(AUGUST, 1914)
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AT the moment when this historic scene was taking place in the Foreign Minister’s room at St. Petersburg, the Czar, the Czarina, and their daughters were attending evensong in the little Alexandria church. I had met the Czar a few hours before, and been much struck by the air of weary exhaustion2 he wore. The pouches3 which always appeared under his eyes when he was tired seemed to be markedly larger. He was now praying with all the fervour of his nature that God would avert4 the war which he felt was imminent5 and all but inevitable6.
His whole being seemed to go out in an expression of simple and confident faith. At his side was the Czarina, whose care-worn face wore that look of suffering I had so often seen at her son’s bedside. She too was praying fervently8 that night, as if she wished to banish9 an evil dream....
When the service was over Their Majesties10 and the Grand-Duchesses returned to Alexandria Cottage. It was almost eight o’clock. Before the Czar came down to dinner he went into his study to read the dispatches which had been brought in his absence. It was thus, from a message from Sazonoff, that he learned of Germany’s declaration of war.{106} He spoke11 to his Minister on the telephone for a short time and asked him to come down to Alexandria Cottage the moment he could get away.
Meanwhile the Czarina and the Grand-Duchesses were waiting for him in the dining-room. Her Majesty12, becoming uneasy at the long delay, had just asked Tatiana Nicola?evna to fetch her father, when the Czar appeared, looking very pale, and told them that war was declared, in a voice which betrayed his agitation13, notwithstanding all his efforts. On learning the news the Czarina began to weep, and the Grand-Duchesses likewise dissolved into tears on seeing their mother’s distress14.[30]
At nine o’clock Sazonoff arrived at Alexandria. He was closeted with the Czar for a long time, and the latter also received Sir George Buchanan, the Ambassador of Great Britain, in the course of the evening.
I did not see the Czar again until after lunch the next day, when he came up to kiss the Czarevitch[31] before leaving for the solemn session at the Winter Palace, at which, in accordance with traditional usage, he was to issue a manifesto15 to his people announcing the war with Germany. He looked even worse than on the previous evening, and his eyes sparkled as if he had the fever. He told me he had just heard that the Germans had entered Luxemburg and attacked French customs houses before war was declared on France.
I will reproduce here some of the notes I made in my diary about this time.
Monday, August 3rd.—The Czar came up to Alexis Nicola?evitch’s room this morning. He was a changed{107} man. Yesterday’s ceremony resolved itself into an impressive manifestation16. When he appeared on the balcony of the Winter Palace the enormous crowd which had collected on the square fell on their knees and sang the Russian National Anthem17. The enthusiasm of his people has shown the Czar that this is unquestionably a national war.
I hear that at the Winter Palace yesterday the Czar took a solemn oath not to make peace while a single enemy soldier remains18 on Russian soil. In taking such an oath before the whole world Nicholas II. shows the true character of this war. It is a matter of life and death, a struggle for existence.
The Czarina had a long talk with me this afternoon. She was in a state of great indignation, as she had just heard that on orders from the Emperor William II. the Dowager-Empress of Russia had been prevented from continuing her journey to St. Petersburg and had had to go from Berlin to Copenhagen.
“Fancy a monarch19 arresting an Empress! How could he descend20 to that? He has absolutely changed since the militarist party, who hate Russia, have gained the upper hand with him. But I am sure he has been won over to the war against his will. He’s been dragged into it by the Crown Prince, who openly assumed the leadership of the pan-German militarists and seemed to disapprove21 of his father’s policy. He has forced his father’s hand.
“I have never liked the Emperor William, if only because he is not sincere. He is vain and has always played the comedian22. He was always reproaching me{108} with doing nothing for Germany, and has always done his best to separate Russia and France,[32] though I never believed it was for the good of Russia. He will never forgive me this war!
“You know that the Czar received a telegram from him the night before last. It arrived several hours after the declaration of war, and demanded ‘an immediate23 reply, which alone could avert the terrible disaster.’ He thus tried to deceive the Czar once more, unless the telegram was kept back at Berlin by those who were bent24 on war in any case.”
Tuesday, August 4th.—Germany has declared war on France and I hear that Switzerland also has mobilised. I have been to the Legation to get the orders for my ultimate departure.
Wednesday, August 5th.—I met the Czar in the park. He told me with immense pleasure that, as a result of the violation25 of the neutrality of Belgium, England has joined the great cause. The neutrality of Italy seems assured as well.
We have already won a great diplomatic victory. Military victory will follow, and, thanks to the help of England, it will come sooner than we think. The Germans have against them the whole of Europe, with the exception of Austria. Their insolence26 and despotism have at last been too much even for their allies. Look at the Italians!
{109}
This evening I had another long talk with the Czarina, who will not hear of my leaving for Switzerland.
“It’s ridiculous! You will never get there. All communications are interrupted.”
I told her that an arrangement had been made between the French Embassy and the Swiss Legation, and that we should all go home together via the Dardanelles.
“The trouble is that, if you have some chance—it’s a very small one—of getting home, you will have no chance of getting back here before the end of the war. As Switzerland will not fight, you will be at home doing nothing.”
At that moment Dr. Derevenko entered the room. In his hand he held an evening paper announcing the violation of Swiss neutrality by Germany.
“Again! They must be crazy, mad!” cried the Czarina. “They have absolutely lost their heads!”
Realising she could not keep me now, she abandoned her resistance and began to speak kindly27 of my relations, who will be without news of me for some considerable time.
“I myself have no news of my brother,” she added. “Where is he? In Belgium or on the French front? I shiver to think that the Emperor William may avenge28 himself against me by sending him to the Russian front. He is quite capable of such monstrous29 behaviour! What a horrible war this is! What evil and suffering it means!... What will become of Germany? What humiliation30, what a downfall is in store for her? And all for the sins of the Hohenzollerns—their idiotic31 pride and insatiable ambition. Whatever has happened to the{110} Germany of my childhood? I have such happy and poetic32 memories of my early years in Darmstadt and the good friends I had there. But on my later visits Germany seemed to me a changed country—a country I did not know and had never known.... I had no community of thought or feeling with anyone except the old friends of days gone by. Prussia has meant Germany’s ruin. The German people have been deceived. Feelings of hatred33 and revenge which are quite foreign to their nature have been instilled34 into them. It will be a terrible, monstrous struggle, and humanity is about to pass through ghastly sufferings....”
Thursday, August 6th.—I went into the town this morning. The violation of the neutrality of Switzerland is not confirmed and seems most improbable. It is impossible to travel via the Dardanelles. Our departure is thus postponed35, and we cannot say when it will take place. This uncertainty36 makes me anxious.
Sunday, August 9th.—The Czar has had another long talk with me to-day. As before, he expressed himself with a confidence and frankness which can only be explained by the exceptional circumstances through which we are passing. Neither he nor the Czarina ever used to discuss political or personal questions with me. But the amazing events of the last few days, and the fact that I have been so intimately associated with their troubles and anxieties, have drawn37 me closer to them, and for the time being the conventional barriers of etiquette38 and Court usage have fallen.
The Czar first spoke to me about the solemn session of the Duma on the previous day. He told me how
[Image unavailable.]
THE CZAR AND THE CZAREVITCH EXAMINING THE FIRST MACHINE-GUN CAPTURED FROM THE GERMANS. PETERHOF, AUGUST, 1914.
[Image unavailable.]
THE CZAR AND THE CZAREVITCH BEFORE THE BARBED WIRE. WHITE RUSSIA, AUTUMN, 1915.
[Facing page 110.
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tremendously pleased he had been with its resolute39 and dignified40 attitude and its fervent7 patriotism41.
“The Duma was in every way worthy42 of the occasion. It expressed the real will of the nation, for the whole of Russia smarts under the insults heaped upon it by Germany. I have the greatest confidence in the future now.... Speaking personally, I have done everything in my power to avert this war, and I am ready to make any concessions43 consistent with our dignity and national honour. You cannot imagine how glad I am that all the uncertainty is over, for I have never been through so terrible a time as the days preceding the outbreak of war. I am sure that there will now be a national uprising in Russia like that of the great war of 1812.”
Wednesday, August 12th.—It is Alexis Nicola?evitch’s birthday. He is ten to-day.
Friday, August 14th.—The Grand-Duke Nicholas Nicola?evitch,[33] Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armies, has left for the front. Before leaving Peterhof he came to Alexandria to give the Czar the first trophy44 of the war, a machine-gun captured from the Germans in one of the skirmishes which have marked the commencement of operations on the East Prussian frontier.
Saturday, August 15th.—I was told last night that my return to Switzerland has been officially excused. I am told this is the result of the action M. Sazonoff has taken at Berne at Her Majesty’s suggestion. In any{112} case, it is more and more doubtful whether the Swiss will be able to get away.
The Imperial family is to go on the 17th to Moscow where the Czar will observe the traditional custom and ask the blessing45 of God on himself and his people in the tragic46 hours through which the country is passing.
Monday, August 17th.—The arrival of Their Majesties at Moscow has been one of the most impressive and moving sights I have ever seen in my life.
After the customary reception at the station we went in a long file of carriages towards the Kremlin. An enormous crowd had collected in the squares and in the streets, climbed on the roofs of the shops, into the branches of trees. They swarmed47 in the shop windows and filled the balconies and windows of the houses. While all the bells of the churches were ringing as if they would never stop, from those thousands of throats poured that wonderful Russian National Anthem, so overwhelming with its religious grandeur48 and pent emotion, in which the faith of a whole race is embodied49:
“God save the Czar!
For the confusion of our enemies, the orthodox Czar.
God save the Czar!”
On the steps of the churches, through the great doorways51 of which one could see the light of the candles burning before the reliquaries, the priests in vestments, and holding their great crucifixes in both hands, blessed the Czar as he passed. The hymn52 stopped, and then began again, rising like a prayer with a mighty and majestic53 rhythm:
“God save the Czar!”
{113}
The procession arrived at the Iberian Gate.[34] The Czar got out of his carriage and, in accordance with custom, entered the chapel54 to kiss the miraculous55 image of the Virgin56 of Iberia. He came out, walked a little way, and then stopped, high above the immense multitude. His face was grave and composed. He stood motionless to hear the voice of his people. He seemed to be in silent communion with them. Once again he could hear the great heart of Russia beating....
He then turned again towards the chapel, crossed himself, put on his cap, and slowly walked to his carriage, which disappeared under the old gate and went towards the Kremlin.
Alexis Nicola?evitch is complaining a good deal of his leg again to-night. Will he be able to walk to-morrow or will he have to be carried when Their Majesties go to the Cathedral? The Czar and Czarina are in despair. The boy was not able to be present at the ceremony in the Winter Palace. It is always the same when he is supposed to appear in public. You can be practically certain that some complication will prevent it. Fate seems to pursue him.
Tuesday, August 18th.—When Alexis Nicola?evitch found he could not walk this morning he was in a terrible state. Their Majesties have decided57 that he shall be present at the ceremony all the same. He will be carried by one of the Czar’s cossacks. But it is a dreadful disappointment to the parents, who do not{114} wish the idea to gain ground among the people that the Heir to the Throne is an invalid58.
At eleven o’clock, when the Czar appeared at the top of the Red Staircase, the huge crowd in the square gave him a magnificent reception. He came down slowly, with the Czarina on his arm, and at the head of a long procession slowly crossed the bridge connecting the palace with the Cathedral of the Assumption and entered the church amid a frantic59 outburst of cheering from the crowd. The Metropolitan60 Bishops61 of Kiev, St. Petersburg, and Moscow and the high dignitaries of the Orthodox clergy62 were present. When Mass was over, the members of the Imperial family in turn approached the holy relics63 and kissed them. Then they knelt at the tombs of the patriarchs. Afterwards they went to the Monastery64 of Miracles to pray at the tomb of St. Alexis.
Long after Their Majesties had returned to the palace the crowd continued to collect in the square in the hope of seeing them again. Even when we came out several hours later there were still hundreds of peasants outside the palace.
Thursday, August 20th.—Popular enthusiasm is waxing from day to day. It seems as if the people of Moscow are so proud of having their Czar with them, and so anxious to keep him as long as possible, that they mean to hold him here by manifest proofs of their affection. The manifestations65 are increasingly spontaneous, enthusiastic, and expressive66.
Alexis and I drive out in a car every morning. As a rule we go to the Monks67’ Hill, from which there is a magnificent view of the valley of the Moskova and the{115} city of the Czars. It was from this spot that Napoleon gazed on Moscow before entering it on September 14th, 1812. It is certainly a marvellous view. In the foreground, at the foot of the hill, is the Monastery of Novo-Dievitchy, with its fortified68 enceinte and sixteen castellated towers. A little further back is the Holy City, with its four hundred and fifty churches, its palaces and parks, its monasteries69 with their crenellated walls, its gilded70 cupolas and innumerable domes71 of brilliant colours and strange shapes.
As we were coming back from our usual drive this morning, so dense72 was the crowd that the chauffeur73 was obliged to stop in one of the rather narrow streets in the Yakimanska?a quarter. The crowd consisted of humble74 folk and peasants from the district who had come into the city to shop or in the hope of seeing the Czar. All at once there was a loud shout: “The Heir!... The Heir!...” The crowd surged towards us, surrounded us, and came up so close that our way was blocked, and we, so to speak, found ourselves prisoners of these moujiks, workmen and shopkeepers who struggled and fought, shouted, gesticulated, and behaved like lunatics in order to get a better view of the Czarevitch. By degrees some of the women and children grew bolder, mounted the steps of the car, thrust their arms over the doors, and when they succeeded in touching75 the boy they yelled out triumphantly76: “I’ve touched him!... I’ve touched the Heir!...”
Alexis Nicola?evitch, frightened at these exuberant77 demonstrations78, was sitting far back in the car. He was very pale, startled by this sudden popular manifestation,{116} which was taking extravagant79 forms which were quite novel to him. He recovered himself, however, when he saw the kindly smiles of the crowd, but he remained embarrassed at the attention bestowed80 upon him, not knowing what to say or do.
Personally, I was speculating, not without considerable anxiety, how all this would end, for I knew that no police regulations are issued for the Czarevitch’s drives as neither the time nor the route can be fixed81 beforehand. I began to fear that we might meet with some accident in the middle of this unruly crowd swarming82 round us.
To my relief two huge gorodovy (policemen) came up, puffing83 and blowing, shouting and storming. The crowd displayed the unquestioning and resigned obedience84 of the moujik. It began to waver, then slowly drifted away. I then told Derevenko, who was following in another car, to go ahead, and by degrees we succeeded in getting clear.
Friday, August 21st.—Their Majesties, before returning to Tsarsko?e-Selo, decided to visit the Tro?tsa Monastery, the most celebrated85 sanctuary86 in Russia after the world-famed Laure of Kiev. The train took us as far as the little station of Serghievo, from which we reached the monastery by car. Perched on a hill, it would be taken for a fortified city from a distance if the bright-coloured towers and gilded domes of its thirteen churches did not betray its true purpose. In the course of its history this rampart of Orthodoxy has had to resist some formidable assaults, the most famous being the sixteen months’ siege by an army of thirty{117} thousand Poles at the beginning of the seventeenth century.
This monastery, like Moscow and the towns of the Upper Volga, is a spot where the past seems ever present. It calls up visions of the Russia of the boyarin, the Grand-Dukes of Moscow, and the first Czars, and vividly87 explains the historical evolution of the Russian people.
The Imperial family were present at a Te Deum and knelt before the relics of St. Sergius, the founder88 of the monastery. The Archimandrite then handed the Czar an icon89 painted in a fragment of the coffin90 of the saint, one of the most revered91 in Russia. In olden times this image always accompanied the Czars on their campaigns. On the Czar’s orders it is being sent to General Headquarters and placed in the “field chapel” of the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armies.
The Czar, Czarina, and their children visited the little church of Saint Nicon and then stayed a few minutes in the ancient residence of the patriarchs. As time was pressing, we had to abandon the idea of visiting the hermitage of Gethsemane, which is a little distance from the monastery. In accordance with a practice still frequently observed in Russia, certain hermits92 still have themselves shut up here in subterranean93 walled cells. They live in prayer and fasting to the end of their days, completely isolated94 from the world, and the slit95 through which their food is passed is their sole means of communication with their fellow-men.
The Imperial family bade the Archimandrite farewell and left the monastery, accompanied by a crowd of monks who swarmed round the cars.
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1
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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3
pouches
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| n.（放在衣袋里或连在腰带上的）小袋( pouch的名词复数 )；（袋鼠等的）育儿袋；邮袋；（某些动物贮存食物的）颊袋 | |
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avert
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| v.防止，避免；转移(目光、注意力等) | |
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5
imminent
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| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
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6
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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7
fervent
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| adj.热的，热烈的，热情的 | |
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fervently
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| adv.热烈地，热情地，强烈地 | |
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9
banish
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| vt.放逐，驱逐；消除，排除 | |
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10
majesties
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| n.雄伟( majesty的名词复数 )；庄严；陛下；王权 | |
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11
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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12
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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13
agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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manifesto
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| n.宣言，声明 | |
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manifestation
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| n.表现形式；表明；现象 | |
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anthem
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| n.圣歌，赞美诗，颂歌 | |
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18
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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disapprove
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| v.不赞成，不同意，不批准 | |
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comedian
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| n.喜剧演员；滑稽演员 | |
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23
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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violation
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| n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯 | |
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insolence
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| n.傲慢；无礼；厚颜；傲慢的态度 | |
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27
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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avenge
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| v.为...复仇，为...报仇 | |
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monstrous
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| adj.巨大的；恐怖的；可耻的，丢脸的 | |
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humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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idiotic
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| adj.白痴的 | |
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poetic
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| adj.富有诗意的，有诗人气质的，善于抒情的 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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instilled
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| v.逐渐使某人获得（某种可取的品质），逐步灌输( instill的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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postponed
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| vt.& vi.延期，缓办，（使）延迟vt.把…放在次要地位；[语]把…放在后面（或句尾）vi.（疟疾等）延缓发作（或复发） | |
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uncertainty
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| n.易变，靠不住，不确知，不确定的事物 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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etiquette
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| n.礼仪，礼节；规矩 | |
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resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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40
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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41
patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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42
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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43
concessions
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| n.（尤指由政府或雇主给予的）特许权( concession的名词复数 )；承认；减价；（在某地的）特许经营权 | |
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44
trophy
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| n.优胜旗，奖品，奖杯，战胜品，纪念品 | |
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45
blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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46
tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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47
swarmed
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| 密集( swarm的过去式和过去分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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48
grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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49
embodied
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| v.表现( embody的过去式和过去分词 )；象征；包括；包含 | |
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50
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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51
doorways
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| n.门口，门道( doorway的名词复数 ) | |
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52
hymn
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌 | |
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53
majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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miraculous
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| adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的 | |
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virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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invalid
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| n.病人，伤残人；adj.有病的，伤残的；无效的 | |
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frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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metropolitan
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| adj.大城市的，大都会的 | |
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bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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manifestations
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| n.表示，显示（manifestation的复数形式） | |
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expressive
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| adj.表现的，表达…的，富于表情的 | |
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monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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monasteries
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| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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gilded
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| a.镀金的，富有的 | |
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domes
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| n.圆屋顶( dome的名词复数 )；像圆屋顶一样的东西；圆顶体育场 | |
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dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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chauffeur
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| n.(受雇于私人或公司的)司机；v.为…开车 | |
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humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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triumphantly
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| ad.得意洋洋地；得胜地；成功地 | |
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exuberant
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| adj.充满活力的；（植物）繁茂的 | |
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demonstrations
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| 证明( demonstration的名词复数 )； 表明； 表达； 游行示威 | |
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extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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swarming
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| 密集( swarm的现在分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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puffing
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| v.使喷出( puff的现在分词 )；喷着汽（或烟）移动；吹嘘；吹捧 | |
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obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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vividly
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| adv.清楚地，鲜明地，生动地 | |
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Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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icon
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| n.偶像，崇拜的对象，画像 | |
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coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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revered
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| v.崇敬，尊崇，敬畏( revere的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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hermits
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| （尤指早期基督教的）隐居修道士，隐士，遁世者( hermit的名词复数 ) | |
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subterranean
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| adj.地下的，地表下的 | |
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isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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slit
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| n.狭长的切口；裂缝；vt.切开，撕裂 | |
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