“Builded on the ruins of dead thrones
Whose temple walls were old when Thebes was new;
Oblivion hides and holds thy secrets fast—
The dust of ages lies upon thy past,
All wonderful, mysterious Mexico.”[1]
Mexico is a land of ruins and the footprints of former races can be traced all over the southern half of the country. These ruins teach us that it must have taken many centuries to develop the land into the condition in which it was found by the Spaniards. It was not only the growth of a long time, but it was the product of the civilization developed by many different races and tribes. Otherwise Mexico would not be filled to-day with a hundred tribes speaking as many distinct dialects. There are many ruins of cities extending from the Valley of Mexico to the remotest corner[145] of Yucatan, and many of them show evidences of wonderful structures that are the amazement3 of even the present generation. Not buried beneath volcanic4 lava5, like Pompeii and Herculaneum, yet all are silent cities, for their inhabitants departed hundreds, perhaps, thousands of years ago. A few broken columns now remain where doubtless whole cities once stood.
Nothing is known of the history of these cities. The Spanish priests, with fanatical frenzy6, destroyed all of the picture writings of the Aztecs that they could lay their hands upon. So many were destroyed, some chroniclers say, that great bonfires were made. What light these manuscripts might have cast upon the history of these early races cannot even be conjectured8. As Prescott says, “it is impossible to contemplate9 these mysterious monuments of a lost civilization without a strong feeling of curiosity as to who were their architects and what is their probable age.” They are undoubtedly10 very old, and some claim they are as old as the architecture of Egypt and Hindoostan. They have marked Eastern characteristics, as in the hieroglyphical11 writings at Palenque, in Yucatan, where are ruins of a palace and supposed holy city, with many[146] sculptured figures of human and animal beings. The same is true of Uxmal, also in that same quaint12 and interesting corner of Mexico. These writings never have been and probably never will be deciphered. Then at Palenque can be traced the outline of the Roman cross which has greatly mystified antiquarians. We can only speculate on the origin of these monuments; whence came the people who constructed them; and in what period of the earth’s history they were built; but speculation13 proves nothing and convinces nobody.
East of the City of Mexico about twenty-seven miles lies the village of San Juan Teotihuacan. Near this hamlet are traces of a great city covering more than four square miles, and remains14 of walls and fortifications, a part of the wall that still stands being more than two hundred feet thick and thirty-two feet high. The most marked features of these ruins are the numerous pyramids, great and small, which lie scattered15 over the plain. Teotihuacan means “City of the Gods,” and doubtless these pyramidal structures were a necessary part of a holy city in the eyes of the race that constructed them, and were mounds16 of worship. Otherwise why would a race build[147] such great structures at such an infinite cost of labour?
The largest of these numerous pyramids is called the “Pyramid of the Sun,” which has a base seven hundred feet square, and a height of one hundred and eight-seven feet. The next largest is the “Pyramid of the Moon,” which is one hundred and thirty-seven feet high, and has a base four hundred and fifty feet square. At a distance the pyramids seem rather insignificant17, and their outlines resemble an ordinary steep-sided hill, but on nearer approach they are better appreciated. The comparison with the noted18 pyramids of Egypt would, at first glance, seem unfavourable, for the vegetation and vines that cover the sides rather hide the pyramidal outline. They were probably higher originally, but the destructive work of man and action of the elements have reduced the size. Recent investigation19 shows that these pyramids are built in layers of volcanic rock, cement, pottery20 and sun-dried brick. There are five layers—each layer being a complete pyramid in itself.
It is supposed that on the summit of each pyramid was a platform which supported great golden images of the sun and moon respectively, but no vestige21 of any such image has[148] ever been discovered. If made of gold, and the Spaniards set their eyes on it, it would not have remained long. Authorities differ as to whether the Toltecs, or a race that preceded them, erected22 these mighty24 structures. The Mexican government has undertaken the work of restoring the two pyramids, and has appropriated a large sum of money to carry on the work. Several hundred labourers are now engaged in denuding25 them of the soil and growth of centuries that covers them.
Near Puebla, and situated26 in a rich and beautiful valley, of which mention has been made elsewhere, is the most noted pyramid in Mexico—that of Cholula. Legend says that it was built by a race of giants who intended to raise it to the very heavens themselves, but that the gods became displeased27 and destroyed them. It is very similar in nature to the Hebrew story of the Tower of Babel. Because of its great base, which is more than a thousand feet on each side, and covers twenty acres, and has a height of only one hundred and seventy-seven feet, it looks like a natural elevation28 that has been squared in places and levelled at the top rather than a pyramid. Like the other pyramids the sides are overgrown with trees and bushes. Examination shows[149] that it has been constructed of sun-dried brick, clay and limestone29. I quote the dimensions of two of the most famous Egyptian pyramids in order that the reader may better understand the comparative height and base of those and the Mexican structures:
HEIGHT. BASE ON
EACH SIDE.
Cheops, 448 feet 728 feet
Mycerinus, 162 ” 580 ”
Cholula, 177 ” 1,000 ”
Sun 187 ” 700 ”
Moon 137 ” 450 ”
This valley was sacred in early times. Cortez says he counted four hundred towers in the city of Cholula (a much larger city then than now), and no temple had more than two towers. Above the city loomed30 the great pyramid, on the summit of which stood a sumptuous31 temple in which was the image of the mystic deity32, Quetzalcoatl. He had “ebon features, wearing a mitre on his head waving with plumes33 of fire, with a resplendent collar of gold around his neck, pendants of mosaic34 turquoise35 on his ears, a jewelled sceptre in one hand, and a shield curiously36 painted, the emblem37 of his rule over the winds, in the other.” This was the god who drew pilgrims and devotees[150] by the thousands from the farthest corners of Anahuac.
This god was credited with power over rains, and was appealed to especially in time of drouth. Bandelier, who made an exhaustive study of this district, translates an early Spanish writer as follows: “To this god they prayed whenever they lacked water, and sacrificed to it children from six to ten years of age, whom they captured or bought for the purpose. When they sacrificed, they carried the children up the hill in procession, whither went some old men singing, and before the idol38 they cut the child open with a knife, taking out the heart, and they burnt incense39 to the idol and afterwards buried the baby there before the idol.” Thus it is seen that the Nahuatl tribe, who occupied this valley, pursued the same bloody40 rites41 as the Aztecs.
The first act of Cortez was to destroy this temple and erect23 a Christian42 church on the spot, so that spires43 and crosses have replaced the pagan towers. All over the valley are many great churches so conspicuous44 in comparison with the humble45 homes of the natives. The view from the summit of this ancient structure is grand and imposing46. John L. Stoddard is inspired by this scene and speaks[151] as follows: “Whatever else of Mexico may be forgotten, I shall remember to my latest breath that wonderfully impressive vision from Cholula. Before me rose, against the darkening sky, a mighty cross, the sculptured proof that here Christianity had proved victorious47; and as I lingered, my feet upon the Aztec pyramid, my hand upon the symbol of the conqueror’s faith, my eyes turned towards that everlasting48 pinnacle49 of snow, I thought the lesson of Cholula to be this: that higher, grander, and far more enduring than all the different religions of humanity are the Eternal Power they imperfectly reveal; and that above the temples, pyramids, and crosses, which mark the blood-stained pathway of our race, rises a lofty mountain peak, whose glory falls alike upon the Aztec and the Spaniard, and in whose heaven-born radiance all races and all centuries may find their inspiration and their hope.”
The Valley of Oaxaca seems to have been the favourite dwelling50 place of one or more of the early races of Mexico. All over the vales that centre at Oaxaca, and on the surrounding hills, are ruins of former cities and palaces that strongly resemble in outline and decoration the works of the Ptolemies and[152] Pharaohs. Next to Mitla, the most noted ruins in this valley are those of Monte Alban. The site of this ancient city is four miles from Oaxaca on the summit of a mountain, about eleven hundred feet above the valley. The ruins extend for a distance of more than a mile along the ridge51, and enclose a great rectangular, depressed52 court nine hundred feet long, and three hundred feet in width. There are some well-preserved, sculptured stones with pictorial53 inscriptions54, and images of gods. Because of its situation, which commands a complete view of these valleys in every direction, it is supposed that this place was intended for defence and a place of refuge in troublous times. The view from the summit is magnificent and well repays the traveller for a couple of hours’ ride on the back of that sadly-wise, and much-maligned animal—the Mexican mule56.
The village of Mitla is situated about twenty-five miles southeast of Oaxaca. It is best visited from that city by coach or mules57. We hired a coach and driver, an unprepossessing looking outfit58, and started on the journey.
“How long will it take?” I asked the driver.
“A las doce,” he replied in idiomatic59 Spanish,[153] meaning that we would arrive at twelve o’clock. As we had started at seven o’clock, that made it a five hours’ journey.
About an hour’s ride out of Oaxaca is the village of Tule, where, in the churchyard, and overshadowing the sacred structure, stands the famous Big Tree of Tule which deserves a passing notice. Although not a ruin, it is a relic60 of prehistoric61 days long gone by. This venerable giant is one of the largest trees in the world, exceeding in circumference62 the famous redwoods of California, and equalling the largest reported specimens63 of the gigantic baobab of Africa. This great tree is one hundred and fifty-four feet in circumference six feet above the ground. Twenty-eight people with their hands outstretched, and touching64 their finger tips, can just encircle its great girth. The height is one hundred and sixty feet, and the spread of the branches one hundred and forty feet. It is a species of the cypress65 called by the Aztecs ahuehuete. The great traveller, Humboldt, visited this tree about the middle of the last century and affixed66 a tablet containing his name and an inscription55. As a proof that this old cypress is still growing, one sees that this tablet is now almost grown over with bark nearly a foot thick.[154] Tule is a quaint village where the thatched huts are enclosed by fences of the prickly cactus68, called organo, because of the resemblance of its branches to the pipes of an organ, and the lanes are shaded by trees. Underneath70 the higher trees grow the orange and lemon, while the oleander and other flowering bushes add their brightness to the scene.
After being held up for a road charge of seven cents by the officials of the village, which we paid, the driver is allowed to proceed. We pass through villages with the poetical71 names of Tlacolulu and Tlacochahuaya. As the coach bounces along the rough highway, over the road on a hillside are seen caves where human beings live who are literally72 cliff-dwellers. Then the valley opens up, and far ahead is seen San Pablo Mitla a typical Indian village built around the hacienda of Don Felix Quero, who is a sort of feudal73 lord over the neighbouring peons. Good entertainment is furnished for the traveller, and it is delightful74 to rest within the high walls of this hospitable75 stopping-place.
The first mention of the ruins at this village is by a Spanish writer nearly four centuries ago. His description would not be much amiss to-day. It is as follows: “We passed through[155] a pueblo76 which is called Mictlan, signifying ‘hell’ in the native tongue, where were found some edifices77 more worth seeing than anything else in New Spain. Among them was a temple of the demon78, and the dwelling of its attendants—very sightly, particularly one hall made of something like lattice work. The fabric79 was of stone, with many figures and shapes; it had many doorways80, each one built of three great stones, two at the sides and one at the top, all very thick and wide. In these quarters there was another hall containing round pillars, each one of a single piece, and so thick that two men could barely embrace them; their height might be five fathoms81.”
To what purposes were these truly magnificent structures dedicated82? Were they palaces, temples, tombs, fortresses83, dwelling places, storehouses or places of refuge? Neither archeologists nor antiquarians have satisfactorily answered these questions. According to many of the leading archeologists they are the most interesting and best preserved ruins in North America. Here was a great city built by a race prior to the Aztecs, for that race could tell the Spanish conquerors84 nothing of its builders. The secrets guarded by the huge monoliths of stone, and the high mosaic-covered[156] walls of Mitla are safe from prying85 eyes. Not one city alone stood here, for there are many remains of walls, columns and huge monoliths thrown down similar to these, scattered all over this valley. The best authority says that they were used for tombs but this could not have been the only use. They were probably also used for places of worship, public purposes, or cities of refuge, or perhaps for all those purposes.
NORTH TEMPLE, MITLA
HALL OF THE MONOLITHS, MITLA
A close investigation shows that there are five distinct groups of the ruins, but some of them are in badly preserved condition. The village covers the site of a part of them. There is a similarity in the structure of all, as the outer walls are composed of oblong panels of mosaic forming arabesques87 and grecques. At first sight, or at a distance, it looks like sculptured designs on the walls. Closer inspection88 reveals the fact that this mosaic is formed of pieces of stone accurately89 cut and fitted into the face of the walls. These pieces are about seven inches in length, one inch in thickness, and two in breadth. The patterns cannot well be described as they are so complicated. All the ornamentation consists of geometrical figures, either rectangular or diagonal, and differs from all other ruins[157] in Mexico, in that there are no human or animal figures.
There is an underground chamber beneath one of the temples, built in the shape of a cross with each arm about twelve feet long. The sides are worked into the same mosaic pattern as the rest of the walls. It is generally believed that these chambers91 were tombs, although some contend that they were the entrance to subterranean92 passages leading long distances away. If so, the passages were filled up long ago.
The northwestern group is in the best state of preservation93. One of the buildings here covers nearly eight thousand square feet, and has all its massive walls intact with scarcely a stone thrown down. The characteristic entrance, consisting of three doors, side by side, is seen here also, fronting the interior of the court. The lintels are immense blocks of stone eighteen feet long, five feet wide and four feet high. How these immense stones were transported to this spot and raised without the aid of machinery94, is as great a mystery as similar accomplishments95 by the Egyptians. Through these doors the famous Hall of Monoliths, or Columns, is reached. This is a wonderful relic of prehistoric architecture. The six monolithic[158] columns, still standing96 in this room are each twelve feet in height and almost nine feet in circumference. They are plain stones having neither pedestal nor capital and are unique among the ruins of the world.
Torquemada, an old Spanish historian, writes of this hall in the following quaint style: “There was in those Edifices, or Square of the Temple, another Hall, all framed around Pillars of Stone; very high and so thick that scarce might two Men of good height embrace them so as to touch finger tips the one with the other. And these Pillars were all of one piece; and they say that all the Pillars and Columns, from top to bottom, was four Fathoms. The Pillars were very like to those of St. Mary, the Greater, of Rome, all very well and smoothly97 wrought98.” This hall is more than a hundred feet long, and twenty feet wide. These great stones may have supported a roof formerly99 but there is no evidence of it at the present time.
From the Hall of the Monoliths a dark, stone-covered passage leads into a room called the Audience Chamber. This is a splendid room with its walls in carved mosaics100, or a setting of tiles, after the Grecian models. There are four long, narrow rooms, or corridors, on[159] either side of this main chamber without other entrance except the one just mentioned. One of these, the West room, is most beautiful and is nearly perfect, as scarcely a tile is broken or missing from its exquisitely101 inlaid walls which at first inspection look like stucco work. The tiles are so accurately inlaid that no mortar102 was used, or needed, to hold them in place. This is the Corridor of the Mosaics. There are also traces of a lustrous103, dark, red paint, used on a hard cement plaster. It is quite probable that all the buildings in the five groups were as carefully constructed and as exquisitely ornamented104 as this one, but they have been destroyed by succeeding races.
North of this group was another ruin on the walls of which a Christian church has been built. Most of the materials used in its construction came from this old temple or palace. The sacristy of this church is formed in part of a portion of the old building, and covered with a tile roof. This structure was the largest of all in size, extending over a space nearly three hundred feet long by one hundred feet wide, and with walls from five to six feet in thickness. One room is now used as a stable, and contains some strange hieroglyphics105 done in a lustrous red paint which have never been[160] deciphered. These are the only semblance69 to anything like writing, or historical inscriptions, that appear anywhere in the ruins. In the centre of the main court is a hard cement pavement laid out in the form of a square with a cut stone border. This may have been intended for ornament90 or for human sacrifices. The latter conjecture7 might not be erroneous, knowing, as we do, the customs of those early Mexican races.
There are many other evidences of ruins near Mitla. Clay idols106, or images, made of terracotta are found all over the neighbourhood. Children hunt for specimens and bring them to tourists for sale. It is also said that many stone wedges, and copper107 chisels108 and axes, have been discovered here but I did not see any of them.
A ZAPOTECO WOMAN
Who built these ruins? Bancroft, the historian of Mexico, says that they were built by the Zapotecs at an early period of their civilization. The Indians now inhabiting this valley are Zapotecs and they are a primitive109, simple and harmless race. If these people, who now dwell in thatch67 hovels and caves, were the once proud race that erected these magnificent structures, then we must say, “How have the mighty fallen.” What must these[161] structures have been in the heyday110 of their prosperity that they are now so glorious in their mellow111 decay? The famous Palace of the Alhambra, glorious monument to the genius of the Moor112, is scarcely more magnificent than these ruins lying here within the little Indian village of Mitla. The traveller can give his imagination full play for there is no written history to destroy the scenes he creates. He can in fancy re-create these beautiful structures; people these courts and halls with royalty113, priests or warriors114; make the air vocal115 with the chants of priests or shrieks116 of the victims of human sacrifice; and there is no one or no record to rebuke117 him.
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1
weird
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| adj.古怪的，离奇的；怪诞的，神秘而可怕的 | |
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crimsoned
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| 变为深红色（crimson的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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3
amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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volcanic
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| adj.火山的；象火山的；由火山引起的 | |
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lava
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| n.熔岩，火山岩 | |
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frenzy
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| n.疯狂，狂热，极度的激动 | |
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conjecture
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| n./v.推测，猜测 | |
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conjectured
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| 推测，猜测，猜想( conjecture的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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9
contemplate
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| vt.盘算，计议；周密考虑；注视，凝视 | |
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10
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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11
hieroglyphical
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| n.象形文字，象形文字的文章 | |
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12
quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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14
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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mounds
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| 土堆，土丘( mound的名词复数 )； 一大堆 | |
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insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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pottery
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| n.陶器，陶器场 | |
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vestige
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| n.痕迹，遗迹，残余 | |
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ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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denuding
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| v.使赤裸( denude的现在分词 )；剥光覆盖物 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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displeased
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| a.不快的 | |
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elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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limestone
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| n.石灰石 | |
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loomed
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| v.隐约出现，阴森地逼近( loom的过去式和过去分词 )；隐约出现，阴森地逼近 | |
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sumptuous
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| adj.豪华的，奢侈的，华丽的 | |
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deity
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| n.神，神性；被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
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plumes
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| 羽毛( plume的名词复数 )； 羽毛饰； 羽毛状物； 升上空中的羽状物 | |
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mosaic
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| n./adj.镶嵌细工的，镶嵌工艺品的，嵌花式的 | |
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turquoise
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| n.绿宝石；adj.蓝绿色的 | |
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curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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emblem
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| n.象征，标志；徽章 | |
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idol
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| n.偶像，红人，宠儿 | |
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incense
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| v.激怒；n.香，焚香时的烟，香气 | |
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bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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spires
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| n.（教堂的） 塔尖，尖顶( spire的名词复数 ) | |
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conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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48
everlasting
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| adj.永恒的，持久的，无止境的 | |
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pinnacle
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| n.尖塔，尖顶，山峰；(喻)顶峰 | |
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50
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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52
depressed
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| adj.沮丧的，抑郁的，不景气的，萧条的 | |
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pictorial
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| adj.绘画的；图片的；n．画报 | |
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54
inscriptions
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| （作者）题词( inscription的名词复数 )； 献词； 碑文； 证劵持有人的登记 | |
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55
inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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mule
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| n.骡子，杂种，执拗的人 | |
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mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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outfit
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| n.（为特殊用途的）全套装备，全套服装 | |
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idiomatic
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| adj.成语的，符合语言习惯的 | |
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relic
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| n.神圣的遗物，遗迹，纪念物 | |
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prehistoric
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| adj.（有记载的）历史以前的，史前的，古老的 | |
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circumference
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| n.圆周，周长，圆周线 | |
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specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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cypress
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| n.柏树 | |
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affixed
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| adj.[医]附着的，附着的v.附加( affix的过去式和过去分词 )；粘贴；加以；盖（印章） | |
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thatch
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| vt.用茅草覆盖…的顶部；n.茅草(屋) | |
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cactus
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| n.仙人掌 | |
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semblance
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| n.外貌，外表 | |
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underneath
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| adj.在...下面，在...底下；adv.在下面 | |
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poetical
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| adj.似诗人的；诗一般的；韵文的；富有诗意的 | |
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literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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hospitable
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| adj.好客的；宽容的；有利的，适宜的 | |
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pueblo
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| n.（美国西南部或墨西哥等）印第安人的村庄 | |
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edifices
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| n.大建筑物( edifice的名词复数 ) | |
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demon
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| n.魔鬼，恶魔 | |
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fabric
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| n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织 | |
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doorways
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| n.门口，门道( doorway的名词复数 ) | |
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fathoms
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| 英寻( fathom的名词复数 ) | |
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dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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fortresses
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| 堡垒，要塞( fortress的名词复数 ) | |
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conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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prying
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| adj.爱打听的v.打听，刺探（他人的私事）( pry的现在分词 )；撬开 | |
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chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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arabesques
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| n.阿拉伯式花饰( arabesque的名词复数 )；错综图饰；阿拉伯图案；阿拉贝斯克芭蕾舞姿（独脚站立，手前伸，另一脚一手向后伸） | |
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inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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subterranean
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| adj.地下的，地表下的 | |
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preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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accomplishments
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| n.造诣；完成( accomplishment的名词复数 )；技能；成绩；成就 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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smoothly
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| adv.平滑地，顺利地，流利地，流畅地 | |
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wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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mosaics
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| n.马赛克( mosaic的名词复数 )；镶嵌；镶嵌工艺；镶嵌图案 | |
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exquisitely
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| adv.精致地；强烈地；剧烈地；异常地 | |
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mortar
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| n.灰浆，灰泥；迫击炮；v.把…用灰浆涂接合 | |
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lustrous
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| adj.有光泽的；光辉的 | |
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104
ornamented
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| adj.花式字体的v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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hieroglyphics
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| n.pl.象形文字 | |
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106
idols
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| 偶像( idol的名词复数 )； 受崇拜的人或物； 受到热爱和崇拜的人或物； 神像 | |
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copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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chisels
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| n.凿子，錾子( chisel的名词复数 )；口凿 | |
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primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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heyday
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| n.全盛时期，青春期 | |
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mellow
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| adj.柔和的；熟透的；v.变柔和；(使)成熟 | |
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112
moor
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| n.荒野，沼泽；vt.(使)停泊；vi.停泊 | |
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113
royalty
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| n.皇家，皇族 | |
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114
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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115
vocal
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| adj.直言不讳的；嗓音的；n.[pl.]声乐节目 | |
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116
shrieks
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| n.尖叫声( shriek的名词复数 )v.尖叫( shriek的第三人称单数 ) | |
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rebuke
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| v.指责，非难，斥责 [反]praise | |
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