1519
EVERYTHING being now restored to quiet in Cholula, the allied3 army of Spaniards and Tlascalans set forward in high spirits, and resumed the march on Mexico. The road lay through the beautiful savannas4 and luxuriant plantations5 that spread out for several leagues in every direction. On the march, they were met occasionally by embassies from the neighboring places, anxious to claim the protection of the white men, and to propitiate6 them by gifts, especially of gold, their appetite for which was generally known throughout the country.
Some of these places were allies of the Tlascalans, and all showed much discontent with the oppressive rule of Montezuma. The natives cautioned the Spaniards against putting themselves in his power by entering his capital; and they stated, as evidence of his hostile disposition7, that he had caused the direct road to it to be blocked up, that{222} the strangers might be compelled to choose another, which, from its narrow passes and strong positions, would enable him to take them at great disadvantage.
The information was not lost on Cortés, who kept a strict eye on the movements of the Mexican envoys8, and redoubled his own precautions against surprise.[230] Cheerful and active, he was ever where his presence was needed, sometimes in the van, at others in the rear, encouraging the weak, stimulating9 the sluggish10, and striving to kindle11 in the breasts of others the same courageous12 spirit which glowed in his own. At night he never omitted to go the rounds, to see that every man was at his post. On one occasion his vigilance had wellnigh proved fatal to him. He approached so near a sentinel that the man, unable to distinguish his person in the dark, levelled his cross-bow at him, when fortunately an exclamation13 of the general, who gave the watchword of the night, arrested a movement which might else have brought the campaign to a close and given a respite14 for some time longer to the empire of Montezuma.
The army came at length to the place mentioned by the friendly Indians, where the road forked, and one arm of it was found, as they had foretold15, obstructed16 with large trunks of trees, and huge stones which had been strewn across it. Cortés inquired the meaning of this from the Mexican ambassadors. They said it was done by the em{223}peror’s orders, to prevent their taking a route which, after some distance, they would find nearly impracticable for the cavalry17. They acknowledged, however, that it was the most direct road; and Cortés, declaring that this was enough to decide him in favor of it, as the Spaniards made no account of obstacles, commanded the rubbish to be cleared away. Some of the timber might still be seen by the roadside, as Bernal Diaz tells us, many years after. The event left little doubt in the general’s mind of the meditated18 treachery of the Mexicans. But he was too politic19 to betray his suspicions.[231]
They were now leaving the pleasant champaign country, as the road wound up the bold sierra which separates the great plateaus of Mexico and Puebla. The air, as they ascended20, became keen and piercing; and the blasts, sweeping21 down the frozen sides of the mountains, made the soldiers shiver in their thick harness of cotton, and benumbed the limbs of both men and horses.
They were passing between two of the highest mountains on the North American continent; Popocatepetl, “the hill that smokes,” and Iztaccihuatl, or “white woman,”[232]—a name suggested, doubtless, by the bright robe of snow spread over its broad and broken surface. A puerile22 superstition23 of the Indians regarded these celebrated24 mountains as gods, and Iztaccihuatl as the wife of{224} her more formidable neighbor.[233] A tradition of a higher character described the northern volcano as the abode25 of the departed spirits of wicked rulers, whose fiery26 agonies in their prison-house caused the fearful bellowings and convulsions in times of eruption27. It was the classic fable28 of antiquity29.[234] These superstitious30 legends had invested the mountain with a mysterious horror, that made the natives shrink from attempting its ascent, which, indeed, was from natural causes a work of incredible difficulty.
The great volcan,[235] as Popocatepetl was called, rose to the enormous height of 17,852 feet above the level of the sea; more than 2000 feet above the “monarch32 of mountains,”—the highest elevation33 in Europe.[236] During the present century it has rarely given evidence of its volcanic34 origin, and “the hill that smokes” has almost forfeited35 its claim to the appellation36. But at the time of the Conquest it was frequently in a state of activity,{225} and raged with uncommon37 fury while the Spaniards were at Tlascala; an evil omen38, it was thought, for the natives of Anahuac. Its head, gathered into a regular cone39 by the deposit of successive eruptions40, wore the usual form of volcanic mountains when not disturbed by the falling in of the crater41. Soaring towards the skies, with its silver sheet of everlasting42 snow, it was seen far and wide over the broad plains of Mexico and Puebla, the first object which the morning sun greeted in his rising, the last where his evening rays were seen to linger, shedding a glorious effulgence43 over its head, that contrasted strikingly with the ruinous waste of sand and lava44 immediately below, and the deep fringe of funereal46 pines that shrouded47 its base.
The mysterious terrors which hung over the spot, and the wild love of adventure, made some of the Spanish cavaliers desirous to attempt the ascent, which the natives declared no man could accomplish and live. Cortés encouraged them in the enterprise, willing to show the Indians that no achievement was above the dauntless daring of his followers49. One of his captains, accordingly, Diego Ordaz, with nine Spaniards, and several Tlascalans, encouraged by their example, undertook the ascent. It was attended with more difficulty than had been anticipated.
The lower region was clothed with a dense50 forest, so thickly matted that in some places it was scarcely possible to penetrate51 it. It grew thinner, however, as they advanced, dwindling52 by degrees into a straggling, stunted53 vegetation, till, at the{226} height of somewhat more than thirteen thousand feet, ?t faded away altogether. The Indians who had held on thus far, intimidated54 by the strange subterraneous sounds of the volcano, even then in a state of combustion55, now left them. The track opened on a black surface of glazed56 volcanic sand and of lava, the broken fragments of which, arrested in its boiling progress in a thousand fantastic forms, opposed continual impediments to their advance. Amidst these, one huge rock, the Pico del Fraile, a conspicuous57 object from below, rose to the perpendicular58 height of a hundred and fifty feet, compelling them to take a wide circuit. They soon came to the limits of perpetual snow, where new difficulties presented themselves, as the treacherous59 ice gave an imperfect footing, and a false step might precipitate60 them into the frozen chasms61 that yawned around. To increase their distress62, respiration63 in these aerial regions became so difficult that every effort was attended with sharp pains in the head and limbs. Still they pressed on, till, drawing nearer the crater, such volumes of smoke, sparks, and cinders64 were belched65 forth66 from its burning entrails, and driven down the sides of the mountain, as nearly suffocated67 and blinded them. It was too much even for their hardy68 frames to endure, and, however reluctantly, they were compelled to abandon the attempt on the eve of its completion. They brought back some huge icicles,—a curious sight in these tropical regions,—as a trophy69 of their achievement, which, however imperfect, was sufficient to strike the minds of the natives with wonder, by showing that with the{227} Spaniards the most appalling70 and mysterious perils72 were only as pastimes. The undertaking73 was eminently74 characteristic of the bold spirit of the cavalier of that day, who, not content with the dangers that lay in his path, seemed to court them from the mere75 Quixotic love of adventure. A report of the affair was transmitted to the emperor Charles the Fifth, and the family of Ordaz was allowed to commemorate76 the exploit by assuming a burning mountain on their escutcheon.[237]
The general was not satisfied with the result. Two years after, he sent up another party, under Francisco Monta?o, a cavalier of determined77 resolution. The object was to obtain sulphur to assist in making gunpowder78 for the army. The mountain was quiet at this time, and the expedition was attended with better success. The Spaniards, five in number, climbed to the very edge of the crater, which presented an irregular ellipse at its mouth, more than a league in circumference79. Its depth might be from eight hundred to a thousand feet. A lurid80 flame burned gloomily at the bottom, sending up a sulphurous steam, which, cooling as it rose, was precipitated81 on the sides of the cavity. The party cast lots, and it fell on Monta?o himself, to descend in a basket into this hideous82 abyss, into which he was lowered by his companions to the{228} depth of four hundred feet! This was repeated several times, till the adventurous83 cavalier had collected a sufficient quantity of sulphur for the wants of the army.[238] This doughty84 enterprise excited general admiration85 at the time. Cortés concludes his report of it to the emperor with the judicious86 reflection that it would be less inconvenient87, on the whole, to import their powder from Spain.[239]
But it is time to return from our digression, which may perhaps be excused, as illustrating88, in a remarkable89 manner, the chimerical90 spirit of enterprise—not inferior to that in his own romances of chivalry91—which glowed in the breast of the Spanish cavalier in the sixteenth century.
The army held on its march through the intricate gorges92 of the sierra. The route was nearly the{229} same as that pursued at the present day by the courier from the capital to Puebla, by the way of Mecameca.[240] It was not that usually taken by travellers from Vera Cruz, who follow the more circuitous93 road round the northern base of Iztaccihuatl, as less fatiguing94 than the other, though inferior in picturesque95 scenery and romantic points of view. The icy winds, that now swept down the sides of the mountains, brought with them a tempest of arrowy sleet96 and snow, from which the Christians98 suffered even more than the Tlascalans, reared from infancy99 among the wild solitudes100 of their own native hills. As night came on, their sufferings would have been intolerable, but they luckily found a shelter in the commodious101 stone buildings which the Mexican government had placed at stated intervals102 along the roads for the accommodation of the traveller and their own couriers. It little dreamed it was providing a protection for its enemies.
The troops, refreshed by a night’s rest, succeeded, early on the following day, in gaining the crest103 of the sierra of Ahualco, which stretches like a curtain between the two great mountains on the north and south. Their progress was now comparatively easy, and they marched forward with a buoyant step, as they felt they were treading the soil of Montezuma.
They had not advanced far, when, turning an angle of the sierra, they suddenly came on a view which more than compensated104 the toils105 of the preceding day. It was that of the Valley of Mexico,{230} or Tenochtitlan, as more commonly called by the natives; which, with its picturesque assemblage of water, woodland, and cultivated plains, its shining cities and shadowy hills, was spread out like some gay and gorgeous panorama106 before them. In the highly rarefied atmosphere of these upper regions, even remote objects have a brilliancy of coloring and a distinctness of outline which seem to annihilate107 distance.[241] Stretching far away at their feet, were seen noble forests of oak, sycamore, and cedar108, and beyond, yellow fields of maize109 and the towering maguey, intermingled with orchards110 and blooming gardens; for flowers, in such demand for their religious festivals, were even more abundant in this populous111 valley than in other parts of Anahuac. In the centre of the great basin were beheld112 the lakes, occupying then a much larger portion of its surface than at present; their borders thickly studded with towns and hamlets, and, in the midst,—like some Indian empress with her coronal of pearls,—the fair city of Mexico, with her white towers and pyramidal temples, reposing113, as it were, on the bosom114 of the waters,—the far-famed “Venice of the Aztecs.” High over all rose the royal hill of Chapoltepec, the residence of the Mexican monarchs115, crowned with the same grove116 of gigantic cypresses117 which at this day fling their broad shadows over the land. In the distance beyond the blue waters of the lake, and nearly screened by intervening foliage118, was seen a shining speck119, the{231} rival capital of Tezcuco, and, still farther on, the dark belt of porphyry, girdling the Valley around, like a rich setting which Nature had devised for the fairest of her jewels.
Such was the beautiful vision which broke on the eyes of the Conquerors120. And even now, when so sad a change has come over the scene; when the stately forests have been laid low, and the soil, unsheltered from the fierce radiance of a tropical sun, is in many places abandoned to sterility122; when the waters have retired123, leaving a broad and ghastly margin124 white with the incrustation of salts, while the cities and hamlets on their borders have mouldered125 into ruins;—even now that desolation broods over the landscape, so indestructible are the lines of beauty which Nature has traced on its features, that no traveller, however cold, can gaze on them with any other emotions than those of astonishment126 and rapture127.[242]
What, then, must have been the emotions of the Spaniards, when, after working their toilsome way into the upper air, the cloudy tabernacle parted{232} before their eyes, and they beheld these fair scenes in all their pristine128 magnificence and beauty! It was like the spectacle which greeted the eyes of Moses from the summit of Pisgah, and, in the warm glow of their feelings, they cried out, “It is the promised land!”[243]
But these feelings of admiration were soon followed by others of a very different complexion129, as they saw in all this the evidences of a civilization and power far superior to anything they had yet encountered. The more timid, disheartened by the prospect130, shrank from a contest so unequal, and demanded, as they had done on some former occasions, to be led back again to Vera Cruz. Such was not the effect produced on the sanguine131 spirit of the general. His avarice132 was sharpened by the display of the dazzling spoil at his feet; and, if he felt a natural anxiety at the formidable odds133, his confidence was renewed, as he gazed on the lines of his veterans, whose weather-beaten visages and battered134 armor told of battles won and difficulties surmounted135, while his bold barbarians137, with appetites whetted138 by the view of their enemies’ country, seemed like eagles on the mountains, ready to pounce139 upon their prey140. By argument, entreaty141, and menace, he endeavored to restore the faltering142 courage of the soldiers, urging them not to think of retreat, now that they had reached the goal for which they had panted, and the golden gates were{233} opened to receive them. In these efforts he was well seconded by the brave cavaliers, who held honor as dear to them as fortune; until the dullest spirits caught somewhat of the enthusiasm of their leaders, and the general had the satisfaction to see his hesitating columns, with their usual buoyant step, once more on their march down the slopes of the sierra.[244]
With every step of their progress, the woods became thinner; patches of cultivated land more frequent; and hamlets were seen in the green and sheltered nooks, the inhabitants of which, coming out to meet them, gave the troops a kind reception. Everywhere they heard complaints of Montezuma, especially of the unfeeling manner in which he carried off their young men to recruit his armies, and their maidens143 for his harem. These symptoms of discontent were noticed with satisfaction by Cortés, who saw that Montezuma’s “mountain-throne,” as it was called, was indeed seated on a volcano, with the elements of combustion so active within that it seemed as if any hour might witness an explosion. He encouraged the disaffected144 natives to rely on his protection, as he had come to redress145 their wrongs. He took advantage, moreover, of their favorable dispositions146, to scatter147 among them such gleams of spiritual light as time and the preaching of Father Olmedo could afford.
He advanced by easy stages, somewhat retarded148 by the crowd of curious inhabitants gathered on{234} the highways to see the strangers, and halting at every spot of interest or importance. On the road, he was met by another embassy from the capital. It consisted of several Aztec lords, freighted, as usual, with a rich largess of gold, and robes of delicate furs and feathers. The message of the emperor was couched in the same deprecatory terms as before. He even condescended149 to bribe151 the return of the Spaniards, by promising152, in that event, four loads of gold to the general, and one to each of the captains,[245] with a yearly tribute to their sovereign. So effectually had the lofty and naturally courageous spirit of the barbarian136 monarch been subdued153 by the influence of superstition!
But the man whom the hostile array of armies could not daunt48 was not to be turned from his purpose by a woman’s prayers. He received the embassy with his usual courtesy, declaring, as before, that he could not answer it to his own sovereign if he were now to return without visiting the emperor in his capital. It would be much easier to arrange matters by a personal interview than by distant negotiation154. The Spaniards came in the spirit of peace. Montezuma would so find it; but, should their presence prove burdensome to him, it would be easy for them to relieve him of it.[246]
The Aztec monarch, meanwhile, was a prey to the most dismal155 apprehensions156. It was intended{235} that the embassy above noticed should reach the Spaniards before they crossed the mountains. When he learned that this was accomplished157, and that the dread158 strangers were on their march across the Valley, the very threshold of his capital, the last spark of hope died away in his bosom. Like one who suddenly finds himself on the brink159 of some dark and yawning gulf160, he was too much bewildered to be able to rally his thoughts, or even to comprehend his situation. He was the victim of an absolute destiny, against which no foresight161 or precautions could have availed. It was as if the strange beings who had thus invaded his shores had dropped from some distant planet, so different were they from all he had ever seen, in appearance and manners; so superior—though a mere handful in numbers—to the banded nations of Anahuac in strength and science and all the fearful accompaniments of war! They were now in the Valley. The huge mountain screen, which nature had so kindly162 drawn163 around it for its defence, had been overleaped. The golden visions of security and repose164 in which he had so long indulged, the lordly sway descended150 from his ancestors, his broad imperial domain165, were all to pass away. It seemed like some terrible dream,—from which he was now, alas166! to awake to a still more terrible reality.
In a paroxysm of despair, he shut himself up in his palace, refused food, and sought relief in prayer and in sacrifice. But the oracles167 were dumb. He then adopted the more sensible expedient168 of calling a council of his principal and oldest nobles. Here was the same division of opinion{236} which had before prevailed. Cacama, the young king of Tezcuco, his nephew, counselled him to receive the Spaniards courteously169, as ambassadors, so styled by themselves, of a foreign prince. Cuitlahua, Montezuma’s more warlike brother, urged him to muster170 his forces on the instant, and drive back the invaders171 from his capital or die in its defence. But the monarch found it difficult to rally his spirits for this final struggle. With downcast eye and dejected mien172, he exclaimed, “Of what avail is resistance, when the gods have declared themselves against us?[247] Yet I mourn most for the old and infirm, the women and children, too feeble to fight or to fly. For myself and the brave men around me, we must bare our breasts to the storm, and meet it as we may!” Such are the sorrowful and sympathetic tones in which the Aztec emperor is said to have uttered the bitterness of his grief. He would have acted a more glorious part had he put his capital in a posture173 of defence, and prepared, like the last of the Pal71?ologi, to bury himself under its ruins.[248]
He straightway prepared to send a last embassy to the Spaniards, with his nephew, the lord of Tezcuco, at its head, to welcome them to Mexico.
The Christian97 army, meanwhile, had advanced as far as Amaquemecan, a well-built town of several thousand inhabitants. They were kindly received by the cacique, lodged174 in large, commodious,{237} stone buildings, and at their departure presented, among other things, with gold to the amount of three thousand castellanos.[249] Having halted there a couple of days, they descended among flourishing plantations of maize and of maguey, the latter of which might be called the Aztec vineyards, towards the lake of Chalco. Their first resting-place was Ajotzinco, a town of considerable size, with a great part of it then standing175 on piles in the water. It was the first specimen176 which the Spaniards had seen of this maritime177 architecture. The canals which intersected the city, instead of streets, presented an animated178 scene, from the number of barks which glided179 up and down freighted with provisions and other articles for the inhabitants. The Spaniards were particularly struck with the style and commodious structure of the houses, built chiefly of stone, and with the general aspect of wealth and even elegance180 which prevailed there.
Though received with the greatest show of hospitality, Cortés found some occasion for distrust in the eagerness manifested by the people to see and approach the Spaniards.[250] Not content with gazing at them in the roads, some even made their way stealthily into their quarters, and fifteen or twenty unhappy Indians were shot down by the{238} sentinels as spies. Yet there appears, as well as we can judge, at this distance of time, to have been no real ground for such suspicion. The undisguised jealousy181 of the court, and the cautions he had received from his allies, while they very properly put the general on his guard, seem to have given an unnatural182 acuteness, at least in the present instance, to his perceptions of danger.[251]
Early on the following morning, as the army was preparing to leave the place, a courier came, requesting the general to postpone183 his departure till after the arrival of the king of Tezcuco, who was advancing to meet him. It was not long before he appeared, borne in a palanquin or litter, richly decorated with plates of gold and precious stones, having pillars curiously184 wrought185, supporting a canopy186 of green plumes187, a favorite color with the Aztec princes. He was accompanied by a numerous suite188 of nobles and inferior attendants.{239} As he came into the presence of Cortés, the lord of Tezcuco descended from his palanquin, and the obsequious189 officers swept the ground before him as he advanced. He appeared to be a young man of about twenty-five years of age, with a comely190 presence, erect191 and stately in his deportment. He made the Mexican salutation usually addressed to persons of high rank, touching192 the earth with his right hand, and raising it to his head. Cortés embraced him as he rose, when the young prince informed him that he came as the representative of Montezuma, to bid the Spaniards welcome to his capital. He then presented the general with three pearls of uncommon size and lustre193. Cortés, in return, threw over Cacama’s neck a chain of cut glass, which, where glass was as rare as diamonds, might be admitted to have a value as real as the latter. After this interchange of courtesies, and the most friendly and respectful assurances on the part of Cortés, the Indian prince withdrew, leaving the Spaniards strongly impressed with the superiority of his state and bearing over anything they had hitherto seen in the country.[252]
Resuming its march, the army kept along the southern borders of the lake of Chalco, overshadowed, at that time, by noble woods, and by orchards glowing with autumnal fruits, of unknown names, but rich and tempting31 hues194. More{240} it passed through cultivated fields waving with the yellow harvest, and irrigated195 by canals introduced from the neighboring lake; the whole showing a careful and economical husbandry, essential to the maintenance of a crowded population.
Leaving the main land, the Spaniards came on the great dike196 or causeway, which stretches some four or five miles in length and divides lake Chalco from Xochicalco on the west. It was a lance in breadth in the narrowest part, and in some places wide enough for eight horsemen to ride abreast197. It was a solid structure of stone and lime running directly through the lake, and struck the Spaniards as one of the most remarkable works which they had seen in the country.
As they passed along, they beheld the gay spectacle of multitudes of Indians darting198 up and down in their light pirogues, eager to catch a glimpse of the strangers, or bearing the products of the country to the neighboring cities. They were amazed, also, by the sight of the chinampas, or floating gardens,—those wandering islands of verdure, to which we shall have occasion to return hereafter,—teeming with flowers and vegetables, and moving like rafts over the waters. All round the margin, and occasionally far in the lake, they beheld little towns and villages, which, half concealed199 by the foliage, and gathered in white clusters round the shore, looked in the distance like companies of wild swans riding quietly on the waves. A scene so new and wonderful filled their rude hearts with amazement200. It seemed like enchantment201; and they{241} could find nothing to compare it with but the magical pictures in the “Amadis de Gaula.”[253] Few pictures, indeed, in that or any other legend of chivalry, could surpass the realities of their own experience. The life of the adventurer in the New World was romance put into action. What wonder, then, if the Spaniard of that day, feeding his imagination with dreams of enchantment at home and with its realities abroad, should have displayed a Quixotic enthusiasm,—a romantic exaltation of character, not to be comprehended by the colder spirits of other lands!
Midway across the lake the army halted at the town of Cuitlahuac, a place of moderate size, but distinguished202 by the beauty of the buildings,—the most beautiful, according to Cortés, that he had yet seen in the country.[254] After taking some refreshment203 at this place, they continued their march along the dike. Though broader in this northern section, the troops found themselves much embarrassed by the throng204 of Indians, who, not content with gazing on them from the boats, climbed up the causeway and lined the sides of the road. The{242} general, afraid that his ranks might be disordered, and that too great familiarity might diminish a salutary awe205 in the natives, was obliged to resort not merely to command, but menace, to clear a passage. He now found, as he advanced, a considerable change in the feelings shown towards the government. He heard only of the pomp and magnificence, nothing of the oppressions, of Montezuma. Contrary to the usual fact, it seemed that the respect for the court was greatest in its immediate45 neighborhood.
From the causeway, the army descended on that narrow point of land which divides the waters of the Chalco from the Tezcucan lake, but which in those days was overflowed206 for many a mile now laid bare.[255] Traversing this peninsula, they entered the royal residence of Iztapalapan, a place containing twelve or fifteen thousand houses, according to Cortés.[256] It was governed by Cuitlahua, the emperor’s brother, who, to do greater{243} honor to the general, had invited the lords of some neighboring cities, of the royal house of Mexico, like himself, to be present at the interview. This was conducted with much ceremony, and, after the usual present of gold and delicate stuffs,[257] a collation207 was served to the Spaniards in one of the great halls of the palace. The excellence208 of the architecture here, also, excited the admiration of the general, who does not hesitate, in the glow of his enthusiasm, to pronounce some of the buildings equal to the best in Spain.[258] They were of stone, and the spacious209 apartments had roofs of odorous cedar-wood, while the walls were tapestried210 with fine cotton stained with brilliant colors.
But the pride of Iztapalapan, on which its lord had freely lavished211 his care and his revenues, was its celebrated gardens. They covered an immense tract212 of land; were laid out in regular squares, and the paths intersecting them were bordered with trellises, supporting creepers and aromatic213 shrubs214 that loaded the air with their perfumes. The gardens were stocked with fruit-trees, imported from distant places, and with the gaudy215 family of flowers which belonged to the Mexican flora216, scientifically arranged, and growing luxuriant in the equable temperature of the table-land. The natural dryness of the atmosphere was counteracted{244} by means of aqueducts and canals that carried water into all parts of the grounds.
In one quarter was an aviary217, filled with numerous kinds of birds, remarkable in this region both for brilliancy of plumage and of song. The gardens were intersected by a canal communicating with the lake of Tezcuco, and of sufficient size for barges218 to enter from the latter. But the most elaborate piece of work was a huge reservoir of stone, filled to a considerable height with water well supplied with different sorts of fish. The basin was sixteen hundred paces in circumference, and was surrounded by a walk, made also of stone, wide enough for four persons to go abreast. The sides were curiously sculptured, and a flight of steps led to the water below, which fed the aqueducts above noticed, or, collected into fountains, diffused219 a perpetual moisture.
Such are the accounts transmitted of these celebrated gardens, at a period when similar horticultural establishments were unknown in Europe;[259] and we might well doubt their existence in this semi-civilized land, were it not a matter of such notoriety at the time and so explicitly220 attested221 by the invaders. But a generation had scarcely passed after the Conquest, before a sad change came over these scenes so beautiful. The town itself was deserted222, and the shore of the lake was strewed223 with the wreck224 of buildings which once were its ornament225 and its glory. The garden shared the{245} fate of the city. The retreating waters withdrew the means of nourishment226, converting the flourishing plains into a foul227 and unsightly morass228, the haunt of loathsome229 reptiles230; and the water-fowl built her nest in what had once been the palaces of princes![260]
In the city of Iztapalapan, Cortés took up his quarters for the night. We may imagine what a crowd of ideas must have pressed on the mind of the Conqueror121, as, surrounded by these evidences of civilization, he prepared with his handful of followers to enter the capital of a monarch who, as he had abundant reason to know, regarded him with distrust and aversion. This capital was now but a few miles distant, distinctly visible from Iztapalapan. And as its long lines of glittering edifices231, struck by the rays of the evening sun, trembled on the dark-blue waters of the lake, it looked like a thing of fairy creation, rather than the work of mortal hands. Into this city of enchantment Cortés prepared to make his entry on the following morning.
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ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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allied
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savannas
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| n.（美国东南部的）无树平原( savanna的名词复数 )；（亚）热带的稀树大草原 | |
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plantations
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| n.种植园，大农场( plantation的名词复数 ) | |
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propitiate
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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envoys
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| 使节( envoy的名词复数 )； 公使； 谈判代表； 使节身份 | |
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stimulating
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sluggish
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kindle
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courageous
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| adj.勇敢的，有胆量的 | |
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exclamation
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| n.感叹号，惊呼，惊叹词 | |
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14
respite
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| n.休息，中止，暂缓 | |
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15
foretold
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| v.预言，预示( foretell的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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16
obstructed
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| 阻塞( obstruct的过去式和过去分词 )； 堵塞； 阻碍； 阻止 | |
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17
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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18
meditated
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| 深思，沉思，冥想( meditate的过去式和过去分词 )； 内心策划，考虑 | |
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19
politic
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| adj.有智虑的；精明的；v.从政 | |
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20
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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21
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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22
puerile
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| adj.幼稚的，儿童的 | |
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23
superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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24
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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25
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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26
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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27
eruption
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| n.火山爆发；（战争等）爆发；（疾病等）发作 | |
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28
fable
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| n.寓言；童话；神话 | |
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29
antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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30
superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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31
tempting
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| a.诱人的, 吸引人的 | |
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32
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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33
elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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34
volcanic
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|
| adj.火山的；象火山的；由火山引起的 | |
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35
forfeited
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| （因违反协议、犯规、受罚等）丧失，失去( forfeit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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36
appellation
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| n.名称，称呼 | |
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37
uncommon
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|
| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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38
omen
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| n.征兆，预兆；vt.预示 | |
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39
cone
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|
| n.圆锥体，圆锥形东西，球果 | |
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40
eruptions
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|
| n.喷发，爆发( eruption的名词复数 ) | |
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41
crater
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|
| n.火山口，弹坑 | |
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42
everlasting
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|
| adj.永恒的，持久的，无止境的 | |
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43
effulgence
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| n.光辉 | |
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44
lava
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|
| n.熔岩，火山岩 | |
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45
immediate
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|
| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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46
funereal
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|
| adj.悲哀的；送葬的 | |
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47
shrouded
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|
| v.隐瞒( shroud的过去式和过去分词 )；保密 | |
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48
daunt
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| vt.使胆怯，使气馁 | |
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49
followers
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|
| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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50
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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51
penetrate
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|
| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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52
dwindling
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|
| adj.逐渐减少的v.逐渐变少或变小( dwindle的现在分词 ) | |
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53
stunted
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|
| adj.矮小的；发育迟缓的 | |
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54
intimidated
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|
| v.恐吓；威胁adj.害怕的；受到威胁的 | |
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55
combustion
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|
| n.燃烧；氧化；骚动 | |
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56
glazed
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|
| adj.光滑的，像玻璃的；上过釉的；呆滞无神的v.装玻璃( glaze的过去式)；上釉于，上光；（目光）变得呆滞无神 | |
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57
conspicuous
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|
| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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58
perpendicular
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|
| adj.垂直的，直立的；n.垂直线，垂直的位置 | |
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59
treacherous
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|
| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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60
precipitate
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| adj.突如其来的；vt.使突然发生；n.沉淀物 | |
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61
chasms
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| 裂缝( chasm的名词复数 )； 裂口； 分歧； 差别 | |
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62
distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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63
respiration
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|
| n.呼吸作用；一次呼吸；植物光合作用 | |
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64
cinders
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| n.煤渣( cinder的名词复数 )；炭渣；煤渣路；煤渣跑道 | |
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65
belched
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|
| v.打嗝( belch的过去式和过去分词 )；喷出，吐出；打（嗝）；嗳（气） | |
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66
forth
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|
| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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67
suffocated
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|
| （使某人）窒息而死( suffocate的过去式和过去分词 )； （将某人）闷死； 让人感觉闷热； 憋气 | |
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68
hardy
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|
| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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69
trophy
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| n.优胜旗，奖品，奖杯，战胜品，纪念品 | |
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70
appalling
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|
| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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71
pal
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|
| n.朋友，伙伴，同志；vi.结为友 | |
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72
perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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73
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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74
eminently
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|
| adv.突出地；显著地；不寻常地 | |
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75
mere
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|
| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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76
commemorate
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|
| vt.纪念，庆祝 | |
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77
determined
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|
| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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78
gunpowder
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|
| n.火药 | |
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79
circumference
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|
| n.圆周，周长，圆周线 | |
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80
lurid
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|
| adj.可怕的；血红的；苍白的 | |
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81
precipitated
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|
| v.（突如其来地）使发生( precipitate的过去式和过去分词 )；促成；猛然摔下；使沉淀 | |
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82
hideous
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|
| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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83
adventurous
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|
| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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84
doughty
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|
| adj.勇猛的，坚强的 | |
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85
admiration
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|
| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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86
judicious
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|
| adj.明智的，明断的，能作出明智决定的 | |
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87
inconvenient
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|
| adj.不方便的，令人感到麻烦的 | |
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88
illustrating
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的现在分词 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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89
remarkable
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|
| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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90
chimerical
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|
| adj.荒诞不经的，梦幻的 | |
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91
chivalry
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|
| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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92
gorges
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|
| n.山峡，峡谷( gorge的名词复数 )；咽喉v.（用食物把自己）塞饱，填饱( gorge的第三人称单数 )；作呕 | |
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93
circuitous
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|
| adj.迂回的路的，迂曲的，绕行的 | |
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94
fatiguing
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| a.使人劳累的 | |
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95
picturesque
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|
| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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96
sleet
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|
| n.雨雪；v.下雨雪，下冰雹 | |
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97
Christian
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|
| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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98
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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99
infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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100
solitudes
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|
| n.独居( solitude的名词复数 )；孤独；荒僻的地方；人迹罕至的地方 | |
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101
commodious
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|
| adj.宽敞的；使用方便的 | |
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102
intervals
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|
| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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103
crest
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|
| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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104
compensated
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|
| 补偿，报酬( compensate的过去式和过去分词 )； 给（某人）赔偿（或赔款） | |
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105
toils
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| 网 | |
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106
panorama
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| n.全景，全景画，全景摄影，全景照片[装置] | |
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107
annihilate
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| v.使无效；毁灭；取消 | |
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108
cedar
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| n.雪松，香柏(木) | |
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109
maize
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| n.玉米 | |
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110
orchards
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| （通常指围起来的）果园( orchard的名词复数 ) | |
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111
populous
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|
| adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的 | |
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112
beheld
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|
| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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113
reposing
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的现在分词 ) | |
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114
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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115
monarchs
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| 君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
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116
grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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117
cypresses
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| n.柏属植物，柏树( cypress的名词复数 ) | |
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118
foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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119
speck
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| n.微粒，小污点，小斑点 | |
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120
conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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121
conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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122
sterility
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| n.不生育，不结果，贫瘠，消毒，无菌 | |
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123
retired
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|
| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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124
margin
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| n.页边空白；差额；余地，余裕；边，边缘 | |
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125
mouldered
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|
| v.腐朽( moulder的过去式和过去分词 )；腐烂，崩塌 | |
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126
astonishment
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|
| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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127
rapture
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| n.狂喜；全神贯注；着迷；v.使狂喜 | |
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128
pristine
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|
| adj.原来的，古时的，原始的，纯净的，无垢的 | |
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129
complexion
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|
| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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130
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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131
sanguine
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|
| adj.充满希望的，乐观的，血红色的 | |
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132
avarice
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| n.贪婪；贪心 | |
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133
odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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134
battered
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|
| adj.磨损的；v.连续猛击；磨损 | |
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135
surmounted
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|
| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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136
barbarian
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|
| n.野蛮人；adj.野蛮(人)的；未开化的 | |
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137
barbarians
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|
| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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138
whetted
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|
| v.（在石头上）磨（刀、斧等）( whet的过去式和过去分词 )；引起，刺激（食欲、欲望、兴趣等） | |
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139
pounce
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| n.猛扑；v.猛扑，突然袭击，欣然同意 | |
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140
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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141
entreaty
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| n.恳求，哀求 | |
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142
faltering
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| 犹豫的，支吾的，蹒跚的 | |
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143
maidens
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| 处女( maiden的名词复数 )； 少女； 未婚女子； （板球运动）未得分的一轮投球 | |
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144
disaffected
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| adj.（政治上）不满的，叛离的 | |
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145
redress
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| n.赔偿，救济，矫正；v.纠正，匡正，革除 | |
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146
dispositions
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| 安排( disposition的名词复数 )； 倾向； （财产、金钱的）处置； 气质 | |
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147
scatter
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| vt.撒，驱散，散开；散布/播；vi.分散，消散 | |
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148
retarded
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| a.智力迟钝的，智力发育迟缓的 | |
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149
condescended
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| 屈尊，俯就( condescend的过去式和过去分词 )； 故意表示和蔼可亲 | |
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150
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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151
bribe
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| n.贿赂；v.向…行贿，买通 | |
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152
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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153
subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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154
negotiation
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| n.谈判，协商 | |
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155
dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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156
apprehensions
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| 疑惧 | |
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157
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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158
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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159
brink
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| n.(悬崖、河流等的)边缘，边沿 | |
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160
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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161
foresight
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| n.先见之明，深谋远虑 | |
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162
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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163
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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164
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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165
domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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166
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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167
oracles
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| 神示所( oracle的名词复数 )； 神谕； 圣贤； 哲人 | |
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168
expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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169
courteously
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| adv.有礼貌地，亲切地 | |
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170
muster
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| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
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171
invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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172
mien
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| n.风采；态度 | |
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173
posture
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| n.姿势，姿态，心态，态度；v.作出某种姿势 | |
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174
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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175
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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176
specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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177
maritime
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| adj.海的，海事的，航海的，近海的，沿海的 | |
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178
animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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179
glided
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| v.滑动( glide的过去式和过去分词 )；掠过；（鸟或飞机 ） 滑翔 | |
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180
elegance
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| n.优雅；优美，雅致；精致，巧妙 | |
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181
jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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182
unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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183
postpone
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| v.延期，推迟 | |
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184
curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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185
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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186
canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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187
plumes
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| 羽毛( plume的名词复数 )； 羽毛饰； 羽毛状物； 升上空中的羽状物 | |
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188
suite
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| n.一套(家具)；套房；随从人员 | |
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189
obsequious
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| adj.谄媚的，奉承的，顺从的 | |
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190
comely
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| adj.漂亮的，合宜的 | |
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191
erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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192
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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193
lustre
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| n.光亮，光泽；荣誉 | |
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194
hues
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| 色彩( hue的名词复数 )； 色调； 信仰； 观点 | |
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195
irrigated
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| [医]冲洗的 | |
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196
dike
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| n.堤，沟；v.开沟排水 | |
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197
abreast
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| adv.并排地；跟上(时代)的步伐，与…并进地 | |
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198
darting
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的现在分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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199
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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200
amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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201
enchantment
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| n.迷惑，妖术，魅力 | |
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202
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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203
refreshment
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| n.恢复，精神爽快，提神之事物；（复数）refreshments:点心，茶点 | |
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204
throng
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| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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205
awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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206
overflowed
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| 溢出的 | |
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207
collation
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| n.便餐；整理 | |
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208
excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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209
spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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210
tapestried
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| adj.饰挂绣帷的，织在绣帷上的v.用挂毯（或绣帷）装饰( tapestry的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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211
lavished
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| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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212
tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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213
aromatic
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| adj.芳香的，有香味的 | |
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214
shrubs
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| 灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
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215
gaudy
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| adj.华而不实的；俗丽的 | |
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216
flora
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| n.(某一地区的)植物群 | |
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217
aviary
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| n.大鸟笼，鸟舍 | |
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218
barges
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| 驳船( barge的名词复数 ) | |
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219
diffused
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| 散布的，普及的，扩散的 | |
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220
explicitly
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| ad.明确地，显然地 | |
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221
attested
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| adj.经检验证明无病的，经检验证明无菌的v.证明( attest的过去式和过去分词 )；证实；声称…属实；使宣誓 | |
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222
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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223
strewed
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| v.撒在…上( strew的过去式和过去分词 )；散落于；点缀；撒满 | |
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224
wreck
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| n.失事，遇难；沉船；vt.(船等)失事，遇难 | |
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225
ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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226
nourishment
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| n.食物，营养品；营养情况 | |
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227
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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228
morass
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| n.沼泽，困境 | |
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229
loathsome
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| adj.讨厌的，令人厌恶的 | |
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230
reptiles
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| n.爬行动物，爬虫( reptile的名词复数 ) | |
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231
edifices
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| n.大建筑物( edifice的名词复数 ) | |
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