their weapons, replenishing their diminished stock of arrows, and getting everything in order for further hostilities4, should the severe lesson they had inflicted5 on the enemy prove insufficient6 to discourage him. On the second day, as Cortés received no overtures7 from the Tlascalans, he determined8 to send an embassy to their camp, proposing a cessation of hostilities, and expressing his intention to visit their capital as a friend. He selected two of the principal chiefs taken in the late engagement, as the bearers of the message.
Meanwhile, averse9 to leaving his men longer in a dangerous state of inaction, which the enemy might interpret as the result of timidity or exhaustion11, he put himself at the head of the cavalry12 and such light troops as were most fit for service, and{128} made a foray into the neighboring country. It was a mountainous region, formed by a ramification13 of the great sierra of Tlascala, with verdant14 slopes and valleys teeming15 with maize16 and plantations17 of maguey, while the eminences18 were crowned with populous19 towns and villages. In one of these, he tells us, he found three thousand dwellings20.[135] In some places he met with a resolute21 resistance, and on these occasions took ample vengeance22 by laying the country waste with fire and sword. After a successful inroad he returned laden23 with forage24 and provisions and driving before him several hundred Indian captives. He treated them kindly25, however, when arrived in camp, endeavoring to make them understand that these acts of violence were not dictated26 by his own wishes, but by the unfriendly policy of their countrymen. In this way he hoped to impress the nation with the conviction of his power on the one hand, and of his amicable27 intentions, if met by them in the like spirit, on the other.
On reaching his quarters, he found the two envoys28 returned from the Tlascalan camp. They had fallen in with Xicotencatl at about two leagues’ distance, where he lay encamped with a powerful force. The cacique gave them audience at the head of his troops. He told them to return{129} with the answer, “that the Spaniards might pass on as soon as they chose to Tlascala; and, when they reached it, their flesh would be hewn from their bodies, for sacrifice to the gods! If they preferred to remain in their own quarters, he would pay them a visit there the next day.”[136] The ambassadors added that the chief had an immense force with him, consisting of five battalions29 of ten thousand men each. They were the flower of the Tlascalan and Otomi warriors31, assembled under the banners of their respective leaders, by command of the senate, who were resolved to try the fortunes of the state in a pitched battle and strike one decisive blow for the extermination32 of the invaders33.[137]
This bold defiance34 fell heavily on the ears of the Spaniards, not prepared for so pertinacious35 a spirit in their enemy. They had had ample proof of his courage and formidable prowess. They were now, in their crippled condition, to encounter him with a still more terrible array of numbers. The war, too, from the horrible fate with which it menaced the vanquished36, wore a peculiarly gloomy aspect, that pressed heavily on their spirits. “We feared death,” says the lion-hearted Diaz, with his usual simplicity38, “for we were men.” There was{130} scarcely one in the army that did not confess himself that night to the reverend Father Olmedo, who was occupied nearly the whole of it with administering absolution, and with the other solemn offices of the Church. Armed with the blessed sacraments, the Catholic soldier lay tranquilly39 down to rest, prepared for any fate that might betide him under the banner of the Cross.[138]
As a battle was now inevitable40, Cortés resolved to march out and meet the enemy in the field. This would have a show of confidence that might serve the double purpose of intimidating41 the Tlascalans and inspiriting his own men, whose enthusiasm might lose somewhat of its heat if compelled to await the assault of their antagonists42, inactive in their own intrenchments. The sun rose bright on the following morning, the fifth of September, 1519, an eventful day in the history of the Spanish Conquest. The general reviewed his army, and gave them, preparatory to marching, a few words of encouragement and advice. The infantry43 he instructed to rely on the point rather than the edge of their swords, and to endeavor to thrust their opponents through the body. The horsemen were to charge at half speed, with their lances aimed at the eyes of the Indians. The artillery44, the arquebusiers, and crossbowmen were to support one another, some loading while others discharged their pieces, that there should be an{131} unintermitted firing kept up through the action. Above all, they were to maintain their ranks close and unbroken, as on this depended their preservation45.
They had not advanced a quarter of a league, when they came in sight of the Tlascalan army. Its dense46 array stretched far and wide over a vast plain or meadow-ground about six miles square. Its appearance justified47 the report which had been given of its numbers.[139] Nothing could be more picturesque48 than the aspect of these Indian battalions, with the naked bodies of the common soldiers gaudily49 painted, the fantastic helmets of the chiefs glittering with gold and precious stones, and the glowing panoplies50 of feather-work which decorated their persons.[140] Innumerable spears and darts51, tipped with points of transparent52 itztli or fiery53 copper54, sparkled bright in the morning sun, like the phosphoric gleams playing on the surface of a troubled sea, while the rear of the mighty55 host was dark with the shadows of banners, on which were emblazoned the armorial bearings of the great{132} Tlascalan and Otomi chieftains.[141] Among these, the white heron on the rock, the cognizance of the house of Xicotencatl, was conspicuous56, and, still more, the golden eagle with outspread wings, in the fashion of a Roman signum, richly ornamented57 with emeralds and silver-work, the great standard of the republic of Tlascala.[142]{*}
{*} The accounts of the Tlascalan chronicler are confirmed by the Anonymous58 Conqueror59 and by Bernal Diaz, both eyewitnesses60; though the latter frankly62 declares that had he not seen them with his own eyes he should never have credited the existence of orders and badges among the barbarians63, like those found among the civilized65 nations of Europe. Hist. de la Conquista, cap. 64, et alibi66.—Camargo, Hist. de Tlascala, MS.—Rel. d’un gentil’ huomo, ap. Ramusio, tom. iii. fol. 305.
{*} [I.e., the standard of the tribe. The tribe was divided into phratries. Each phratry had its peculiar37 cognizance, as had also each of the clans67 into which the phratry was divided. It was the color of the clan68, and not of its war chief, by which the warriors were distinguished69.—M.]
The common file wore no covering except a girdle round the loins. Their bodies were painted with the appropriate colors of the chieftain whose banner they followed. The feather-mail of the higher class of warriors exhibited, also, a similar selection of colors for the like object, in the same manner as the color of the tartan indicates the peculiar clan of the Highlander70.[9]{133}
The caciques and principal warriors were clothed in quilted cotton tunics71, two inches thick, which, fitting close to the body, protected also the thighs72 and the shoulders. Over these the wealthier Indians wore cuirasses of thin gold plate, or silver. Their legs were defended by leathern boots or sandals, trimmed with gold. But the most brilliant part of their costume was a rich mantle73 of the plumaje or feather-work, embroidered74 with curious art, and furnishing some resemblance to the gorgeous surcoat worn by the European knight75 over his armor in the Middle Ages. This graceful76 and picturesque dress was surmounted77 by a fantastic head-piece made of wood or leather, representing the head of some wild animal, and frequently displaying a formidable array of teeth. With this covering the warrior30’s head was enveloped78, producing a most grotesque79 and hideous80 effect.[143] From the crown floated a splendid panache81 of the richly variegated82 plumage of the tropics, indicating, by its form and colors, the rank and family of the wearer. To complete their defensive83 armor, they carried shields or targets, made sometimes of wood covered with leather, but more usually of a{134} light frame of reeds quilted with cotton, which were preferred, as tougher and less liable to fracture than the former. They had other bucklers, in which the cotton was covered with an elastic84 substance, enabling them to be shut up in a more compact form, like a fan or umbrella. These shields were decorated with showy ornaments85, according to the taste or wealth of the wearer, and fringed with a beautiful pendant of feather-work.
Their weapons were slings86, bows and arrows, javelins87, and darts. They were accomplished89 archers90, and would discharge two or even three arrows at a time. But they most excelled in throwing the javelin88. One species of this, with a thong91 attached to it, which remained in the slinger’s hand, that he might recall the weapon, was especially dreaded92 by the Spaniards. These various weapons were pointed93 with bone, or the mineral itztli (obsidian), the hard vitreous substance already noticed as capable of taking an edge like a razor, though easily blunted. Their spears and arrows were also frequently headed with copper. Instead of a sword, they bore a two-handed staff, about three feet and a half long, in which, at regular distances, were inserted, transversely, sharp blades of itztli,—a formidable weapon, which, an eyewitness61 assures us, he had seen fell a horse at a blow.[144]
Such was the costume of the Tlascalan warrior, and, indeed, of that great family of nations gener{135}ally who occupied the plateau of Anahuac. Some parts of it, as the targets and the cotton mail, or escaupil, as it was called in Castilian, were so excellent that they were subsequently adopted by the Spaniards, as equally effectual in the way of protection, and superior on the score of lightness and convenience to their own. They were of sufficient strength to turn an arrow or the stroke of a javelin, although impotent as a defence against fire-rms. But what armor is not? Yet it is probably no exaggeration to say that, in convenience, gracefulness94, and strength, the arms of the Indian warrior were not very inferior to those of the polished nations of antiquity95.[145]
As soon as the Castilians came in sight, the Tlascalans set up their yell of defiance, rising high above the wild barbaric minstrelsy of shell, atabal, and trumpet96, with which they proclaimed their triumphant97 anticipations98 of victory over the paltry99 forces of the invaders. When the latter had come within bowshot, the Indians hurled100 a tempest of missiles, that darkened the sun for a moment as with a passing cloud, strewing101 the earth around with heaps of stones and arrows.[146] Slowly and steadily102 the little band of Spaniards held on its way amidst this arrowy shower, until it had reached{136} what appeared the proper distance for delivering its fire with full effect. Cortés then halted, and, hastily forming his troops, opened a general well-directed fire along the whole line. Every shot bore its errand of death; and the ranks of the Indians were mowed103 down faster than their comrades in the rear could carry off their bodies, according to custom, from the field. The balls in their passage through the crowded files, bearing splinters of the broken harness and mangled104 limbs of the warriors, scattered105 havoc106 and desolation in their path. The mob of barbarians stood petrified107 with dismay, till at length, galled108 to desperation by their intolerable suffering, they poured forth109 simultaneously110 their hideous war-shriek and rushed impetuously on the Christians112.
On they came like an avalanche113, or mountain torrent114, shaking the solid earth and sweeping115 away every obstacle in its path. The little army of Spaniards opposed a bold front to the overwhelming mass. But no strength could withstand it. They faltered116, gave way, were borne along before it, and their ranks were broken and thrown into disorder117. It was in vain the general called on them to close again and rally. His voice was drowned by the din3 of fight and the fierce cries of the assailants. For a moment, it seemed that all was lost. The tide of battle had turned against them, and the fate of the Christians was sealed.
But every man had that within his bosom118 which spoke119 louder than the voice of the general. Despair gave unnatural120 energy to his arm. The naked body of the Indian afforded no resistance{137} to the sharp Toledo steel; and with their good swords the Spanish infantry at length succeeded in staying the human torrent. The heavy guns from a distance thundered on the flank of the assailants, which, shaken by the iron tempest, was thrown into disorder. Their very numbers increased the confusion, as they were precipitated121 on the masses in front. The horse at the same moment, charging gallantly122 under Cortés, followed up the advantage, and at length compelled the tumultuous throng123 to fall back with greater precipitation and disorder than that with which they had advanced.
More than once in the course of the action a similar assault was attempted by the Tlascalans, but each time with less spirit and greater loss. They were too deficient124 in military science to profit by their vast superiority in numbers. They were distributed into companies, it is true, each serving under its own chieftain and banner. But they were not arranged by rank and file, and moved in a confused mass, promiscuously125 heaped together. They knew not how to concentrate numbers on a given point, or even how to sustain an assault, by employing successive detachments to support and relieve one another. A very small part only of their array could be brought into contact with an enemy inferior to them in amount of forces. The remainder of the army, inactive and worse than useless, in the rear, served only to press tumultuously on the advance and embarrass its movements by mere126 weight of numbers, while on the least alarm they were seized with a panic and threw the whole body into inextricable confusion. It was,{138} in short, the combat of the ancient Greeks and Persians over again.
Still, the great numerical superiority of the Indians might have enabled them, at a severe cost of their own lives, indeed, to wear out, in time, the constancy of the Spaniards, disabled by wounds and incessant127 fatigue. But, fortunately for the latter, dissensions arose among their enemies. A Tlascalan chieftain, commanding one of the great divisions, had taken umbrage128 at the haughty129 demeanor130 of Xicotencatl, who had charged him with misconduct or cowardice131 in the late action. The injured cacique challenged his rival to single combat. This did not take place. But, burning with resentment132, he chose the present occasion to indulge it, by drawing off his forces, amounting to ten thousand men, from the field. He also persuaded another of the commanders to follow his example.
Thus reduced to about half his original strength, and that greatly crippled by the losses of the day, Xicotencatl could no longer maintain his ground against the Spaniards. After disputing the field with admirable courage for four hours, he retreated and resigned it to the enemy. The Spaniards were too much jaded133, and too many were disabled by wounds, to allow them to pursue; and Cortés, satisfied with the decisive victory he had gained, returned in triumph to his position on the hill of Tzompach.
The number of killed in his own ranks had been very small, notwithstanding the severe loss inflicted on the enemy. These few he was careful to bury{139} where they could not be discovered, anxious to conceal135 not only the amount of the slain136, but the fact that the whites were mortal.[147] But very many of the men were wounded, and all the horses. The trouble of the Spaniards was much enhanced by the want of many articles important to them in their present exigency137. They had neither oil nor salt, which, as before noticed, was not to be obtained in Tlascala. Their clothing, accommodated to a softer climate, was ill adapted to the rude air of the mountains; and bows and arrows, as Bernal Diaz sarcastically138 remarks, formed an indifferent protection against the inclemency139 of the weather.[148]
Still, they had much to cheer them in the events of the day; and they might draw from them a reasonable ground for confidence in their own resources, such as no other experience could have supplied. Not that the results could authorize140 anything like contempt for their Indian foe141. Singly and with the same weapons, he might have stood his ground against the Spaniard.[149] But the suc{140}cess of the day established the superiority of science and discipline over mere physical courage and numbers. It was fighting over again, as we have said, the old battle of the European and the Asiatic. But the handful of Greeks who routed the hosts of Xerxes and Darius, it must be remembered, had not so obvious an advantage on the score of weapons as was enjoyed by the Spaniards in these wars. The use of fire-arms gave an ascendency which cannot easily be estimated; one so great, that a contest between nations equally civilized, which should be similar in all other respects to that between the Spaniards and the Tlascalans, would probably be attended with a similar issue. To all this must be added the effect produced by the cavalry. The nations of Anahuac had no large domesticated142 animals, and were unacquainted with any beast of burden. Their imaginations were bewildered when they beheld143 the strange apparition144 of the horse and his rider moving in unison145 and obedient to one impulse, as if possessed146 of a common nature; and as they saw the terrible animal, with his “neck clothed in thunder,” bearing down their squadrons and trampling147 them in the dust, no wonder they should have regarded him with the mysterious terror felt for a supernatural being. A very little reflection on the manifold grounds of superiority, both moral and physical, possessed by the Spaniards in this contest, will{141} surely explain the issue, without any disparagement148 to the courage or capacity of their opponents.[150]
Cortés, thinking the occasion favorable, followed up the important blow he had struck by a new mission to the capital, bearing a message of similar import with that recently sent to the camp. But the senate was not yet sufficiently149 humbled150. The late defeat caused, indeed, general consternation151. Maxixcatzin, one of the four great lords who presided over the republic, reiterated152 with greater force the arguments before urged by him for embracing the proffered153 alliance of the strangers. The armies of the state had been beaten too often to allow any reasonable hope of successful resistance; and he enlarged on the generosity155 shown by the politic156 Conqueror to his prisoners—so unusual in Anahuac—as an additional motive157 for an alliance with men who knew how to be friends as well as foes158.
But in these views he was overruled by the war-party, whose animosity was sharpened, rather than subdued159, by the late discomfiture160. Their hostile feelings were further exasperated161 by the younger Xicotencatl, who burned for an opportunity to retrieve162 his disgrace, and to wipe away the stain which had fallen for the first time on the arms of the republic.
In their perplexity they called in the assistance of the priests, whose authority was frequently in{142}voked in the deliberations of the American chiefs. The latter inquired, with some simplicity, of these interpreters of fate, whether the strangers were supernatural beings, or men of flesh and blood like themselves. The priests, after some consultation163, are said to have made the strange answer that the Spaniards, though not gods, were children of the Sun, that they derived164 their strength from that luminary165, and when his beams were withdrawn166 their powers would also fail. They recommended a night-attack, therefore, as one which afforded the best chance of success. This apparently167 childish response may have had in it more of cunning than credulity. It was not improbably suggested by Xicotencatl himself, or by the caciques in his interest, to reconcile the people to a measure which was contrary to the military usages—indeed, it may be said, to the public law—of Anahuac. Whether the fruit of artifice168 or superstition169, it prevailed; and the Tlascalan general was empowered, at the head of a detachment of ten thousand warriors, to try the effect of an assault by night on the Christian111 camp.
The affair was conducted with such secrecy170 that it did not reach the ears of the Spaniards. But their general was not one who allowed himself, sleeping or waking, to be surprised on his post. Fortunately, the night appointed was illumined by the full beams of an autumnal moon; and one of the vedettes perceived by its light, at a considerable distance, a large body of Indians moving towards the Christian lines. He was not slow in giving the alarm to the garrison171.{143}
The Spaniards slept, as has been said, with their arms by their side; while their horses, picketed172 near them, stood ready saddled, with the bridle173 hanging at the bow. In five minutes the whole camp was under arms; when they beheld the dusky columns of the Indians cautiously advancing over the plain, their heads just peering above the tall maize with which the land was partially174 covered. Cortés determined not to abide175 the assault in his intrenchments, but to sally out and pounce176 on the enemy when he had reached the bottom of the hill.
Slowly and stealthily the Indians advanced, while the Christian camp, hushed in profound silence, seemed to them buried in slumber177. But no sooner had they reached the slope of the rising ground than they were astounded178 by the deep battle-cry of the Spaniards, followed by the instantaneous apparition of the whole army, as they sallied forth from the works and poured down the sides of the hill. Brandishing179 aloft their weapons, they seemed to the troubled fancies of the Tlascalans like so many spectres or demons180 hurrying to and fro in mid10 air, while the uncertain light magnified their numbers and expanded the horse and his rider into gigantic and unearthly dimensions.
Scarcely awaiting the shock of their enemy, the panic-struck barbarians let off a feeble volley of arrows, and, offering no other resistance, fled rapidly and tumultuously across the plain. The horse easily overtook the fugitives181, riding them down and cutting them to pieces without mercy, until Cortés, weary with slaughter182, called off his men,{144} leaving the field loaded with the bloody183 trophies184 of victory.[151]
The next day, the Spanish commander, with his usual policy after a decisive blow had been struck, sent a new embassy to the Tlascalan capital. The envoys received their instructions through the interpreter, Marina. That remarkable185 woman had attracted general admiration186 by the constancy and cheerfulness with which she endured all the privations of the camp. Far from betraying the natural weakness and timidity of her sex, she had shrunk from no hardship herself, and had done much to fortify187 the drooping188 spirits of the soldiers; while her sympathies, whenever occasion offered, had been actively189 exerted in mitigating190 the calamities191 of her Indian countrymen.[152]
Through his faithful interpreter, Cortés communicated the terms of his message to the Tlascalan envoys. He made the same professions of amity192 as before, promising193 oblivion of all past injuries; but, if this proffer154 were rejected, he would visit their capital as a conqueror, raze194 every house in it to the ground, and put every inhabitant to the sword! He then dismissed the ambassadors{145} with the symbolical195 presents of a letter in one hand and an arrow in the other.
The envoys obtained respectful audience from the council of Tlascala, whom they found plunged196 in deep dejection by their recent reverses. The failure of the night-attack had extinguished every spark of hope in their bosoms197. Their armies had been beaten again and again, in the open field and in secret ambush198. Stratagem199 and courage, all their resources, had alike proved ineffectual against a foe whose hand was never weary and whose eye was never closed. Nothing remained but to submit. They selected four principal caciques, whom they intrusted with a mission to the Christian camp. They were to assure the strangers of a free passage through the country, and a friendly reception in the capital. The proffered friendship of the Spaniards was cordially embraced, with many awkward excuses for the past. The envoys were to touch at the Tlascalan camp on their way, and inform Xicotencatl of their proceedings200. They were to require him, at the same time, to abstain201 from all further hostilities and to furnish the white men with an ample supply of provisions.
But the Tlascalan deputies, on arriving at the quarters of that chief, did not find him in the humor to comply with these instructions. His repeated collisions with the Spaniards, or, it may be, his constitutional courage, left him inaccessible202 to the vulgar terrors of his countrymen. He regarded the strangers not as supernatural beings, but as men like himself. The animosity of a warrior had{146} rankled203 into a deadly hatred204 from the mortifications he had endured at their hands, and his head teemed205 with plans for recovering his fallen honors and for taking vengeance on the invaders of his country. He refused to disband any of the force, still formidable, under his command, or to send supplies to the enemy’s camp. He further induced the ambassadors to remain in his quarters and relinquish206 their visit to the Spaniards. The latter, in consequence, were kept in ignorance of the movements in their favor which had taken place in the Tlascalan capital.[153]
The conduct of Xicotencatl is condemned207 by Castilian writers as that of a ferocious208 and sanguinary barbarian64. It is natural they should so regard it. But those who have no national prejudice to warp209 their judgments210 may come to a different conclusion. They may find much to admire in that high, unconquerable spirit, like some proud column standing134 alone in its majesty211 amidst the fragments and ruins around it. They may see evidences of a clear-sighted sagacity, which, piercing the thin veil of insidious212 friendship proffered by the Spaniards, and penetrating213 the future, discerned the coming miseries214 of his country; the noble patriotism215 of one who would rescue that country at any cost, and, amidst the gathering216 darkness, would infuse his own intrepid217 spirit into the hearts of his nation, to animate218 them to a last struggle for independence.
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repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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din
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| n.喧闹声，嘈杂声 | |
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hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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overtures
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| n.主动的表示，提议；（向某人做出的）友好表示、姿态或提议( overture的名词复数 )；（歌剧、芭蕾舞、音乐剧等的）序曲，前奏曲 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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averse
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| adj.厌恶的；反对的，不乐意的 | |
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mid
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| adj.中央的，中间的 | |
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exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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ramification
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| n.分枝，分派，衍生物 | |
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verdant
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| adj.翠绿的，青翠的，生疏的，不老练的 | |
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teeming
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| adj.丰富的v.充满( teem的现在分词 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注 | |
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maize
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| n.玉米 | |
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plantations
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| n.种植园，大农场( plantation的名词复数 ) | |
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eminences
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| 卓越( eminence的名词复数 )； 著名； 高地； 山丘 | |
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populous
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| adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的 | |
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dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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forage
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| n.(牛马的)饲料，粮草；v.搜寻，翻寻 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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dictated
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| v.大声讲或读( dictate的过去式和过去分词 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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amicable
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| adj.和平的，友好的；友善的 | |
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envoys
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| 使节( envoy的名词复数 )； 公使； 谈判代表； 使节身份 | |
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battalions
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| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
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warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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31
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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32
extermination
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| n.消灭，根绝 | |
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33
invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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34
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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35
pertinacious
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| adj.顽固的 | |
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36
vanquished
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| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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37
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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38
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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39
tranquilly
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| adv. 宁静地 | |
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40
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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41
intimidating
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| vt.恐吓，威胁( intimidate的现在分词) | |
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42
antagonists
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| 对立[对抗] 者，对手，敌手( antagonist的名词复数 )； 对抗肌； 对抗药 | |
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43
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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44
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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45
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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46
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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47
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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48
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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49
gaudily
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| adv.俗丽地 | |
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50
panoplies
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|
| n.全套礼服( panoply的名词复数 )；盛装；全副甲胄；雄伟的阵式 | |
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51
darts
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| n.掷飞镖游戏；飞镖( dart的名词复数 )；急驰，飞奔v.投掷，投射( dart的第三人称单数 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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52
transparent
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| adj.明显的，无疑的；透明的 | |
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53
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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54
copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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55
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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56
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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57
ornamented
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| adj.花式字体的v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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58
anonymous
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|
| adj.无名的；匿名的；无特色的 | |
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59
conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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60
eyewitnesses
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| 目击者( eyewitness的名词复数 ) | |
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61
eyewitness
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| n.目击者，见证人 | |
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62
frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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63
barbarians
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|
| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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64
barbarian
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| n.野蛮人；adj.野蛮(人)的；未开化的 | |
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65
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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66
alibi
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| n.某人当时不在犯罪现场的申辩或证明；借口 | |
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67
clans
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| 宗族( clan的名词复数 )； 氏族； 庞大的家族； 宗派 | |
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68
clan
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| n.氏族，部落，宗族，家族，宗派 | |
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69
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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70
highlander
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| n.高地的人，苏格兰高地地区的人 | |
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71
tunics
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| n.（动植物的）膜皮( tunic的名词复数 )；束腰宽松外衣；一套制服的短上衣；（天主教主教等穿的）短祭袍 | |
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72
thighs
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|
| n.股，大腿( thigh的名词复数 )；食用的鸡（等的）腿 | |
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73
mantle
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| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
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74
embroidered
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|
| adj．绣花的 | |
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75
knight
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|
| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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76
graceful
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|
| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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77
surmounted
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|
| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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78
enveloped
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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79
grotesque
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|
| adj.怪诞的，丑陋的；n.怪诞的图案，怪人（物） | |
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80
hideous
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|
| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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81
panache
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| n.羽饰；假威风，炫耀 | |
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82
variegated
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|
| adj.斑驳的，杂色的 | |
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83
defensive
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|
| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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84
elastic
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|
| n.橡皮圈，松紧带；adj.有弹性的；灵活的 | |
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85
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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86
slings
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| 抛( sling的第三人称单数 )； 吊挂； 遣送； 押往 | |
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87
javelins
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|
| n.标枪( javelin的名词复数 ) | |
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88
javelin
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|
| n.标枪，投枪 | |
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89
accomplished
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|
| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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90
archers
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| n.弓箭手，射箭运动员( archer的名词复数 ) | |
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91
thong
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|
| n.皮带；皮鞭；v.装皮带 | |
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92
dreaded
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|
| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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93
pointed
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|
| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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94
gracefulness
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95
antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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96
trumpet
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|
| n.喇叭，喇叭声；v.吹喇叭，吹嘘 | |
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97
triumphant
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|
| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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98
anticipations
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|
| 预期( anticipation的名词复数 )； 预测； （信托财产收益的）预支； 预期的事物 | |
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99
paltry
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|
| adj.无价值的，微不足道的 | |
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100
hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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101
strewing
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|
| v.撒在…上( strew的现在分词 )；散落于；点缀；撒满 | |
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102
steadily
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|
| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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103
mowed
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| v.刈，割( mow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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104
mangled
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|
| vt.乱砍（mangle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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105
scattered
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|
| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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106
havoc
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| n.大破坏，浩劫，大混乱，大杂乱 | |
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107
petrified
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|
| adj.惊呆的；目瞪口呆的v.使吓呆，使惊呆；变僵硬；使石化(petrify的过去式和过去分词) | |
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108
galled
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|
| v.使…擦痛( gall的过去式和过去分词 )；擦伤；烦扰；侮辱 | |
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109
forth
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|
| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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110
simultaneously
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|
| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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111
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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112
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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113
avalanche
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| n.雪崩，大量涌来 | |
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114
torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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115
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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116
faltered
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| （嗓音）颤抖( falter的过去式和过去分词 )； 支吾其词； 蹒跚； 摇晃 | |
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117
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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118
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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119
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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120
unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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121
precipitated
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| v.（突如其来地）使发生( precipitate的过去式和过去分词 )；促成；猛然摔下；使沉淀 | |
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122
gallantly
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| adv. 漂亮地，勇敢地，献殷勤地 | |
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123
throng
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| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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124
deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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125
promiscuously
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| adv.杂乱地，混杂地 | |
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126
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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127
incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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128
umbrage
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| n.不快；树荫 | |
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129
haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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130
demeanor
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| n.行为；风度 | |
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131
cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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132
resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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133
jaded
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| adj.精疲力竭的；厌倦的；（因过饱或过多而）腻烦的；迟钝的 | |
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134
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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135
conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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136
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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137
exigency
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| n.紧急；迫切需要 | |
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138
sarcastically
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| adv.挖苦地，讽刺地 | |
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139
inclemency
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| n.险恶，严酷 | |
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140
authorize
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| v.授权，委任；批准，认可 | |
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141
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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142
domesticated
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|
| adj.喜欢家庭生活的；（指动物）被驯养了的v.驯化( domesticate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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143
beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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144
apparition
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| n.幽灵，神奇的现象 | |
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145
unison
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| n.步调一致，行动一致 | |
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146
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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147
trampling
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| 踩( trample的现在分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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148
disparagement
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| n.轻视，轻蔑 | |
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149
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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150
humbled
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| adj. 卑下的，谦逊的，粗陋的 vt. 使 ... 卑下，贬低 | |
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151
consternation
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| n.大为吃惊，惊骇 | |
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152
reiterated
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| 反复地说，重申( reiterate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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153
proffered
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| v.提供，贡献，提出( proffer的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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154
proffer
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| v.献出，赠送；n.提议，建议 | |
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155
generosity
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| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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156
politic
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| adj.有智虑的；精明的；v.从政 | |
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157
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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158
foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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159
subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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160
discomfiture
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| n.崩溃；大败；挫败；困惑 | |
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161
exasperated
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| adj.恼怒的 | |
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162
retrieve
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| vt.重新得到，收回；挽回，补救；检索 | |
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163
consultation
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| n.咨询；商量；商议；会议 | |
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164
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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165
luminary
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| n.名人，天体 | |
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166
withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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167
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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168
artifice
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| n.妙计，高明的手段；狡诈，诡计 | |
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169
superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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170
secrecy
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| n.秘密，保密，隐蔽 | |
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171
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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172
picketed
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| 用尖桩围住（picket的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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173
bridle
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| n.笼头，束缚；vt.抑制，约束；动怒 | |
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174
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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175
abide
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| vi.遵守；坚持；vt.忍受 | |
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176
pounce
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| n.猛扑；v.猛扑，突然袭击，欣然同意 | |
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177
slumber
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| n.睡眠，沉睡状态 | |
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178
astounded
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| v.使震惊(astound的过去式和过去分词)；愕然；愕；惊讶 | |
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179
brandishing
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| v.挥舞( brandish的现在分词 )；炫耀 | |
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180
demons
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| n.恶人( demon的名词复数 )；恶魔；精力过人的人；邪念 | |
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181
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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182
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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183
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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184
trophies
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| n.（为竞赛获胜者颁发的）奖品( trophy的名词复数 )；奖杯；（尤指狩猎或战争中获得的）纪念品；（用于比赛或赛跑名称）奖 | |
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185
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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186
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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187
fortify
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| v.强化防御，为…设防；加强，强化 | |
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188
drooping
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| adj. 下垂的，无力的 动词droop的现在分词 | |
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189
actively
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| adv.积极地，勤奋地 | |
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190
mitigating
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| v.减轻，缓和( mitigate的现在分词 ) | |
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191
calamities
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| n.灾祸，灾难( calamity的名词复数 )；不幸之事 | |
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192
amity
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| n.友好关系 | |
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193
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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194
raze
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| vt.铲平，把(城市、房屋等)夷为平地，拆毁 | |
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195
symbolical
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| a.象征性的 | |
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196
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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197
bosoms
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| 胸部( bosom的名词复数 )； 胸怀； 女衣胸部（或胸襟）； 和爱护自己的人在一起的情形 | |
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198
ambush
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| n.埋伏(地点)；伏兵；v.埋伏；伏击 | |
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199
stratagem
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| n.诡计，计谋 | |
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200
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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201
abstain
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| v.自制，戒绝，弃权，避免 | |
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202
inaccessible
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| adj.达不到的，难接近的 | |
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203
rankled
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| v.（使）痛苦不已，（使）怨恨不已( rankle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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204
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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205
teemed
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| v.充满( teem的过去式和过去分词 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注 | |
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206
relinquish
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| v.放弃，撤回，让与，放手 | |
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207
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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208
ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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209
warp
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| vt.弄歪，使翘曲，使不正常，歪曲，使有偏见 | |
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210
judgments
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| 判断( judgment的名词复数 )； 鉴定； 评价； 审判 | |
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211
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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212
insidious
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| adj.阴险的，隐匿的，暗中为害的，（疾病）不知不觉之间加剧 | |
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213
penetrating
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| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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214
miseries
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| n.痛苦( misery的名词复数 )；痛苦的事；穷困；常发牢骚的人 | |
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215
patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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216
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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217
intrepid
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| adj.无畏的，刚毅的 | |
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218
animate
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| v.赋于生命，鼓励；adj.有生命的，有生气的 | |
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