It also suggests a number of substantial guarantees for the payment of interest on the loans to be raised for reparations purposes. I cannot [Pg 203]pretend to assess the value that would be attached to these gages by prospective6 borrowers. I have no doubt they would add materially to the security of the investment. But this array of securities standing7 alone will not entice8 the investor9 to risk his money on a German reparations loan. He will look at Germany as a whole, and not in parts. He will want to know what is likely to happen to that great country during the coming years, and to its industry, its finance, its politics, and its people. A railway which collects its rates and fares in a corrupt10 currency is of no use as a security for any loan—a customs revenue collected in a fugitive11 coin is equally worthless. The only reliable basis for a loan is a stable Germany. You can have no stable Germany until you settle reparations. That is, therefore, the first essential preliminary to all discussions on gages be they productifs or otherwise.
Hence the propositions that really matter in the German note are not those which give a schedule of guarantees, but those which bear on the fixation of the amount which Germany is to be called upon to pay. On this question the note does not increase the sum which the first note estimated as the limit of German capacity. But it reaffirms the readiness[Pg 204] of the German government to submit the consideration of the capacity of Germany to pay to an impartial12 tribunal. It offers to place at the disposal of this body all the material which is necessary to enable it to arrive at a just conclusion. It proceeds to suggest that all further discussion on the subjects at issue between the parties should take place at a conference rather than by interchange of notes. How can any unprejudiced person refuse to recognise the essential reasonableness of this part of the offer? It is common ground that the annuities13 imposed upon Germany in May, 1921, demand modification14. Even M. Poincaré proceeds on that assumption. There is, therefore, a most important and highly difficult figure to be ascertained15. What annuity16 can Germany pay? And when will she be in a position to pay? Is it unreasonable17 to propose that this question which involves a most searching examination into German assets should be referred to a tribunal which would be capable of giving it calm and judicial18 consideration? And what objection can there be to discussing the matter at a conference where Germany as well as all the Allies would be represented? If this were a business or a trade dispute these two [Pg 205]proposals would be regarded as eminently20 sensible and fair, and the party that rejected them would be condemned21 by public opinion.
What are the objections to acceptance formulated22 by the French press? Up to the date of writing this article the French government have not officially expressed their views on the German note. But one may safely assume from past experience that Parisian journalists consulted the Quai d'Orsay before writing their critical articles.
The first is that the French government will discuss no proposals emanating23 from Germany until the latter withdraw its passive resistance to French and Belgian exploitation of the Ruhr. What does this exactly mean? If it imports—as a preliminary condition to conference or consideration of terms—an acquiescence24 by Germany in the occupation and exploitation by France and Belgium of the Ruhr valley until reparations be fully25 paid, then the position is hopeless. A German government may submit to such an occupation because it has no force at its command to offer resistance. But no German government can give assent26 to such an invasion of its territories. A peace signed on such terms would inevitably27 be repudiated28 at the first favourable29 [Pg 206]opportunity. Meanwhile there would be constant friction30 and trouble in the Ruhr. I can hardly believe that this is what the French government mean to insist upon, in spite of an article in the Temps which bears that interpretation31. But they may only ask that whilst terms are being discussed an armistice32 shall be concluded, the first condition of which will be that all obstacles now interposed in the way of supplying France, Belgium, and Italy with reparation coal and coke shall be withdrawn33. An armistice on those terms ought not to be difficult to arrange, especially if the French and Belgian authorities withdraw the ban they have placed on the export of Ruhr products to the unoccupied parts of Germany. Unless the terms are mutually accommodating, I surmise34 that the German government will experience an insurmountable difficulty in persuading the stubborn miners and railway operatives of the Ruhr to assist in furnishing to France the products of their labour which are denied to their own fellow-countrymen. It is too readily taken for granted that the Ruhr workmen will obey any behest that comes from Berlin. Governments in Germany have ceased to receive that kind of obedience35. It is one of the indirect consequences of the great[Pg 207] disaster that the decrees of Wilhelmstrasse no longer command the respect which attached to them in pre-war days. Still, a conference at which all the interests concerned were represented would experience no difficulty in fixing up stipulations which would make it possible for France to enter a conference on reparations without any suspicion being attached to her ministers that they had lowered the national flag on entering the room. I trust that good sense will prevail over temper and exaggerated pride—on both sides.
Should this preliminary point of honour be disposed of, then what remains36? The fixation of the annuities and the guarantees for their payment. What are the objections to accepting the method put forward in the German note for these two points? It is not the German method—it is the American method adopted by the German government. A conference with an impartial tribunal if conference fails. I know of no other way except a resort to blind force.
It is objected that the Treaty of Versailles has already provided such a tribunal in the reparations commission for the specific purpose of adjudicating upon Germany's liability and Germany's capacity,[Pg 208] and that to set up another for exactly the same purpose would be to supersede37 that treaty. There are two answers to this contention38. The first is that the reparations commission as at present constituted is not the body to which Germany agreed to refer these questions so vital to her existence. It is not the body which Britain and the other Allies contemplated39. The withdrawal40 of America from the commission—after Germany had already signed the treaty—has completely changed the balance and therefore the character of this tribunal. No man in his senses can pretend that in its mutilated form it is either impartial in its composition or judicial in its methods. M. Poincaré does not conceal41 the fact that the French government issues orders to its representative on that "judicial" body. The chairman is an eminent19 French deputy who has played and still plays a conspicuous42 and influential43 part in French politics, and is looking forward to pursuing his career as a politician whithersoever it may lead. Ever since he has been chairman he has delivered speeches in public denouncing the party of whose case he is supposed to be the chief judge. All his colleagues represent powers who have a direct pecuniary44 interest in the result of their decisions. The[Pg 209] only disinterested45 power has retired46 from the commission. The American proposal is very moderate. It implies the restoration of the treaty by reintroducing America to the body that settles reparations. If France objects to the appointment of a separate commission why should it not be agreed between the Allies that their representatives on the body of experts to be set up shall be the men who now constitute the reparations commission? To these the American government could add their nominee47. Germany has a right under the treaty to present her case. The whole question of capacity could then be gone into in the light of the experience acquired during the last four years, and a settlement could thus be effected on a sound basis. Such settlement would have a much better chance of being workable, and therefore more durable48 than terms imposed by force on a people who only accept under duress49.
But whatever the French view may be of the suggested annuities or guarantees, or of the impartial commission, it is inconceivable that they should reject the conference. It is the surest road to reparations. At Spa the method of pelting50 the bewildered Reich with demand notes was for a[Pg 210] time abandoned, and that of conference at the same table was substituted. The results were admirable. The process of disarmament made immediate51 strides towards satisfactory completion, and the coal deliveries became fuller and steadier. At Cannes last year the Allies once more started to confer with German ministers. All those who were present at those discussions—without exception—admit that satisfactory progress was being made towards a comprehensive settlement when the conferees were scattered52 by a bomb. It is too early yet to estimate the loss which inured53 to Europe through that explosion. But all idea of discussion between the parties has since been loftily and petulantly54 dismissed as an exhibition of pernicious weakness. What has been substituted for it? For twelve months we had rather a ridiculous display of feather-rustling about the farmyard to inspire terror. Threatening speeches full of ominous55 hints of impending56 action were delivered at intervals57 in different parts of France. These produced nothing but increased confusion and incapacity to pay. Every speech cost France milliards in postponed58 reparations. French opinion not unnaturally59 insisted on some action being taken. Hence this rash[Pg 211] invasion. At Cannes a two-year moratorium60 would have been accepted as a settlement. Already a year and a half of that period would by now have elapsed. German finances would, under the strict Allied supervision61 which was conceded, by now have been restored to soundness—the mark would have been stabilised, and a loan could have been negotiated which would have provided the Allies with substantial sums towards lightening the burdens they are all bearing. Confidence would have been restored in Europe, and for the first time there would have been real peace. One can see what the alternative has produced. Whatever the final terms may be, Germany is not in a financial position to pay what she was able to offer then. These eighteen months have been devoted62 to reducing assiduously German capacity to pay Allied debts, and the value of the German security for such payment. At Cannes the mark stood at 770 to the pound sterling63. It now stands at 500,000. Germany will need an extended moratorium to recover from the clumsy mishandling of the past year and a half. The mark has to be picked up out of the abyss into which it has been thrown by those whose interest it was to lift it out of the depression wherein it lay.[Pg 212] A debtor64 on whose restored health and nerve payment entirely65 depends has been violently pushed down several flights of stairs. It will take him a long time to recover from the bruises66, the shake, and the loss of blood. What an achievement in scientific debt collecting! If reparations are ever to be paid the Allies must retrace67 their steps and get back to conference. Once the parties—all the parties—sit round the table I feel assured that the common sense of most will in the end prevail. We shall never get back what has been lost during 1922-23, but we shall get something that will help. It will take some time to set up the tackle for hoisting68 the mark out of the crevass and some to do the winding69. But the sooner a start is made the less winding there will be to do. So for everybody's sake it is high time to stop the strutting70 and get back to business.
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1
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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predecessor
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| n.前辈，前任 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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4
brandishing
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| v.挥舞( brandish的现在分词 )；炫耀 | |
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provocation
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| n.激怒，刺激，挑拨，挑衅的事物，激怒的原因 | |
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prospective
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| adj.预期的，未来的，前瞻性的 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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entice
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| v.诱骗，引诱，怂恿 | |
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investor
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| n.投资者，投资人 | |
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corrupt
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| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
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fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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12
impartial
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| adj.(in,to)公正的，无偏见的 | |
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annuities
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| n.养老金；年金( annuity的名词复数 )；（每年的）养老金；年金保险；年金保险投资 | |
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modification
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| n.修改，改进，缓和，减轻 | |
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ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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annuity
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| n.年金；养老金 | |
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unreasonable
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| adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的 | |
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judicial
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| adj.司法的，法庭的，审判的，明断的，公正的 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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eminently
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| adv.突出地；显著地；不寻常地 | |
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condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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formulated
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| v.构想出( formulate的过去式和过去分词 )；规划；确切地阐述；用公式表示 | |
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emanating
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| v.从…处传出，传出( emanate的现在分词 )；产生，表现，显示 | |
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24
acquiescence
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| n.默许；顺从 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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assent
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| v.批准，认可；n.批准，认可 | |
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inevitably
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| adv.不可避免地；必然发生地 | |
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repudiated
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| v.（正式地）否认( repudiate的过去式和过去分词 )；拒绝接受；拒绝与…往来；拒不履行（法律义务） | |
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29
favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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friction
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| n.摩擦，摩擦力 | |
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interpretation
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| n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理 | |
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armistice
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| n.休战，停战协定 | |
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withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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surmise
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| v./n.猜想，推测 | |
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obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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supersede
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| v.替代；充任 | |
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contention
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| n.争论，争辩，论战；论点，主张 | |
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contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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withdrawal
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| n.取回，提款；撤退，撤军；收回，撤销 | |
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conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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44
pecuniary
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| adj.金钱的；金钱上的 | |
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45
disinterested
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| adj.不关心的，不感兴趣的 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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nominee
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| n.被提名者；被任命者；被推荐者 | |
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48
durable
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| adj.持久的，耐久的 | |
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49
duress
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| n.胁迫 | |
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50
pelting
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| 微不足道的，无价值的，盛怒的 | |
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51
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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52
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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53
inured
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| adj.坚强的，习惯的 | |
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54
petulantly
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ominous
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| adj.不祥的，不吉的，预兆的，预示的 | |
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56
impending
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| a.imminent, about to come or happen | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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58
postponed
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| vt.& vi.延期，缓办，（使）延迟vt.把…放在次要地位；[语]把…放在后面（或句尾）vi.（疟疾等）延缓发作（或复发） | |
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unnaturally
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| adv.违反习俗地；不自然地；勉强地；不近人情地 | |
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60
moratorium
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| n.(行动、活动的)暂停(期)，延期偿付 | |
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supervision
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| n.监督，管理 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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sterling
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| adj.英币的(纯粹的，货真价实的)；n.英国货币(英镑) | |
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debtor
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| n.借方，债务人 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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66
bruises
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| n.瘀伤，伤痕，擦伤( bruise的名词复数 ) | |
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67
retrace
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| v.折回；追溯，探源 | |
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68
hoisting
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| 起重，提升 | |
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69
winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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70
strutting
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| 加固，支撑物 | |
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