If a being stands higher or lower than ourselves its spiritual experiences, if not entirely3 different from ours, are at least limited and modified by the being’s own power of comprehension. If, however, these beings show manifestations4 of life that we understand, we must conclude that their spiritual or mental life is correspondingly active.
[148]
Such a position we occupy with regard to the beings called cells. From the result of their activities we conclude that they, like men, are endowed with aspirations5 capable of the highest conceivable evolution. What economic necessities are to man, the arterial blood is to the cell. The blood is an artificial product which nature no more gives to the cell than it gives clothes, food, houses and the like to man. Nature provides the raw material and cell and man alike must learn how to adapt it for the necessities of life. This operation, however, involves great difficulties. All such artificial products stand in inverse6 proportion to the power of the individual. The more perfect they are the more impossible it is for the individual to produce them. Only as citizens in a community, that is, through organization, are the individuals able to produce such products as exceed their isolated8 forces.
Although we cannot comprehend the inner life of the cell, nor the world in[149] which it dwells, we are able to judge, from the wonderful perfectness of the organisms built by cells, that they have reached in their world and measured by their power a higher state of development than man. It is not only possible but highly probable that the human individuals will sometime build an organism of the same perfectness, but as yet they have not done so. The cells have long ago passed the stage of organization that characterizes human society at present.
From the fact that the first purpose of every organic structure is to serve the individuals of which it is composed, it follows that nobody, except these same individuals, can build the organism in question. Independently the cells build the human body here in time and they must do the same in the future life. The organism cannot exist in other surroundings than those for which its organs are adapted. But this adaptation can only be effected by the individuals that form the building material[150] of the organs, because the organs just express their relations to the world in which they exist. Thus it follows of necessity that man’s resurrection or transition from one world to another must be identical with the dying cells’ upbuilding of that organism which man shall possess in a future life. Any other form of resurrection is neither possible nor conceivable. It is further confirmed by the relation that exists between the soul and the cells. This relationship, as we intend to show, is such that the soul receives its entire individuality, all its forces and faculties9, from the cell-organism, the previous resurrection of which therefore is an indispensable condition for man’s own rise to another life.
If the mass of a body is living the body itself is alive. The whole receives its qualities from its elementary components10. The organism itself is a living being. From the point of view of the building material the organism is a society composed of independently living[151] individuals; from the point of view of the whole again it is a living individual of higher order than the individuals that form its social side. Man is a cell in the social body, but is himself composed of lower individuals, which again consist of more primary units.
We now ask the question: What is the relation between the higher individual and the lower ones? This is only another and more exact form of the question: What is the relation between the soul and the body? Because, what is the body and what is the soul? The body is the sum of the lower individuals, or, in other words, it is the organized mass of cells. The soul, as the feeling, thinking and willing principle, is the real spiritual unity7 in this mass, or just what we denote by the word man, or the higher individual. To ask, what is the relationship between the higher individual and[152] its lower constituents12 is therefore the same as to ask, what is the relation between the soul and the cells? Take away the latter, and there is nothing left of the body. The cells mean here everything, and it is to them consequently that the soul can be thought to stand in relation.
Formerly13 the problem was to explain how soul and body as two substantially different entities14 were related to each other. They had then nothing in common, nothing to encourage an interaction. If now the relation holds between the soul and the cells we have at least commensurable quantities to deal with.
So far all is well. But now other difficulties arise. We can and must ask, how an interaction is possible between the soul and the cells even if they are formally, according to their inner nature, kindred beings? In other respects they are not so separated and different that a spiritual intercourse15 is inconceivable. As inaccessible16 as is the[153] inner life of the cell to man, so incontiguous is the spiritual life of man to the cell. These beings are so widely separated that they cannot possibly communicate directly with each other, and yet in order to establish a mental or spiritual interrelationship, such communication is just what is necessary.
The soul and the cells must have something in common that is of a purely17 spiritual nature. As the spiritual always is a comprehending substance with nothing but comprehensions as its content, the something common to both must consequently have the form of common comprehensions. Not all comprehensions, however, incite18 to activity and a smaller number yet call forth19 a co-operation of independently living individuals. But, obviously, the perceptions that concern us now must be of the latter kind. The comprehensions in general that induce a being to activity we call wants or appetites. In its desires a being conceives[154] its own ego20 in want of one thing or other. The feeling of discomfort21, accompanying the want, naturally causes the endeavor to satisfy the want through a corresponding effort. The incitement22 to activity then is purely spiritual. Are the soul of man and the cells subject to such common needs, requiring their co-operation? If so, at least their wants or appetites cannot be wholly congruous. Such are only to be found in entirely similar beings. But different wants are satisfied in different ways; each requires a carefully adapted form of activity. All direct, immediate23 co-operation of the soul and the cells is therefore impossible. Only man with man, or cell with cell, can co-operate in the primary sense of the word.
But an indirect working alliance is not yet precluded24. Though themselves different, the two beings may comprehend wants identical in substance, but not in form. The formal discrepancy25 would require not only different modes[155] of satisfying the need, but also different kinds of activity; but the common substance might yet under certain conditions so unite and interlink the different labors26, that the result would show a mutual27 co-operation.
We shall presently see that the soul and the cells are so united with each other that the connecting link is the organism per se. From the point of view of the cells the organism, with its different members and organs, was nothing but the collective expressions of individual wants. Now man comprehends as his needs only the wants of the organs; in other words, the collective wants of the cells are the individual wants of the soul. Experience teaches us that the soul has no direct comprehension of the cells, but only of their organic unions. To prove this it may be sufficient to point out that before the discovery of the microscope, man knew absolutely nothing of the existence of these beings, much less that they were the all-governing forces[156] in his own body. But also in other ways we may ascertain28 that the comprehending power of the soul does not reach beyond the organs. This is apparent from the different significance the physiological29 processes have for the soul and for the cells. If we consider the most important of them all, our nutrition, and ask ourselves for whom the nourishment30 is really intended, we find that it is for the cells and for the cells alone.
The food benefits the soul only if it is utilized31 by the cells. But the nourishment that the soul craves32 does not satisfy the cells. Hunger and satisfaction are not even simultaneous in both, at least not as regards the same food. As a rule, the soul comprehends hunger when the cells are satisfied and vice33 versa. The soul’s hunger ceases the moment suitable food in sufficient quantity is introduced in the stomach. But this does not help the cells. Because, if the food remained in the stomach, to the satisfaction of the soul,[157] the cells would soon die of starvation. The nourishment in the stomach is of the same importance to the cells as the provisions stored in the warehouse34 of the community are to the human individuals. These also would die from hunger if they let the victuals35 remain in the stores. The people must undertake to distribute, prepare and consume the food. Similarly the cells would starve to death unless they prepared the food in their common storage to suit their wants. The nourishment must be transformed into blood through the whole complicated process we call digestion36. When this is done, the cells are able to satisfy their craving37, and simultaneously38 a new hunger-feeling arises in the soul. Although it is the same food that satisfies both parties, it is the same food administered in different forms, at a different time, and in a different mode. We are concerned with dissimilar beings possessed of wants at once different and yet most intimately associated.
[158]
The connection is not difficult to understand. When the soul comprehends the need of the stomach, it is the collective want of the cells that comes to expression as the individual want of the soul. The different needs receive in different form an identical substance and this fact is obviously the connecting link between the soul and the cells. We might without difficulty carry out the same reasoning in regard to respiration39 and all the other physiological processes of the body.
From what we have said it is evident that the soul and the cells employ the body differently; but for the sake of clearness this ought perhaps to be further accentuated40. The difference may be thus expressed: The soul acts with the members and organs of the body as units, whereas the cells perform the work of the organs as individuals. It would be easy to explain what this implies if we could point to similar conditions in human society. But no exactly similar institutions exist[159] there, at least not to the same extent. They would exist if the ideal socialistic state was realized. The cells in their sphere have carried through a communism of the most rigid41 form. Their social organs then do not work at the cell-individual’s own initiative, but only upon the command of the central power and under its guidance and control. But even in the present organization of mankind, we find a few organs which offer a suggestive comparison. Especially is this the case with the defensive42 organ of society, the standing43 army, which is entirely under the control of the central power and acts only upon its command and under its control.
As to its composition the army is a mass of independently living individuals, co-operating so as to form an organic whole. All the work this unit performs is done by the thousands of soldiers of which it is composed. If the government decides to use this organ, that is if it declares war, we[160] know that it leads, arranges and controls the army as one unit. It is not concerned with the soldiers as individuals, but only as organized masses.
Exactly analogous44 is the relation between the soul and the organs, composed of cells, in man’s organism. Here also the cell-individuals perform the work of the different organs. The soul is not concerned with the cells as individuals. It governs, guides and superintends the movements of the members as elements; that is, commands the cells as organic masses.
We now consider the following facts established. The soul and the cells are different beings with different wants. They do not feel or comprehend in the same way and can therefore not have immediate perceptions of each other. However true this is on one side it is on the other just as certain that they are so intimately connected as to form the same organism through the medium of which they feel their mutual wants and therefore must have some comprehension[161] of each other. This strange and, as it may seem, contradictory45 relation depends on the fact that the union between the soul and the cells does not extend to their whole entity46. We have seen that the soul comprehended only the collective not the individual wants of the cells. Within certain defined limits therefore they have a common substance that causes their marvelous co-operation through the body.
To understand and explain this co?peration we must make clear how the soul and the cells in their innermost nature are united. And we shall learn this by going to the bottom of the meaning of the expression that a common substance so governs their relationship that the collective wants of the cells become the individual wants of the soul.
How then are the soul and the cells intrinsically connected?
The answer may be derived47 in two ways. We might take both the subjective48[162] and the objective side of the wants as our point of view. If we first consider the subjective side the relationship between the soul and the cells may be stated as follows:
We have previously49 pointed50 out that in its wants a living being perceives its own ego as related to something else. This is an axiom that needs no demonstration51. If now the soul comprehends the collective wants of the cells as its own, this can only mean that the soul comprehends that part of the cells’ inner nature which expresses itself as their collective wants, as a part of its own ego. Again the cells within the same limits on their part comprehend the soul’s inner nature as belonging to their own individuality. The connection within these limits is so intimate that they cannot comprehend themselves without at the same time comprehending each other. The soul must consequently perceive the body as its own body because the same wants that cause the cells to upbuild the soul also[163] belong to the soul’s own entity. On the other hand the soul in conceiving itself cannot comprehend the cells as such because the identity is not extended to their whole individuality.
When a being conceives the wants of somebody else as its own wants it is at the same time directly influenced by the other. Thus the soul and the cells act upon each other throughout the body. A will of the soul takes with natural necessity the form of a common impulse upon the cells bringing them into action in the will’s direction. If the soul, for instance, wishes to move an arm or a hand, a collective want is simultaneously created in the cells that form the organ in question to execute that movement.
We arrive at the same result by considering the fact that the different wants of the soul and of the cells are identical in substance. The same substance cannot enter into and define different beings unless they themselves enter in and define each other. As now[164] both parties comprehend wants identical in substance, the soul must necessarily belong to the cells so that it is the ground for their collective wants. But these wants were the cell-individual’s higher wants, manifested in the organization of the body. The soul therefore is potentially present in the cells in the form of their higher wants and is consequently developed along with the upbuilding of the body. Only when this is ready is the soul’s entity developed. The soul must then comprehend the organism as its particular body when conscious of its own ego, but the cells do not enter into the soul’s entity as individuals and are therefore not present as such in man’s consciousness.
For this organic co-operation the soul and the cells need no language, no signs to communicate with each other. It is not even necessary that they are aware of each other’s existence. It is sufficient that each party comprehends its own wants and acts for their satisfaction[165] according to its own nature. If they do this their co-operation through the body receives a simple and at the same time complete explanation.
But however natural this interaction is, it is nevertheless a wonder above all wonders. The world that exists to the soul does not exist to the cells, and vice versa. They have an entirely different conception of the realm in which they live. They have different apprehensions52, feelings and wants and perform accordingly different functions. But in spite of this they are, as we have seen, within certain limits so intimately connected that these different comprehensions and labors are interlinked with each other, regulating each other as accurately53 as the wheels in a clock.
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1
investigations
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| （正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究 | |
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kin
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| n.家族，亲属，血缘关系；adj.亲属关系的，同类的 | |
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3
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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manifestations
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| n.表示，显示（manifestation的复数形式） | |
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aspirations
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| 强烈的愿望( aspiration的名词复数 )； 志向； 发送气音； 发 h 音 | |
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6
inverse
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| adj.相反的，倒转的，反转的；n.相反之物；v.倒转 | |
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7
unity
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| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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components
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| （机器、设备等的）构成要素，零件，成分； 成分( component的名词复数 )； [物理化学]组分； [数学]分量； （混合物的）组成部分 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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constituents
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| n.选民( constituent的名词复数 )；成分；构成部分；要素 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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entities
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| 实体对像； 实体，独立存在体，实际存在物( entity的名词复数 ) | |
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intercourse
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| n.性交；交流，交往，交际 | |
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inaccessible
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| adj.达不到的，难接近的 | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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incite
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| v.引起，激动，煽动 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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ego
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| n.自我，自己，自尊 | |
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discomfort
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| n.不舒服，不安，难过，困难，不方便 | |
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incitement
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| 激励； 刺激； 煽动； 激励物 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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precluded
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| v.阻止( preclude的过去式和过去分词 )；排除；妨碍；使…行不通 | |
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discrepancy
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| n.不同；不符；差异；矛盾 | |
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labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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physiological
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| adj.生理学的，生理学上的 | |
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nourishment
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| n.食物，营养品；营养情况 | |
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utilized
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| v.利用，使用( utilize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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craves
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| 渴望，热望( crave的第三人称单数 )； 恳求，请求 | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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warehouse
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| n.仓库；vt.存入仓库 | |
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victuals
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| n.食物；食品 | |
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digestion
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| n.消化，吸收 | |
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craving
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| n.渴望,热望 | |
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simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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respiration
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| n.呼吸作用；一次呼吸；植物光合作用 | |
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accentuated
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| v.重读( accentuate的过去式和过去分词 )；使突出；使恶化；加重音符号于 | |
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41
rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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42
defensive
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| adj.防御的；防卫的；防守的 | |
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43
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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analogous
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| adj.相似的；类似的 | |
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45
contradictory
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| adj.反驳的，反对的，抗辩的；n.正反对，矛盾对立 | |
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46
entity
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| n.实体，独立存在体，实际存在物 | |
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47
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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48
subjective
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| a.主观(上)的，个人的 | |
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49
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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50
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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51
demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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52
apprehensions
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| 疑惧 | |
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53
accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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