1520
THE Mexicans, during the day which followed the retreat of the Spaniards, remained, for the most part, quiet in their own capital, where they found occupation in cleansing2 the streets and causeways from the dead, which lay festering in heaps that might have bred a pestilence3. They may have been employed, also, in paying the last honors to such of their warriors5 as had fallen, solemnizing the funeral rites6 by the sacrifice of their wretched prisoners, who, as they contemplated7 their own destiny, may well have envied the fate of their companions who left their bones on the battle-field. It was most fortunate for the Spaniards, in their extremity8, that they had this breathing-time allowed them by the enemy. But Cortés knew that he could not calculate on its continuance, and, feeling how important it was to get the start of his vigilant9 foe10, he ordered his troops to be in readiness to resume their march by midnight. Fires were left burning, the better to deceive the enemy; and at the appointed hour the little army,{184} without sound of drum or trumpet12, but with renewed spirits, sallied forth13 from the gates of the teocalli, within whose hospitable14 walls they had found such seasonable succor15. The place is now indicated by a Christian16 church, dedicated17 to the Virgin18, under the title of Nuestra Se?ora de los Remedios, whose miraculous19 image—the very same, it is said, brought over by the followers21 of Cortés[194]—still extends her beneficent sway over the neighboring capital; and the traveller who pauses within the precincts of the consecrated22 fane may feel that he is standing23 on the spot made memorable24 by the refuge it afforded to the Conquerors25 in the hour of their deepest despondency.[195]
It was arranged that the sick and wounded should occupy the centre, transported on litters, or on the backs of the tamanes, while those who were strong enough to keep their seats should mount behind the cavalry26. The able-bodied soldiers were ordered to the front and rear, while others protected the flanks, thus affording all the security possible to the invalids27.
The retreating army held on its way unmolested under cover of the darkness. But, as morning dawned, they beheld28 parties of the natives moving over the heights, or hanging at a distance, like a{185} cloud of locusts29, on their rear. They did not belong to the capital, but were gathered from the neighboring country, where the tidings of their rout30 had already penetrated31. The charm which had hitherto covered the white men was gone. The dread32 Teules were no longer invincible33.[196]
The Spaniards, under the conduct of their Tlascalan guides, took a circuitous34 route to the north, passing through Quauhtitlan, and round lake Tzompanco (Zumpango), thus lengthening35 their march, but keeping at a distance from the capital. From the eminences37, as they passed along, the Indians rolled down heavy stones, mingled39 with volleys of darts40 and arrows, on the heads of the soldiers. Some were even bold enough to descend41 into the plain and assault the extremities42 of the column. But they were soon beaten off by the horse, and compelled to take refuge among the hills, where the ground was too rough for the rider to follow. Indeed, the Spaniards did not care to do so, their object being rather to fly than to fight.
In this way they slowly advanced, halting at intervals43 to drive off their assailants when they be{186}came too importunate44, and greatly distressed45 by their missiles and their desultory46 attacks. At night, the troops usually found shelter in some town or hamlet, whence the inhabitants, in anticipation47 of their approach, had been careful to carry off all the provisions. The Spaniards were soon reduced to the greatest straits for subsistence. Their principal food was the wild cherry, which grew in the woods or by the roadside. Fortunate were they if they found a few ears of corn unplucked. More frequently nothing was left but the stalks; and with them, and the like unwholesome fare, they were fain to supply the cravings of appetite. When a horse happened to be killed, it furnished an extraordinary banquet; and Cortés himself records the fact of his having made one of a party who thus sumptuously48 regaled themselves, devouring49 the animal even to his hide.[197]
The wretched soldiers, faint with famine and fatigue50, were sometimes seen to drop down lifeless on the road. Others loitered behind, unable to keep up with the march, and fell into the hands of the enemy, who followed in the track of the army like{187} a flock of famished51 vultures, eager to pounce52 on the dying and the dead. Others, again, who strayed too far, in their eagerness to procure53 sustenance54, shared the same fate. The number of these, at length, and the consciousness of the cruel lot for which they were reserved, compelled Cortés to introduce stricter discipline, and to enforce it by sterner punishments than he had hitherto done,—though too often ineffectually, such was the indifference55 to danger, under the overwhelming pressure of present calamity56.
In their prolonged distresses, the soldiers ceased to set a value on those very things for which they had once been content to hazard life itself. More than one who had brought his golden treasure safe through the perils57 of the noche triste now abandoned it as an intolerable burden; and the rude Indian peasant gleaned59 up, with wondering delight, the bright fragments of the spoils of the capital.[198]
Through these weary days Cortés displayed his usual serenity60 and fortitude61. He was ever in the post of danger, freely exposing himself in encounters with the enemy; in one of which he received a severe wound in the head that afterwards gave him much trouble.[199] He fared no better than the humblest soldier, and strove, by his own cheerful countenance62 and counsels, to fortify63 the courage of those who faltered64, assuring them that their suffer{188}ings would soon be ended by their arrival in the hospitable “land of bread.”[200] His faithful officers co-operated with him in these efforts; and the common file, indeed, especially his own veterans, must be allowed, for the most part, to have shown a full measure of the constancy and power of endurance so characteristic of their nation,—justifying the honest boast of an old chronicler, “that there was no people so capable of supporting hunger as the Spaniards, and none of them who were ever more severely65 tried than the soldiers of Cortés.”[201] A similar fortitude was shown by the Tlascalans, trained in a rough school that made them familiar with hardship and privations. Although they sometimes threw themselves on the ground, in the extremity of famine, imploring66 their gods not to abandon them, they did their duty as warriors, and, far from manifesting coldness towards the Spaniards as the cause of their distresses, seemed only the more firmly knit to them by the sense of a common suffering.
On the seventh morning, the army had reached the mountain rampart which overlooks the plains of Otompan, or Otumba, as commonly called, from the Indian city—now a village—situated in them. The distance from the capital is hardly nine leagues. But the Spaniards had travelled more than thrice that distance, in their circuitous march round the lakes. This had been performed so{189} slowly that it consumed a week, two nights of which had been passed in the same quarters, from the absolute necessity of rest. It was not, therefore, till the seventh of July that they reached the heights commanding the plains which stretched far away towards the territory of Tlascala, in full view of the venerable pyramids of Teotihuacan, two of the most remarkable67 monuments of the antique American civilization now existing north of the Isthmus68. During all the preceding day they had seen parties of the enemy hovering70 like dark clouds above the highlands, brandishing71 their weapons, and calling out, in vindictive72 tones, “Hasten on! You will soon find yourselves where you cannot escape!” words of mysterious import, which they were made fully73 to comprehend on the following morning.[202]
The monuments of San Juan Teotihuacan are, with the exception of the temple of Cholula, the most ancient remains74, probably, on the Mexican soil. They were found by the Aztecs, according to their traditions, on their entrance into the country, when Teotihuacan, the habitation of the gods, now a paltry75 village, was a flourishing city, the rival of Tula, the great Toltec capital.[203] The two princi{190}pal pyramids were dedicated to Tonatiuh, the Sun, and Meztli, the Moon. The former, which is considerably76 the larger, is found by recent measurements to be six hundred and eighty-two feet long at the base, and one hundred and eighty feet high, dimensions not inferior to those of some of the kindred monuments of Egypt.[204] They were divided into four stories, of which three are now discernible, while the vestiges77 of the intermediate gradations are nearly effaced78. In fact, time has dealt so roughly with them, and the materials have been so much displaced by the treacherous79 vegetation of the tropics, muffling80 up with its flowery mantle81 the ruin which it causes, that it is not easy to discern at once the pyramidal form of the structures.[205] The huge masses bear such resemblance to the North American mounds82 that some have fancied them to be only natural eminences shaped by the hand of man into a regular form, and ornamented84 with the temples and terraces the wreck86 of which still covers their slopes. But others, seeing no example of a similar elevation87 in the wide plain in which they stand, infer, with more prob{191}ability, that they are wholly of an artificial construction.[206]
The interior is composed of clay mixed with pebbles88, incrusted on the surface with the light porous89 stone, tetzontli, so abundant in the neighboring quarries90. Over this was a thick coating of stucco, resembling, in its reddish color, that found in the ruins of Palenque. According to tradition, the pyramids are hollow; but hitherto the attempt to discover the cavity in that dedicated to the Sun has been unsuccessful. In the smaller mound83 an aperture91 has been found on the southern side, at two-thirds of the elevation. It is formed by a narrow gallery, which, after penetrating92 to the distance of several yards, terminates in two pits or wells. The largest of these is about fifteen feet deep,[207] and the sides are faced with unbaked bricks; but to what purpose it was devoted93, nothing is left to show. It may have been to hold the ashes of some powerful chief, like the solitary94 apartment discovered in the great Egyptian pyramid. That these monuments were dedicated to religious uses, there is no doubt; and it would be only conformable to the practice of antiquity95 in the Eastern continent that they should have served for tombs as well as temples.[208]{192}
Distinct traces of the latter destination are said to be visible on the summit of the smaller pyramid, consisting of the remains of stone walls showing a building of considerable size and strength.[209] There are no remains on the top of the pyramid of the Sun. But the traveller who will take the trouble to ascend96 its bald summit will be amply compensated97 by the glorious view it will open to him;—towards the southeast, the hills of Tlascala, surrounded by their green plantations98 and cultivated corn-fields, in the midst of which stands the little village, once the proud capital of the republic. Somewhat farther to the south, the eye passes across the beautiful plains lying around the city of Puebla de los Angeles, founded by the old Spaniards, and still rivalling, in the splendor99 of its churches, the most brilliant capitals of Europe; and far in the west he may behold100 the Valley of Mexico, spread out like a map, with its diminished lakes, its princely capital rising in still greater glory from its ruins, and its rugged101 hills gathering102 darkly around it, as in the days of Montezuma.
The summit of this larger mound is said to have been crowned by a temple, in which was a colossal103 statue of its presiding deity104, the Sun, made of one entire block of stone, and facing the east. Its breast was protected by a plate of burnished105 gold and silver, on which the first rays of the rising luminary106 rested.[210] An antiquary, in the early part{193} of the last century, speaks of having seen some fragments of the statue. It was still standing, according to report, on the invasion of the Spaniards, and was demolished107 by the indefatigable108 Bishop109 Zumárraga, whose hand fell more heavily than that of Time itself on the Aztec monuments.[211]
Around the principal pyramids are a great number of smaller ones, rarely exceeding thirty feet in height, which, according to tradition, were dedicated to the stars and served as sepulchres for the great men of the nation. They are arranged symmetrically in avenues terminating at the sides of the great pyramids, which face the cardinal110 points. The plain on which they stand was called Micoatl, or “Path of the Dead.” The laborer111, as he turns up the ground, still finds there numerous arrow-heads, and blades of obsidian112, attesting113 the warlike character of its primitive114 population.[212]
What thoughts must crowd on the mind of the traveller as he wanders amidst these memorials of the past; as he treads over the ashes of the generations who reared these colossal fabrics115, which take us from the present into the very depths of time! But who were their builders? Was it the shadowy Olmecs, whose history, like that of the ancient Titans, is lost in the mists of fable116? or, as commonly reported, the peaceful and industrious117 Toltecs, of{194} whom all that we can glean58 rests on traditions hardly more secure? What has become of the races who built them? Did they remain on the soil, and mingle38 and become incorporated with the fierce Aztecs who succeeded them? Or did they pass on to the South, and find a wider field for the expansion of their civilization, as shown by the higher character of the architectural remains in the distant regions of Central America and Yucatan? It is all a mystery,—over which time has thrown an impenetrable veil, that no mortal hand may raise. A nation has passed away,—powerful, populous118, and well advanced in refinement119, as attested120 by their monuments,—but it has perished without a name. It has died and made no sign!
Such speculations121, however, do not seem to have disturbed the minds of the Conquerors, who have not left a single line respecting these time-honored structures, though they passed in full view of them,—perhaps under their very shadows. In the sufferings of the present they had little leisure to bestow122 on the past. Indeed, the new and perilous123 position in which at this very spot they found themselves must naturally have excluded every other thought from their bosoms124 but that of self-preservation.
As the army was climbing the mountain steeps which shut in the Valley of Otompan, the vedettes came in with the intelligence that a powerful body was encamped on the other side, apparently125 awaiting their approach. The intelligence was soon confirmed by their own eyes as they turned the crest126 of the sierra, and saw spread out, below, a mighty{195} host, filling up the whole depth of the valley, and giving to it the appearance, from the white cotton mail of the warriors, of being covered with snow.[213] It consisted of levies127 from the surrounding country, and especially the populous territory of Tezcuco, drawn128 together at the instance of Cuitlahua, Montezuma’s successor, and now concentrated on this point to dispute the passage of the Spaniards. Every chief of note had taken the field with his whole array gathered under his standard, proudly displaying all the pomp and rude splendor of his military equipment. As far as the eye could reach, were to be seen shields and waving banners, fantastic helmets, forests of shining spears, the bright feather-mail of the chief, and the coarse cotton panoply129 of his follower20, all mingled together in wild confusion and tossing to and fro like the billows of a troubled ocean.[214] It was a sight to fill the stoutest130 heart among the Christians131 with dismay, heightened by the previous expectation of soon reaching the friendly land which was to terminate their wearisome pilgrimage. Even Cortés, as he contrasted the tremendous array before him with his own diminished squadrons, wasted by disease and enfeebled by hunger and fatigue, could not escape the conviction that his last hour had arrived.[215]{196}
But his was not the heart to despond; and he gathered strength from the very extremity of his situation. He had no room for hesitation132; for there was no alternative left to him. To escape was impossible. He could not retreat on the capital, from which he had been expelled. He must advance,—cut through the enemy, or perish. He hastily made his dispositions133 for the fight. He gave his force as broad a front as possible, protecting it on each flank by his little body of horse, now reduced to twenty. Fortunately, he had not allowed the invalids, for the last two days, to mount behind the riders, from a desire to spare the horses, so that these were now in tolerable condition; and, indeed, the whole army had been refreshed by halting, as we have seen, two nights and a day in the same place, a delay, however, which had allowed the enemy time to assemble in such force to dispute its progress.
Cortés instructed his cavaliers not to part with their lances, and to direct them at the face. The infantry134 were to thrust, not strike, with their swords; passing them at once through the bodies of their enemies. They were, above all, to aim at the leaders, as the general well knew how much depends on the life of the commander in the wars of barbarians135, whose want of subordination makes them impatient of any control but that to which they are accustomed.
He then addressed to his troops a few words of encouragement, as customary with him on the eve of an engagement. He reminded them of the victories they had won with odds137 nearly as
[Image unavailble.]
THE GREAT BATTLE OF OTUMBA
Goupil & Co., Paris
{197}
discouraging as the present; thus establishing the superiority of science and discipline over numbers. Numbers, indeed, were of no account, where the arm of the Almighty138 was on their side. And he bade them have full confidence that He who had carried them safely through so many perils would not now abandon them and his own good cause to perish by the hand of the infidel. His address was brief, for he read in their looks that settled resolve which rendered words unnecessary. The circumstances of their position spoke139 more forcibly to the heart of every soldier than any eloquence140 could have done, filling it with that feeling of desperation which makes the weak arm strong and turns the coward into a hero. After they had earnestly commended themselves, therefore, to the protection of God, the Virgin, and St. James, Cortés led his battalions141 straight against the enemy.[216]
It was a solemn moment, that in which the devoted little band, with steadfast142 countenances143 and their usual intrepid144 step, descended145 on the plain, to be swallowed up, as it were, in the vast ocean of their enemies. The latter rushed on with impetuosity to meet them, making the mountains ring to their discordant146 yells and battle-cries, and sending forth volleys of stones and arrows which for a moment shut out the light of day. But, when the{198} leading files of the two armies closed, the superiority of the Christians was felt, as their antagonists147, falling back before the charges of cavalry, were thrown into confusion by their own numbers who pressed on them from behind. The Spanish infantry followed up the blow, and a wide lane was opened in the ranks of the enemy, who, receding69 on all sides, seemed willing to allow a free passage for their opponents. But it was to return on them with accumulated force, as rallying they poured upon the Christians, enveloping148 the little army on all sides, which, with its bristling149 array of long swords and javelins150, stood firm,—in the words of a contemporary,—like an islet against which the breakers, roaring and surging, spend their fury in vain.[217] The struggle was desperate of man against man. The Tlascalan seemed to renew his strength, as he fought almost in view of his own native hills, as did the Spaniard, with the horrible doom151 of the captive before his eyes. Well did the cavaliers do their duty on that day; charging, in little bodies of four or five abreast152, deep into the enemy’s ranks, riding over the broken files, and by this temporary advantage giving strength and courage to the infantry. Not a lance was there which did not reek153 with the blood of the infidel. Among the rest, the young captain Sandoval is particularly commemorated154 for his daring prowess. Managing his fiery155 steed with easy horsemanship, he darted156, when least{199} expected, into the thickest of the mêlée, overturning the stanchest warriors, and rejoicing in danger, as if it were his natural element.[218]
But these gallant157 displays of heroism158 served only to ingulf the Spaniards deeper and deeper in the mass of the enemy, with scarcely any more chance of cutting their way through his dense159 and interminable battalions than of hewing160 a passage with their swords through the mountains. Many of the Tlascalans and some of the Spaniards had fallen, and not one but had been wounded. Cortés himself had received a second cut on the head, and his horse was so much injured that he was compelled to dismount, and take one from the baggage train, a strong-boned animal, who carried him well through the turmoil161 of the day.[219] The contest had now lasted several hours. The sun rode high in the heavens, and shed an intolerable fervor162 over the plain. The Christians, weakened by previous sufferings, and faint with loss of blood, began to relax in their desperate exertions163. Their enemies, constantly supported by fresh relays from the rear, were still in good heart, and, quick to perceive their{200} advantage, pressed with redoubled force on the Spaniards. The horse fell back, crowded on the foot; and the latter, in vain seeking a passage amidst the dusky throngs165 of the enemy, who now closed up the rear, were thrown into some disorder166. The tide of battle was setting rapidly against the Christians. The fate of the day would soon be decided167; and all that now remained for them seemed to be to sell their lives as dearly as possible.
At this critical moment, Cortés, whose restless eye had been roving round the field in quest of any object that might offer him the means of arresting the coming ruin, rising in his stirrups, descried168 at a distance, in the midst of the throng164, the chief who from his dress and military cortége he knew must be the commander of the barbarian136 forces. He was covered with a rich surcoat of feather-work; and a panache169 of beautiful plumes170, gorgeously set in gold and precious stones, floated above his head. Rising above this, and attached to his back, between the shoulders, was a short staff bearing a golden net for a banner,—the singular, but customary, symbol of authority for an Aztec commander. The cacique, whose name was Cihuaca, was borne on a litter, and a body of young warriors, whose gay and ornamented dresses showed them to be the flower of the Indian nobles, stood round as a guard of his person and the sacred emblem171.
The eagle eye of Cortés no sooner fell on this personage than it lighted up with triumph. Turning quickly round to the cavaliers at his side, among whom were Sandoval, Olid, Alvarado, and Avila,{201} he pointed11 out the chief, exclaiming, “There is our mark! Follow and support me!” Then, crying his war-cry, and striking his iron heel into his weary steed, he plunged172 headlong into the thickest of the press. His enemies fell back, taken by surprise and daunted173 by the ferocity of the attack. Those who did not were pierced through with his lance or borne down by the weight of his charger. The cavaliers followed close in the rear. On they swept with the fury of a thunderbolt, cleaving174 the solid ranks asunder175, strewing176 their path with the dying and the dead, and bounding over every obstacle in their way. In a few minutes they were in the presence of the Indian commander, and Cortés, overturning his supporters, sprang forward with the strength of a lion, and, striking him through with his lance, hurled177 him to the ground. A young cavalier, Juan de Salamanca, who had kept close by his general’s side, quickly dismounted and despatched the fallen chief. Then, tearing away his banner, he presented it to Cortés, as a trophy178 to which he had the best claim.[220] It was all the work of a moment. The guard, overpowered by the suddenness of the onset179, made little resistance, but, flying, communicated their own panic to their comrades. The tidings of the loss soon spread over the field. The Indians, filled with consternation180, now thought only of escape. In their blind terror, their numbers augmented181 their confusion. They{202} trampled182 on one another, fancying it was the enemy in their rear.[221]
The Spaniards and Tlascalans were not slow to avail themselves of the marvellous change in their affairs. Their fatigue, their wounds, hunger, thirst, all were forgotten in the eagerness for vengeance183; and they followed up the flying foe, dealing184 death at every stroke, and taking ample retribution for all they had suffered in the bloody185 marshes186 of Mexico.[222] Long did they pursue, till, the enemy having abandoned the field, they returned, sated with slaughter187, to glean the booty which he had left. It was great, for the ground was covered with the bodies of chiefs, at whom the Spaniards, in obedience188 to the general’s instructions, had particularly aimed; and their dresses displayed all the barbaric pomp of ornament85 in which the Indian warrior4 delighted.[223] When his men had{203} thus indemnified themselves, in some degree, for their late reverses, Cortés called them again under their banners; and, after offering up a grateful acknowledgment to the Lord of Hosts for their miraculous preservation,[224] they renewed their march across the now deserted189 valley. The sun was declining in the heavens, but, before the shades of evening had gathered around, they reached an Indian temple on an eminence36, which afforded a strong and commodious190 position for the night.
Such was the famous battle of Otompan,—or Otumba, as commonly called, from the Spanish corruption191 of the name. It was fought on the eighth of July, 1520. The whole amount of the Indian force is reckoned by Castilian writers at two hundred thousand! that of the slain192 at twenty thousand! Those who admit the first part of the estimate will find no difficulty in receiving the last.[225] It is about as difficult to form an accurate calculation of the numbers of a disorderly savage193 multitude as of the pebbles on the beach or the scattered194 leaves in autumn. Yet it was, undoubtedly195, one of the most remarkable victories ever achieved{204} in the New World. And this, not merely on account of the disparity of the forces, but of their unequal condition. For the Indians were in all their strength, while the Christians were wasted by disease, famine, and long-protracted sufferings; without cannon196 or fire-arms, and deficient197 in the military apparatus198 which had so often struck terror into their barbarian foe,—deficient even in the terrors of a victorious199 name. But they had discipline on their side, desperate resolve, and implicit200 confidence in their commander. That they should have triumphed against such odds furnishes an inference of the same kind as that established by the victories of the European over the semi-civilized hordes201 of Asia.
Yet even here all must not be referred to superior discipline and tactics. For the battle would certainly have been lost had it not been for the fortunate death of the Indian general. And, although the selection of the victim may be called the result of calculation, yet it was by the most precarious202 chance that he was thrown in the way of the Spaniards. It is, indeed, one among many examples of the influence of fortune in determining the fate of military operations. The star of Cortés was in the ascendant. Had it been otherwise, not a Spaniard would have survived that day to tell the bloody tale of the battle of Otumba.
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distresses
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| n.悲痛( distress的名词复数 )；痛苦；贫困；危险 | |
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cleansing
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pestilence
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warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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vigilant
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| adj.警觉的，警戒的，警惕的 | |
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foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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trumpet
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| n.喇叭，喇叭声；v.吹喇叭，吹嘘 | |
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forth
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hospitable
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| adj.好客的；宽容的；有利的，适宜的 | |
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succor
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| n.援助，帮助；v.给予帮助 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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virgin
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miraculous
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| adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的 | |
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follower
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| n.跟随者；随员；门徒；信徒 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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standing
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memorable
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conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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27
invalids
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| 病人，残疾者( invalid的名词复数 ) | |
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28
beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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29
locusts
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| n.蝗虫( locust的名词复数 )；贪吃的人；破坏者；槐树 | |
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30
rout
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| n.溃退，溃败；v.击溃，打垮 | |
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31
penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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32
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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33
invincible
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| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
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34
circuitous
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| adj.迂回的路的，迂曲的，绕行的 | |
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35
lengthening
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| （时间或空间）延长，伸长( lengthen的现在分词 )； 加长 | |
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36
eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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37
eminences
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| 卓越( eminence的名词复数 )； 著名； 高地； 山丘 | |
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38
mingle
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| vt.使混合，使相混；vi.混合起来；相交往 | |
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39
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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40
darts
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| n.掷飞镖游戏；飞镖( dart的名词复数 )；急驰，飞奔v.投掷，投射( dart的第三人称单数 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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41
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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42
extremities
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| n.端点( extremity的名词复数 )；尽头；手和足；极窘迫的境地 | |
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43
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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44
importunate
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| adj.强求的；纠缠不休的 | |
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45
distressed
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| 痛苦的 | |
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46
desultory
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| adj.散漫的，无方法的 | |
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47
anticipation
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| n.预期，预料，期望 | |
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48
sumptuously
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| 奢侈地，豪华地 | |
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49
devouring
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| 吞没( devour的现在分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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50
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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51
famished
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| adj.饥饿的 | |
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52
pounce
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| n.猛扑；v.猛扑，突然袭击，欣然同意 | |
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53
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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54
sustenance
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| n.食物，粮食；生活资料；生计 | |
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55
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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56
calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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57
perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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58
glean
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| v.收集(消息、资料、情报等) | |
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59
gleaned
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| v.一点点地收集（资料、事实）( glean的过去式和过去分词 )；（收割后）拾穗 | |
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60
serenity
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| n.宁静，沉着，晴朗 | |
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61
fortitude
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| n.坚忍不拔；刚毅 | |
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62
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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63
fortify
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| v.强化防御，为…设防；加强，强化 | |
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64
faltered
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| （嗓音）颤抖( falter的过去式和过去分词 )； 支吾其词； 蹒跚； 摇晃 | |
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65
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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66
imploring
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| 恳求的，哀求的 | |
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67
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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68
isthmus
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| n.地峡 | |
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69
receding
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| v.逐渐远离( recede的现在分词 )；向后倾斜；自原处后退或避开别人的注视；尤指问题 | |
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70
hovering
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| 鸟( hover的现在分词 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫 | |
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71
brandishing
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| v.挥舞( brandish的现在分词 )；炫耀 | |
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72
vindictive
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| adj.有报仇心的，怀恨的，惩罚的 | |
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73
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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74
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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75
paltry
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| adj.无价值的，微不足道的 | |
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76
considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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77
vestiges
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| 残余部分( vestige的名词复数 )； 遗迹； 痕迹； 毫不 | |
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78
effaced
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| v.擦掉( efface的过去式和过去分词 )；抹去；超越；使黯然失色 | |
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79
treacherous
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| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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80
muffling
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| v.压抑，捂住( muffle的现在分词 )；用厚厚的衣帽包着（自己） | |
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81
mantle
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| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
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82
mounds
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| 土堆，土丘( mound的名词复数 )； 一大堆 | |
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83
mound
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| n.土墩，堤，小山；v.筑堤，用土堆防卫 | |
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84
ornamented
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| adj.花式字体的v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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85
ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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86
wreck
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| n.失事，遇难；沉船；vt.(船等)失事，遇难 | |
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87
elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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88
pebbles
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| [复数]鹅卵石； 沙砾； 卵石，小圆石( pebble的名词复数 ) | |
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89
porous
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| adj.可渗透的，多孔的 | |
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90
quarries
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| n.（采）石场( quarry的名词复数 )；猎物（指鸟，兽等）；方形石；（格窗等的）方形玻璃v.从采石场采得( quarry的第三人称单数 )；从（书本等中）努力发掘（资料等）；在采石场采石 | |
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91
aperture
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| n.孔，隙，窄的缺口 | |
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92
penetrating
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| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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93
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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94
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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95
antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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96
ascend
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| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
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97
compensated
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| 补偿，报酬( compensate的过去式和过去分词 )； 给（某人）赔偿（或赔款） | |
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98
plantations
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| n.种植园，大农场( plantation的名词复数 ) | |
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99
splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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100
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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101
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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102
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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103
colossal
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| adj.异常的，庞大的 | |
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104
deity
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| n.神，神性；被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
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105
burnished
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| adj.抛光的，光亮的v.擦亮（金属等），磨光( burnish的过去式和过去分词 )；被擦亮，磨光 | |
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106
luminary
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| n.名人，天体 | |
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107
demolished
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| v.摧毁( demolish的过去式和过去分词 )；推翻；拆毁（尤指大建筑物）；吃光 | |
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108
indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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109
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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110
cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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111
laborer
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| n.劳动者，劳工 | |
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112
obsidian
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| n.黑曜石 | |
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113
attesting
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| v.证明( attest的现在分词 )；证实；声称…属实；使宣誓 | |
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114
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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115
fabrics
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| 织物( fabric的名词复数 )； 布； 构造； （建筑物的）结构（如墙、地面、屋顶）：质地 | |
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116
fable
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| n.寓言；童话；神话 | |
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117
industrious
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| adj.勤劳的，刻苦的，奋发的 | |
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118
populous
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| adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的 | |
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119
refinement
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| n.文雅；高尚；精美；精制；精炼 | |
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120
attested
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| adj.经检验证明无病的，经检验证明无菌的v.证明( attest的过去式和过去分词 )；证实；声称…属实；使宣誓 | |
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121
speculations
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| n.投机买卖( speculation的名词复数 )；思考；投机活动；推断 | |
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122
bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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123
perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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124
bosoms
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| 胸部( bosom的名词复数 )； 胸怀； 女衣胸部（或胸襟）； 和爱护自己的人在一起的情形 | |
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125
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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126
crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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127
levies
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| （部队）征兵( levy的名词复数 )； 募捐； 被征募的军队 | |
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128
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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129
panoply
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| n.全副甲胄，礼服 | |
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130
stoutest
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| 粗壮的( stout的最高级 )； 结实的； 坚固的； 坚定的 | |
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131
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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132
hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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133
dispositions
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| 安排( disposition的名词复数 )； 倾向； （财产、金钱的）处置； 气质 | |
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134
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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135
barbarians
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| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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136
barbarian
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| n.野蛮人；adj.野蛮(人)的；未开化的 | |
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137
odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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138
almighty
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| adj.全能的，万能的；很大的，很强的 | |
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139
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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140
eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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141
battalions
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| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
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142
steadfast
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| adj.固定的，不变的，不动摇的；忠实的；坚贞不移的 | |
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143
countenances
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| n.面容( countenance的名词复数 )；表情；镇静；道义支持 | |
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144
intrepid
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| adj.无畏的，刚毅的 | |
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145
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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146
discordant
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| adj.不调和的 | |
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147
antagonists
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| 对立[对抗] 者，对手，敌手( antagonist的名词复数 )； 对抗肌； 对抗药 | |
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148
enveloping
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的现在分词 ) | |
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149
bristling
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| a.竖立的 | |
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150
javelins
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| n.标枪( javelin的名词复数 ) | |
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151
doom
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| n.厄运，劫数；v.注定，命定 | |
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152
abreast
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| adv.并排地；跟上(时代)的步伐，与…并进地 | |
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153
reek
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| v.发出臭气；n.恶臭 | |
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154
commemorated
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| v.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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155
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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156
darted
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的过去式和过去分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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157
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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158
heroism
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| n.大无畏精神，英勇 | |
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159
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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160
hewing
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| v.（用斧、刀等）砍、劈( hew的现在分词 )；砍成；劈出；开辟 | |
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161
turmoil
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| n.骚乱，混乱，动乱 | |
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162
fervor
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| n.热诚；热心；炽热 | |
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163
exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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164
throng
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| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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165
throngs
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| n.人群( throng的名词复数 )v.成群，挤满( throng的第三人称单数 ) | |
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166
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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167
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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168
descried
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| adj.被注意到的，被发现的，被看到的 | |
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169
panache
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| n.羽饰；假威风，炫耀 | |
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170
plumes
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| 羽毛( plume的名词复数 )； 羽毛饰； 羽毛状物； 升上空中的羽状物 | |
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171
emblem
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| n.象征，标志；徽章 | |
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172
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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173
daunted
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| 使（某人）气馁，威吓( daunt的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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174
cleaving
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| v.劈开，剁开，割开( cleave的现在分词 ) | |
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175
asunder
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| adj.分离的，化为碎片 | |
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176
strewing
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| v.撒在…上( strew的现在分词 )；散落于；点缀；撒满 | |
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177
hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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178
trophy
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| n.优胜旗，奖品，奖杯，战胜品，纪念品 | |
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179
onset
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| n.进攻，袭击，开始，突然开始 | |
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180
consternation
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| n.大为吃惊，惊骇 | |
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181
Augmented
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| adj.增音的 动词augment的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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182
trampled
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| 踩( trample的过去式和过去分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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183
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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184
dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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185
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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186
marshes
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| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
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187
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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188
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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189
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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190
commodious
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| adj.宽敞的；使用方便的 | |
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191
corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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192
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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193
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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194
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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195
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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196
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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197
deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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198
apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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199
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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200
implicit
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| a.暗示的，含蓄的，不明晰的，绝对的 | |
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201
hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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202
precarious
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| adj.不安定的，靠不住的；根据不足的 | |
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