1520
THE Spanish commander, reassured1 by the result of the deliberations in the Tlascalan senate, now resolved on active operations, as the best means of dissipating the spirit of faction2 and discontent inevitably3 fostered by a life of idleness. He proposed to exercise his troops, at first, against some of the neighboring tribes who had laid violent hands on such of the Spaniards as, confiding4 in their friendly spirit, had passed through their territories. Among these were the Tepeacans, a people often engaged in hostility5 with the Tlascalans, and who, as mentioned in a preceding chapter, had lately massacred twelve Spaniards in their march to the capital. An expedition against them would receive the ready support of his allies, and would assert the dignity of the Spanish name, much dimmed in the estimation of the natives by the late disasters.
The Tepeacans were a powerful tribe of the same primitive7 stock as the Aztecs, to whom they acknowledged allegiance. They had transferred{224} this to the Spaniards, on their first march into the country, intimidated8 by the bloody9 defeats of their Tlascalan neighbors. But, since the troubles in the capital, they had again submitted to the Aztec sceptre. Their capital, now a petty village, was a flourishing city at the time of the Conquest, situated11 in the fruitful plains that stretch far away towards the base of Orizaba.[247] The province contained, moreover, several towns of considerable size, filled with a bold and warlike population.
As these Indians had once acknowledged the authority of Castile, Cortés and his officers regarded their present conduct in the light of rebellion, and, in a council of war, it was decided12 that those engaged in the late massacre6 had fairly incurred13 the doom14 of slavery.[248] Before proceeding15 against them, however, the general sent a summons requiring their submission16, and offering full pardon for the past, but, in case of refusal, menacing them with the severest retribution. To this the Indians, now in arms, returned a contemptuous answer, challenging the Spaniards to meet them in fight, as they were in want of victims for their sacrifices.
Cortés, without further delay, put himself at the head of his small corps17 of Spaniards and a large reinforcement of Tlascalan warriors18. They were led by the younger Xicotencatl, who now appeared{225} to bury his recent animosity, and desirous to take a lesson in war under the chief who had so often foiled him in the field.[249]
The Tepeacans received their enemy on their borders. A bloody battle followed, in which the Spanish horse were somewhat embarrassed by the tall maize19 that covered part of the plain. They were successful in the end, and the Tepeacans, after holding their ground like good warriors, were at length routed with great slaughter20. A second engagement, which took place a few days after, was followed by like decisive results; and the victorious21 Spaniards with their allies, marching straightway on the city of Tepeaca, entered it in triumph.[250] No further resistance was attempted by the enemy, and the whole province, to avoid further calamities22, eagerly tendered its submission. Cortés, however, inflicted23 the meditated24 chastisement25 on the places implicated26 in the massacre. The inhabitants were branded with a hot iron as slaves, and, after the royal fifth had been reserved, were distributed between his own men and the allies.[251] The Spaniards were familiar with the system of{226} repartimientos established in the islands; but this was the first example of slavery in New Spain.{*} It was justified27, in the opinion of the general and his military casuists, by the aggravated28 offences of the party. The sentence, however, was not countenanced29 by the crown,[252] which, as the colonial legislation abundantly shows, was ever at issue with the craving30 and mercenary spirit of the colonist31.
{*} [It may have been the first instance of natives being reduced to slavery by the Spaniards, but female slaves at least had been given to them on several previous occasions by the Mexican chiefs. The present case has also no connection with the system of repartimientos, by which, after the conquest was effected, the soil and its inhabitants were divided among the new possessors. In the case of the Tepeacans, no attempt was made to enslave the adult males, whose services were not needed, and who would have brought only embarrassment32 to their captors. See Bernal Diaz, Hist. de la Conquista, cap. 135.—K.]
Satisfied with this display of his vengeance33, Cortés now established his headquarters at Tepeaca, which, situated in a cultivated country, afforded easy means for maintaining an army, while its position on the Mexican frontier made it a good point d’appui for future operations.
The Aztec government, since it had learned the issue of its negotiations34 at Tlascala, had been diligent35 in fortifying36 its frontier in that quarter. The garrisons38 usually maintained there were strengthened, and large bodies of men were marched in the same direction, with orders to occupy the strong positions on the borders. The conduct of these troops was in their usual style of arrogance39 and extortion, and greatly disgusted the inhabitants of the country.{227}
Among the places thus garrisoned40 by the Aztecs was Quauhquechollan,[253] a city containing thirty thousand inhabitants, according to the historians, and lying to the southwest twelve leagues or more from the Spanish quarters. It stood at the extremity41 of a deep valley, resting against a bold range of hills, or rather mountains, and flanked by two rivers with exceedingly high and precipitous banks. The only avenue by which the town could be easily approached was protected by a stone wall more than twenty feet high and of great thickness.[254] Into this place, thus strongly defended by art as well as by nature, the Aztec emperor had thrown a garrison37 of several thousand warriors, while a much more formidable force occupied the heights commanding the city.
The cacique of this strong post, impatient of the Mexican yoke42, sent to Cortés, inviting43 him to march to his relief, and promising44 a co-operation of the citizens in an assault on the Aztec quarters. The general eagerly embraced the proposal, and detached Cristóval de Olid, with two hundred Spaniards and a strong body of Tlascalans, to support the friendly cacique.[255] On the way, Olid was joined by many volunteers from the{228} Indian city and from the neighboring capital of Cholula, all equally pressing their services. The number and eagerness of these auxiliaries45 excited suspicions in the bosom46 of the cavalier. They were strengthened by the surmises47 of the soldiers of Narvaez, whose imaginations were still haunted, it seems, by the horrors of the noche triste, and who saw in the friendly alacrity48 of their new allies evidence of an insidious49 understanding with the Aztecs. Olid, catching50 this distrust, made a countermarch on Cholula, where he seized the suspected chiefs, who had been most forward in offering their services, and sent them under a strong guard to Cortés.
The general, after a careful examination, was satisfied of the integrity of the suspected parties. He, expressing his deep regret at the treatment they had received, made them such amends51 as he could by liberal presents, and, as he now saw the impropriety of committing an affair of such importance to other hands, put himself at the head of his remaining force and effected a junction52 with his officer in Cholula. He had arranged with the cacique of the city against which he was marching, that on the appearance of the Spaniards the inhabitants should rise on the garrison. Everything succeeded as he had planned. No sooner had the Christian53 battalions54 defiled55 on the plain before the town, than the inhabitants attacked the garrison with the utmost fury. The latter, abandoning the outer defences of the place, retreated to their own quarters in the principal teocalli, where they maintained a hard struggle with their adversaries56. In{229} the heat of it, Cortes, at the head of his little body of horse, rode into the place, and directed the assault in person. The Aztecs made a fierce defence. But, fresh troops constantly arriving to support the assailants, the works were stormed, and every one of the garrison was put to the sword.[256]
The Mexican forces, meanwhile, stationed on the neighboring eminences57, had marched down to the support of their countrymen in the town, and formed in order of battle in the suburbs, where they were encountered by the Tlascalan levies58. “They mustered,” says Cortés, speaking of the enemy, “at least thirty thousand men; and it was a brave sight for the eye to look on,—such a beautiful array of warriors glistening60 with gold and jewels and variegated61 feather-work.”[257] The action was well contested between the two Indian armies. The suburbs were set on fire, and, in the midst of the flames, Cortés and his squadrons, rushing on the enemy, at length broke their array, and compelled them to fall back in disorder62 into the narrow gorge63 of the mountain, from which they had lately descended65. The pass was rough and precipitous. Spaniards and Tlascalans followed close in the rear, and the light troops, scaling the high wall of the valley, poured down on the enemy’s flanks. The heat was intense, and both parties were so{230} much exhausted66 by their efforts that it was with difficulty, says the chronicler, that the one could pursue, or the other fly.[258] They were not too weary, however, to slay67. The Mexicans were routed with terrible slaughter. They found no pity from their Indian foes68, who had a long account of injuries to settle with them. Some few sought refuge by flying higher up into the fastnesses of the sierra. They were followed by their indefatigable69 enemy, until, on the bald summit of the ridge70, they reached the Mexican encampment. It covered a wide tract71 of ground. Various utensils72, ornamented73 dresses, and articles of luxury, were scattered74 round, and the number of slaves in attendance showed the barbaric pomp with which the nobles of Mexico went to their campaigns.[259] It was a rich booty for the victors, who spread over the deserted75 camp, and loaded themselves with the spoil, until the gathering76 darkness warned them to descend64.[260]{231}
Cortés followed up the blow by assaulting the strong town of Itzocan, held also by a Mexican garrison, and situated in the depths of a green valley watered by artificial canals and smiling in all the rich abundance of this fruitful region of the plateau.[261] The place, though stoutly77 defended, was stormed and carried; the Aztecs were driven across a river which ran below the town, and, although the light bridges that traversed it were broken down in the flight, whether by design or accident, the Spaniards, fording and swimming the stream as they could, found their way to the opposite bank, following up the chase with the eagerness of bloodhounds. Here, too, the booty was great; and the Indian auxiliaries flocked by thousands to the banners of the chief who so surely led them on to victory and plunder78.[262]
Soon afterwards, Cortés returned to his headquarters at Tepeaca. Thence he detached his officers on expeditions which were usually successful.{232} Sandoval, in particular, marched against a large body of the enemy lying between the camp and Vera Cruz, defeated them in two decisive battles, and thus restored the communications with the port.
The result of these operations was the reduction of that populous79 and cultivated territory which lies between the great volcan, on the west, and the mighty80 skirts of Orizaba, on the east. Many places, also, in the neighboring province of Mixtecapan acknowledged the authority of the Spaniards, and others from the remote region of Oaxaca sent to claim their protection. The conduct of Cortés towards his allies had gained him great credit for disinterestedness81 and equity82. The Indian cities in the adjacent territory appealed to him, as their umpire, in their differences with one another, and cases of disputed succession in their governments were referred to his arbitration83. By his discreet84 and moderate policy he insensibly acquired an ascendency over their counsels which had been denied to the ferocious85 Aztec. His authority extended wider and wider every day; and a new empire grew up in the very heart of the land, forming a counterpoise to the colossal86 power which had so long overshadowed it.[263]
Cortés now felt himself strong enough to put in{233} execution the plans for recovering the capital, over which he had been brooding ever since the hour of his expulsion. He had greatly undervalued the resources of the Aztec monarchy87. He was now aware, from bitter experience, that, to vanquish88 it, his own forces, and all he could hope to muster59, would be incompetent89, without a very extensive support from the Indians themselves. A large army would, moreover, require large supplies for its maintenance, and these could not be regularly obtained, during a protracted90 siege, without the friendly co-operation of the natives. On such support he might now safely calculate from Tlascala and the other Indian territories, whose warriors were so eager to serve under his banners. His past acquaintance with them had instructed him in their national character and system of war; while the natives who had fought under his command, if they had caught little of the Spanish tactics, had learned to act in concert with the white men and to obey him implicitly91 as their commander. This was a considerable improvement in such wild and disorderly levies, and greatly augmented92 the strength derived93 from numbers.
Experience showed that in a future conflict with the capital it would not do to trust to the causeways, but that, to succeed, he must command the lake. He proposed, therefore, to build a number of vessels94 like those constructed under his orders in Montezuma’s time and afterwards destroyed by the inhabitants. For this he had still the services of the same experienced shipbuilder, Martin Lopez, who, as we have seen, had fortunately escaped the{234} slaughter of the “Melancholy Night.” Cortés now sent this man to Tlascala, with orders to build thirteen brigantines, which might be taken to pieces and carried on the shoulders of the Indians to be launched on the waters of Lake Tezcuco. The sails, rigging, and iron-work were to be brought from Vera Cruz, where they had been stored since their removal from the dismantled96 ships. It was a bold conception, that of constructing a fleet to be transported across forest and mountain before it was launched on its destined97 waters! But it suited the daring genius of Cortés, who, with the co-operation of his stanch98 Tlascalan confederates, did not doubt his ability to carry it into execution.
It was with no little regret that the general learned at this time the death of his good friend Maxixca, the old lord of Tlascala, who had stood by him so steadily99 in the hour of adversity. He had fallen a victim to that terrible epidemic100, the smallpox101, which was now sweeping102 over the land like fire over the prairies, smiting103 down prince and peasant, and adding another to the long train of woes104 that followed the march of the white men. It was imported into the country, it is said, by a negro slave in the fleet of Narvaez.[264] It first broke out in Cempoalla. The poor natives, ignorant of{235} the best mode of treating the loathsome105 disorder, sought relief in their usual practice of bathing in cold water, which greatly aggravated their trouble. From Cempoalla it spread rapidly over the neighboring country, and, penetrating106 through Tlascala, reached the Aztec capital, where Montezuma’s successor, Cuitlahua, fell one of its first victims. Thence it swept down towards the borders of the Pacific, leaving its path strewn with the dead bodies of the natives, who, in the strong language of a contemporary, perished in heaps like cattle stricken with the murrain.[265] It does not seem to have been fatal to the Spaniards, many of whom, probably, had already had the disorder, and who were, at all events, acquainted with the proper method of treating it.
The death of Maxixca was deeply regretted by the troops, who lost in him a true and most efficient ally. With his last breath he commended them to his son and successor, as the great beings whose coming into the country had been so long predicted by the oracles107.[266] He expressed a desire to die in the profession of the Christian faith. Cortés no sooner learned his condition than he despatched Father Olmedo to Tlascala. The friar found that Maxixca had already caused a crucifix to be placed before his sick couch, as the object of his adoration108.{236} After explaining, as intelligibly109 as he could, the truths of revelation, he baptized the dying chieftain; and the Spaniards had the satisfaction to believe that the soul of their benefactor110 was exempted111 from the doom of eternal perdition that hung over the unfortunate Indian who perished in his unbelief.[267]
Their late brilliant successes seem to have reconciled most of the disaffected112 soldiers to the prosecution113 of the war. There were still a few among them, the secretary Duero, Bermudez the treasurer114, and others high in office, or wealthy hidalgos, who looked with disgust on another campaign, and now loudly reiterated115 their demand of a free passage to Cuba. To this Cortés, satisfied with the support on which he could safely count, made no further objection. Having once given his consent, he did all in his power to facilitate their departure and provide for their comfort. He ordered the best ship at Vera Cruz to be placed at their disposal, to be well supplied with provisions and everything necessary for the voyage, and sent Alvarado to the coast to superintend the embarkation116. He took the most courteous117 leave of them, with assurances of his own unalterable regard. But, as the event proved, those who could part from him at this crisis had little sympathy with his fortunes; and we find Duero not long afterwards in Spain, supporting claims of Velasquez before the emperor, in opposition118 to those of his former friend and commander.
The loss of these few men was amply compen{237}sated by the arrival of others, whom Fortune—to use no higher term—most unexpectedly threw in his way. The first of these came in a small vessel95 sent from Cuba by the governor, Velasquez, with stores for the colony at Vera Cruz. He was not aware of the late transactions in the country, and of the discomfiture119 of his officer. In the vessel came despatches, it is said, from Fonseca, bishop120 of Burgos, instructing Narvaez to send Cortés, if he had not already done so, for trial to Spain.[268] The alcalde of Vera Cruz, agreeably to the general’s instructions, allowed the captain of the bark to land, who had no doubt that the country was in the hands of Narvaez. He was undeceived by being seized, together with his men, so soon as they had set foot on shore. The vessel was then secured; and the commander and his crew, finding out their error, were persuaded without much difficulty to join their countrymen in Tlascala.
A second vessel, sent soon after by Velasquez, shared the same fate, and those on board consented, also, to take their chance in the expedition under Cortés.
About the same time, Garay, the governor of Jamaica, fitted out three ships with an armed force to plant a colony on the Panuco, a river which pours into the Gulf121 a few degrees north of Villa10 Rica. Garay persisted in establishing this settlement, in contempt of the claims of Cortés, who had already entered into a friendly communication with the inhabitants of that region. But the crews experienced such a rough reception from the natives on landing, and lost so many men, that they were{238} glad to take to their vessels again. One of these foundered122 in a storm. The others put into the port of Vera Cruz to restore the men, much weakened by hunger and disease. Here they were kindly123 received, their wants supplied, their wounds healed; when they were induced, by the liberal promises of Cortés, to abandon the disastrous124 service of their employer and enlist125 under his own prosperous banner. The reinforcements obtained from these sources amounted to full a hundred and fifty men, well provided with arms and ammunition126, together with twenty horses. By this strange concurrence127 of circumstances, Cortés saw himself in possession of the supplies he most needed; that, too, from the hands of his enemies, whose costly128 preparations were thus turned to the benefit of the very man whom they were designed to ruin.
His good fortune did not stop here. A ship from the Canaries touched at Cuba, freighted with arms and military stores for the adventurers in the New World. Their commander heard there of the recent discoveries in Mexico, and, thinking it would afford a favorable market for him, directed his course to Vera Cruz. He was not mistaken. The alcalde, by the general’s orders, purchased both ship and cargo129; and the crews, catching the spirit of adventure, followed their countrymen into the interior. There seemed to be a magic in the name of Cortés, which drew all who came within hearing of it under his standard.[269]{239}
Having now completed the arrangements for settling his new conquests, there seemed to be no further reason for postponing130 his departure to Tlascala. He was first solicited131 by the citizens of Tepeaca to leave a garrison with them, to protect them from the vengeance of the Aztecs. Cortés acceded132 to the request, and, considering the central position of the town favorable for maintaining his conquests, resolved to plant a colony there. For this object he selected sixty of his soldiers, most of whom were disabled by wounds or infirmity. He appointed the alcaldes, regidores, and other functionaries133 of a civic134 magistracy. The place he called Segura de la Frontera, or Security of the Frontier.[270] It received valuable privileges as a city, a few years later, from the emperor Charles the Fifth,[271] and rose to some consideration in the age of the Conquest. But its consequence soon after declined. Even its Castilian name, with the same caprice which has decided the fate of more than one name in our own country, was gradually supplanted135 by its ancient one, and the little village of Tepeaca is all that now commemorates136 the once flourishing Indian capital, and the second Spanish colony in Mexico.
While at Segura, Cortés wrote that celebrated137 letter to the emperor—the second in the series—so often cited in the preceding pages. It takes up the narrative138 with the departure from Vera Cruz, and exhibits in a brief and comprehensive form the occurrences up to the time at which we are now ar{240}rived. In the concluding page, the general, after noticing the embarrassments139 under which he labors140, says, in his usual manly141 spirit, that he holds danger and fatigue142 light in comparison with the attainment143 of his object, and that he is confident a short time will restore the Spaniards to their former position and repair all their losses.[272]
He notices the resemblance of Mexico, in many of its features and productions, to the mother country, and requests that it may henceforth be called “New Spain of the Ocean Sea.”[273] He finally requests that a commission may be sent out, at once, to investigate his conduct and to verify the accuracy of his statements.
This letter, which was printed at Seville the year after its reception, has been since reprinted, and translated, more than once.[274] It excited a great sensation at the court, and among the friends of science generally. The previous discoveries in the New World had disappointed the expectations which had been formed after the solution of the{241} grand problem of its existence. They had brought to light only rude tribes, which, however gentle and inoffensive in their manners, were still in the primitive stages of barbarism. Here was an authentic145 account of a vast nation, potent146 and populous, exhibiting an elaborate social polity, well advanced in the arts of civilization, occupying a soil that teemed147 with mineral treasures and with a boundless148 variety of vegetable products, stores of wealth, both natural and artificial, that seemed, for the first time, to realize the golden dreams in which the great discoverer of the New World had so fondly, and in his own day so fallaciously, indulged. Well might the scholar of that age exult149 in the revelation of these wonders, which so many had long, but in vain, desired to see.[275]
With this letter went another to the emperor, signed, as it would seem, by nearly every officer and soldier in the camp. It expatiated150 on the obstacles thrown in the way of the expedition by Velasquez and Narvaez, and the great prejudice this had caused to the royal interests. It then set forth144 the services of Cortés, and besought151 the emperor to confirm him in his authority, and not to allow any interference with one who, from his personal character, his intimate knowledge of the land and its people, and the attachment152 of his soldiers, was{242} the man best qualified153 in all the world to achieve the conquest of the country.[276]
It added not a little to the perplexities of Cortés that he was still in entire ignorance of the light in which his conduct was regarded in Spain. He had not even heard whether his despatches, sent the year preceding from Vera Cruz, had been received. Mexico was as far removed from all intercourse154 with the civilized155 world as if it had been placed at the antipodes. Few vessels had entered, and none had been allowed to leave, its ports. The governor of Cuba, an island distant but a few days’ sail, was yet ignorant, as we have seen, of the fate of his armament. On the arrival of every new vessel or fleet on these shores, Cortés might well doubt whether it brought aid to his undertaking156, or a royal commission to supersede157 him. His sanguine158 spirit relied on the former; though the latter was much the more probable, considering the intimacy159 of his enemy, the governor, with Bishop Fonseca, a man jealous of his authority, and one who, from his station at the head of the Indian department, held a predominant control over the affairs of the New World. It was the policy of Cortés, therefore, to lose no time; to push forward his preparations, lest another should be permitted to snatch the laurel now almost within his grasp. Could he but reduce{243} the Aztec capital, he felt that he should be safe, and that, in whatever light his irregular proceedings160 might now be viewed, his services in that event would far more than counterbalance them in the eyes both of the crown and of the country.
The general wrote, also, to the Royal Audience at St. Domingo, in order to interest them in his cause. He sent four vessels to the same island, to obtain a further supply of arms and ammunition; and, the better to stimulate161 the cupidity162 of adventurers and allure163 them to the expedition, he added specimens164 of the beautiful fabrics165 of the country, and of its precious metals.[277] The funds for procuring166 these important supplies were, probably, derived from the plunder gathered in the late battles, and the gold which, as already remarked, had been saved from the general wreck167 by the Castilian convoy168.
It was the middle of December when Cortés, having completed all his arrangements, set out on his return to Tlascala, ten or twelve leagues distant. He marched in the van of the army, and took the way of Cholula. How different was his condition from that in which he had left the republican capital not five months before! His march was a triumphal procession, displaying the various banners and military ensigns taken from the enemy, long files of captives, and all the rich spoils of con{244}quest gleaned169 from many a hard-fought field. As the army passed through the towns and villages, the inhabitants poured out to greet them, and as they drew near to Tlascala, the whole population, men, women, and children, came forth, celebrating their return with songs, dancing, and music. Arches decorated with flowers were thrown across the streets through which they passed, and a Tlascalan orator170 addressed the general, on his entrance into the city, in a lofty panegyric171 on his late achievements, proclaiming him the “avenger of the nation.” Amidst this pomp and triumphal show, Cortés and his principal officers were seen clad in deep mourning in honor of their friend Maxixca. And this tribute of respect to the memory of their venerated172 ruler touched the Tlascalans more sensibly than all the proud display of military trophies173.[278]
The general’s first act was to confirm the son of his deceased friend in the succession, which had been contested by an illegitimate brother. The youth was but twelve years of age; and Cortés prevailed on him without difficulty to follow his father’s example and receive baptism. He afterwards knighted him with his own hand; the first instance, probably, of the order of chivalry174 being conferred on an American Indian.[279] The elder Xicotencatl was also persuaded to embrace Christianity; and the example of their rulers had its ob{245}vious effect in preparing the minds of the people for the reception of the truth. Cortés, whether from the suggestions of Olmedo, or from the engrossing175 nature of his own affairs, did not press the work of conversion176 further at this time, but wisely left the good seed, already sown, to ripen177 in secret, till time should bring forth the harvest.
The Spanish commander, during his short stay in Tlascala, urged forward the preparations for the campaign. He endeavored to drill the Tlascalans and to give them some idea of European discipline and tactics. He caused new arms to be made, and the old ones to be put in order. Powder was manufactured with the aid of sulphur obtained by some adventurous178 cavaliers from the smoking throat of Popocatepetl.[280] The construction of the brigantines went forward prosperously under the direction of Lopez, with the aid of the Tlascalans.[281] Timber was cut in the forests, and pitch, an article unknown to the Indians, was obtained from the pines on the neighboring Sierra de Malinche. The rigging and other appurtenances were transported by the Indian tamanes from Villa Rica; and by Christmas the work was so far advanced that it was no longer necessary for Cortés to delay the march to Mexico.
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1
reassured
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| adj.使消除疑虑的；使放心的v.再保证，恢复信心( reassure的过去式和过去分词) | |
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2
faction
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| n.宗派，小集团；派别；派系斗争 | |
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3
inevitably
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| adv.不可避免地；必然发生地 | |
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4
confiding
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| adj.相信人的，易于相信的v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的现在分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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5
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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6
massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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7
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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8
intimidated
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| v.恐吓；威胁adj.害怕的；受到威胁的 | |
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9
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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10
villa
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| n.别墅，城郊小屋 | |
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11
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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12
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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13
incurred
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| [医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式 | |
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14
doom
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| n.厄运，劫数；v.注定，命定 | |
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15
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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16
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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17
corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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19
maize
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| n.玉米 | |
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20
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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21
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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22
calamities
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| n.灾祸，灾难( calamity的名词复数 )；不幸之事 | |
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inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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24
meditated
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| 深思，沉思，冥想( meditate的过去式和过去分词 )； 内心策划，考虑 | |
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25
chastisement
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| n.惩罚 | |
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26
implicated
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| adj.密切关联的；牵涉其中的 | |
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27
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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28
aggravated
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| 使恶化( aggravate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使更严重； 激怒； 使恼火 | |
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29
countenanced
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| v.支持，赞同，批准( countenance的过去式 ) | |
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30
craving
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| n.渴望,热望 | |
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31
colonist
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| n.殖民者，移民 | |
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32
embarrassment
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| n.尴尬；使人为难的人(事物)；障碍；窘迫 | |
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33
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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34
negotiations
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| 协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过 | |
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35
diligent
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| adj.勤勉的，勤奋的 | |
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36
fortifying
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| 筑防御工事于( fortify的现在分词 )； 筑堡于； 增强； 强化（食品） | |
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37
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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38
garrisons
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| 守备部队，卫戍部队( garrison的名词复数 ) | |
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39
arrogance
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| n.傲慢，自大 | |
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40
garrisoned
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| 卫戍部队守备( garrison的过去式和过去分词 )； 派部队驻防 | |
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41
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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42
yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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43
inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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44
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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45
auxiliaries
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| n.助动词 ( auxiliary的名词复数 )；辅助工，辅助人员 | |
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46
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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47
surmises
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| v.臆测，推断( surmise的第三人称单数 )；揣测；猜想 | |
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48
alacrity
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| n.敏捷，轻快，乐意 | |
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49
insidious
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| adj.阴险的，隐匿的，暗中为害的，（疾病）不知不觉之间加剧 | |
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50
catching
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| adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住 | |
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51
amends
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| n. 赔偿 | |
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52
junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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53
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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54
battalions
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| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
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55
defiled
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| v.玷污( defile的过去式和过去分词 )；污染；弄脏；纵列行进 | |
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56
adversaries
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| n.对手，敌手( adversary的名词复数 ) | |
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57
eminences
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| 卓越( eminence的名词复数 )； 著名； 高地； 山丘 | |
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58
levies
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| （部队）征兵( levy的名词复数 )； 募捐； 被征募的军队 | |
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59
muster
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| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
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60
glistening
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| adj.闪耀的，反光的v.湿物闪耀，闪亮( glisten的现在分词 ) | |
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61
variegated
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| adj.斑驳的，杂色的 | |
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62
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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63
gorge
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| n.咽喉，胃，暴食，山峡；v.塞饱，狼吞虎咽地吃 | |
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64
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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65
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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66
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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67
slay
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| v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮 | |
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68
foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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69
indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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70
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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71
tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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72
utensils
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| 器具，用具，器皿( utensil的名词复数 )； 器物 | |
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73
ornamented
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| adj.花式字体的v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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74
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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75
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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76
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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77
stoutly
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| adv.牢固地，粗壮的 | |
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78
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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79
populous
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| adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的 | |
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80
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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81
disinterestedness
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82
equity
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| n.公正，公平，（无固定利息的）股票 | |
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83
arbitration
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| n.调停，仲裁 | |
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84
discreet
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| adj.(言行)谨慎的；慎重的；有判断力的 | |
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85
ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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86
colossal
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| adj.异常的，庞大的 | |
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87
monarchy
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| n.君主，最高统治者；君主政体，君主国 | |
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88
vanquish
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| v.征服，战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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89
incompetent
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| adj.无能力的，不能胜任的 | |
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90
protracted
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| adj.拖延的；延长的v.拖延“protract”的过去式和过去分词 | |
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91
implicitly
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| adv. 含蓄地, 暗中地, 毫不保留地 | |
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92
Augmented
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| adj.增音的 动词augment的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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93
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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94
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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95
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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96
dismantled
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| 拆开( dismantle的过去式和过去分词 )； 拆卸； 废除； 取消 | |
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97
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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98
stanch
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| v.止住（血等）；adj.坚固的；坚定的 | |
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99
steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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100
epidemic
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| n.流行病；盛行；adj.流行性的，流传极广的 | |
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101
smallpox
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| n.天花 | |
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102
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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103
smiting
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| v.猛打，重击，打击( smite的现在分词 ) | |
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104
woes
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| 困境( woe的名词复数 )； 悲伤； 我好苦哇； 某人就要倒霉 | |
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105
loathsome
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| adj.讨厌的，令人厌恶的 | |
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106
penetrating
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|
| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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107
oracles
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| 神示所( oracle的名词复数 )； 神谕； 圣贤； 哲人 | |
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108
adoration
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| n.爱慕，崇拜 | |
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109
intelligibly
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| adv.可理解地，明了地，清晰地 | |
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110
benefactor
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| n. 恩人，行善的人，捐助人 | |
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111
exempted
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| 使免除[豁免]( exempt的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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112
disaffected
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| adj.（政治上）不满的，叛离的 | |
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113
prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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114
treasurer
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| n.司库，财务主管 | |
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115
reiterated
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| 反复地说，重申( reiterate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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116
embarkation
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| n. 乘船, 搭机, 开船 | |
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117
courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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118
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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119
discomfiture
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| n.崩溃；大败；挫败；困惑 | |
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120
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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121
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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122
foundered
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| v.创始人( founder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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123
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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124
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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125
enlist
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| vt.谋取(支持等)，赢得；征募；vi.入伍 | |
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126
ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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127
concurrence
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| n.同意；并发 | |
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128
costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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129
cargo
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| n.(一只船或一架飞机运载的)货物 | |
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130
postponing
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| v.延期，推迟( postpone的现在分词 ) | |
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131
solicited
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| v.恳求( solicit的过去式和过去分词 )；（指娼妇）拉客；索求；征求 | |
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132
acceded
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| v.（正式）加入( accede的过去式和过去分词 )；答应；（通过财产的添附而）增加；开始任职 | |
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133
functionaries
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| n.公职人员，官员( functionary的名词复数 ) | |
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134
civic
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| adj.城市的，都市的，市民的，公民的 | |
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135
supplanted
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| 把…排挤掉，取代( supplant的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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136
commemorates
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| n.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的名词复数 )v.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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137
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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138
narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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139
embarrassments
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| n.尴尬( embarrassment的名词复数 )；难堪；局促不安；令人难堪或耻辱的事 | |
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140
labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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141
manly
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| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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142
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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143
attainment
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| n.达到，到达；［常pl.］成就，造诣 | |
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144
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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145
authentic
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| a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的，有根据的 | |
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146
potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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147
teemed
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| v.充满( teem的过去式和过去分词 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注 | |
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148
boundless
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| adj.无限的；无边无际的；巨大的 | |
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149
exult
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| v.狂喜，欢腾；欢欣鼓舞 | |
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150
expatiated
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| v.详述，细说( expatiate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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151
besought
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| v.恳求，乞求（某事物）( beseech的过去式和过去分词 )；(beseech的过去式与过去分词) | |
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152
attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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153
qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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154
intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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155
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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156
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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157
supersede
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| v.替代；充任 | |
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158
sanguine
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| adj.充满希望的，乐观的，血红色的 | |
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159
intimacy
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| n.熟悉，亲密，密切关系，亲昵的言行 | |
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160
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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161
stimulate
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| vt.刺激，使兴奋；激励，使…振奋 | |
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162
cupidity
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| n.贪心，贪财 | |
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163
allure
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| n.诱惑力，魅力；vt.诱惑，引诱，吸引 | |
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164
specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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165
fabrics
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| 织物( fabric的名词复数 )； 布； 构造； （建筑物的）结构（如墙、地面、屋顶）：质地 | |
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166
procuring
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的现在分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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167
wreck
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| n.失事，遇难；沉船；vt.(船等)失事，遇难 | |
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168
convoy
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| vt.护送，护卫，护航；n.护送；护送队 | |
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169
gleaned
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| v.一点点地收集（资料、事实）( glean的过去式和过去分词 )；（收割后）拾穗 | |
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170
orator
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| n.演说者，演讲者，雄辩家 | |
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171
panegyric
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| n.颂词，颂扬 | |
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172
venerated
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| 敬重（某人或某事物），崇敬( venerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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173
trophies
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| n.（为竞赛获胜者颁发的）奖品( trophy的名词复数 )；奖杯；（尤指狩猎或战争中获得的）纪念品；（用于比赛或赛跑名称）奖 | |
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174
chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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175
engrossing
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| adj.使人全神贯注的，引人入胜的v.使全神贯注( engross的现在分词 ) | |
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176
conversion
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| n.转化，转换，转变 | |
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177
ripen
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| vt.使成熟；vi.成熟 | |
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178
adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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