The celebrated5 strait which bears the name of Magellan is generally pictured as the scene of a wild and dreary6 desolation; but though its climate is far from being genial7, and its skies are often veiled with mists and rain, yet nature can smile even here.
A glance at the map shows us the extreme irregularity of its formation, as it is constantly changing in width and direction; now swelling8 almost to the magnitude of a Mediterranean9 Sea, and then again contracting to a narrow passage; sometimes taking a rapid turn to the north, and at others as suddenly deviating10 to the south. Islands and islets of every form—some mere11 naked rocks, others clothed with umbrageous12 woods—are scattered13 over its surface; promontories14 without number, from the Patagonian mainland or the Fuegian archipelago, protrude15 their bold fronts into its bosom16, as if with the intention409 of closing it altogether; and countless17 bays and havens18 are scooped19 into its rocky shores, as if the sea in a thousand different places had striven to open a new passage to her waters.
The western entrance of this remarkable20 strait is formed by Queen Catherine’s Foreland (Cape Virgins21) and Point Dungeness, the latter having been thus named from its resemblance to the well-known Kentish promontory23 at the eastern mouth of the channel. Although it rises at most nine feet above low-water mark, the snow-white breakers which the tides are constantly dashing over its sides render it visible from a great distance. It is generally the resort of a number of sea-lions. When the wind comes blowing from the north-east, the passing mariner24—who, from the shallow nature of the shore, is obliged to keep at some distance from the Ness—hears their hoarse25 bellowing26, which harmonizes well with the wild and desolate27 character of the scene. Albatrosses and petrels hover28 about them, while rows of grave-looking penguins29 seem to contemplate30 their doings with philosophic31 indifference32.
Beyond these promontories the strait widens into Possession Bay, which at Punta Delgada and Cape Orange contracts to a narrow passage. This leads into a wide basin, to which the Spaniards have given the name of Saint Philip’s Bay, and which again terminates in a second narrow passage or channel, a formation resembling on a small scale the Sea of Marmora, which, as we all know, has likewise the semblance22 of a lake, receiving and discharging its waters through the Dardanelles and the Strait of Constantinople. During the rising of the flood, a strong current flows through all these bays and narrows from the west, so as to allow ships an easy passage, even against the wind; but during ebb33 tide the current turns to the east, so that at this time a vessel34, even when favored by the wind, makes but little progress, or is even obliged to anchor to avoid losing ground. When Magellan, after sailing round Cape Virgins, penetrated35 into the strait, this circumstance at once convinced that great navigator that he was not in an inclosed bay, but in an open channel, which would lead him into another ocean. Thus far the country on both sides of the strait consists of nearly level plains, like those of Patagonia; but beyond the second Narrows the land begins to assume the more bold and picturesque37 appearance which is characteristic of Tierra del Fuego. Mountains rise above mountains with deep intervening valleys, all covered by one thick, dusky mass of forest; while farther to the east scarcely a bush clothes the naked soil. The trees reach to an elevation38 of between 1000 and 1500 feet, and are succeeded by a band of peat, with minute Alpine39 plants, and this again is succeeded by the line of perpetual snow, which, according to Captain King, descends40 to between 3000 and 4000 feet.
The finest scenery about the Strait of Magellan is undoubtedly42 to the east of Cape Froward, the most southerly point of the mainland of South America. This promontory, which consists of a steep mass of rock about 800 feet high, abutting43 from a mountain chain of about 2000 or 3000 feet in height, forms the boundary between two very different climates, for to the east the weather is finer and more agreeable than to the west, where wind and rain are almost perpetual.
410 On the Patagonian plains, the drought and the want of protection against the piercing winds almost entirely44 impede45 vegetation; but the country between Cape Negro—a little within the second Narrows—and Cape Froward, or the eastern shore of Brunswick Peninsula, is shielded by its situation against the almost perpetual storms from the west, and enjoys, moreover, a sufficiency of rain, and now and then serene46 weather. As, moreover, the soil in this central part of the strait consists of disintegrated47 clay-slate, which is most favorable to the growth of trees, the forests, from all these causes, are finer here than anywhere else.
The country about Port Famine is particularly distinguished48 for the richness of its vegetation; and both for this reason, and from its central situation, this harbor has become a kind of chief station for the ships that pass through the strait. Several unfortunate attempts at colonization49 have been made at Port Famine; here many a naturalist50 has tarried, and thus no part of the strait has been oftener described or more accurately51 observed.
“The anchorage,” says Dumont d’Urville, who, in December, 1837, spent several days at Port Famine, “is excellent, and landing everywhere easy. A fine rivulet52 gives us excellent water, and the neighboring forests might furnish whole fleets with the necessary fuel. The cliffs along the shore are literally53 covered with mussels, limpets, and whelks, which afford a delicious variety of fare to a crew tired of salt beef and peas. Among the plants I noticed with pleasure a species of celery, which, with another herb resembling our corn flower in form and taste, gives promise of an excellent salad.
“I made use of my first leisure to visit the romantic banks of the Sedger River, which discharges its waters on the western side of the port. At its mouth the swampy54 strand55 is completely covered with enormous trees heaped upon the ground. These naked giants, stripped of their branches, afford a remarkable spectacle: they might be taken for huge bones bleached56 by time. No doubt they are transported from the neighboring forest by the waters of the river, which, when it overflows57 its banks, after a deluge58 of rain, tears along with it the trees it meets with in its course. Arrested by the bar at the mouth of the stream, they are cast out upon its banks, where they remain when the waters sink to their usual level.
“Having crossed the river, I entered the large and fine forest with which it is bordered. The chief tree is the Antarctic beech59 (Fagus betuloides), which is often from sixty to ninety feet high, and about three feet in diameter. Along with this are two other trees, the winter’s bark (Winteria aromatica), and a species of berberis, with a very solid wood; but they are much less abundant, and of a much smaller size. With the exception of mosses61, lichens63, and other plants of this order, these forests afford but little that is interesting to the naturalist—no quadrupeds, no reptiles64, no land-snails; a few insects and some birds are the only specimens65 to be gained after a long search. After collecting a good supply of mosses and lichens, I returned to the boat for the purpose of rowing up the river. Although the current was tolerably rapid, we advanced about two miles, admiring the beauty of its umbrageous banks. On my return I shot two geese that were crossing the river over our heads, and411 whose excellent meat amply supplied my table for several days. This, together with the little gobies which were abundantly caught with hand-lines, the large mussels we detached from the rocks, and the celery-salad, gave me dinners fit for an alderman. How often since have I regretted the plenty of Port Famine!”
In the month of February (1834), in the height of the Antarctic summer, Mr. Darwin ascended66 Mount Tarn, which is 2600 feet high, and the most elevated point in the vicinity of Port Famine. “The forest,” says our great naturalist, “commences at the line of high-water mark, and during the first two hours I gave over all hopes of reaching the summit. So thick was the wood that it was necessary to have constant recourse to the compass, for every landmark67, though in a mountainous country, was completely shut out. In the deep ravines the death-like scene of desolation exceeded all description; outside it was blowing a gale68, but in these hollows not even a breath of wind stirred the leaves of the tallest trees. So gloomy, cold, and wet was every part, that not even the fungi69, mosses, or ferns could flourish. In the valleys it was scarcely possible to crawl along, they were so completely barricaded70 by great mouldering71 trunks, which had fallen down in every direction. When passing over these natural bridges, one’s course was often arrested by sinking knee-deep into the rotten wood; at other times, when attempting to lean against a tree, one was startled by finding a mass of decayed matter, ready to fall at the slightest touch. We at last found ourselves among the stunted73 trees, and then soon reached the bare ridge72, which conducted us to the summit. Here was a view characteristic of Tierra del Fuego; irregular chains of hills, mottled with patches of snow, deep yellowish-green valleys, and arms of the sea intersecting the land in many directions. The strong wind was piercingly cold, and the atmosphere rather hazy74, so that we did not stay long on the top of the mountain. Our descent was not quite so laborious75 as our ascent; for the weight of the body forced a passage, and all the slips and falls were in the right direction.”
To the west of Cape Froward the strait extends in a north-westerly, almost rectilinear direction, until it finally opens into the Pacific, between Cape Pillar and Cape Victory. Here a day rarely passes without rain, hail, or snow. Where the dreadful power of the prevailing76 winds has free play, the mountain sides are naked and bare, but in every sheltered nook the damp climate produces a luxuriant vegetation. The trees, however, do not attain77 any great height, and at Port Gallant78 the beech is already decidedly stunted in its growth. This is no doubt caused by the excessive humidity of the soil, which in all lower situations is converted by the continual rains into a deep morass79. The trunks and the branches are covered with a thick layer of moss62, and the tree becomes rotten in its youth. But many shrubs80, herbs, and mosses thrive under the perpetual deluge; the latter particularly, covering large patches of ground with a spongy carpet. It may easily be imagined how difficult, or rather impossible it must be to penetrate36 into the interior of such a country. Yet even these wild inhospitable regions can boast of many a romantic scene. Thus the English Reach, which extends from Cape Froward to Carlos Island, is bounded on both sides by lofty412 mountains, their cones81 or jagged peaks covered with eternal snow. Its southern bank, formed by Clarence Island, is intersected with bays and channels, two of which, Magdalena Sound and Barbara Channel, lead through a maze82 of islands into the open sea. Several glaciers83 descend41 in a winding84 course from the upper great expanse of snow to the sea-coast, and many a cascade85 comes dashing down from rock to rock. Skogman24 draws an enthusiastic picture of the beauty of York Roads near the mouth of the small Bachelor River. To the south, behind Carlos Island, mountains rise above mountains, and snow-fields above snow-fields; to the north lies the jagged colossus, which from its solitary86 grandeur87 has been called Bachelor Peak, and at whose foot the crystal river now hides itself beneath a shady wood, and now rolls its crystal waters through a green lawn, decorated with clumps88 of fuchsias. But in spite of its romantic beauty, the want of life gives a melancholy89 character to this solitary vale. Beyond Carlos Island in Long Reach, the banks of the strait become yet more bare and desolate. Vegetation descends lower and lower into the valleys, and even here the trees are misshapen and dwarfish90. But the mountain scenery has still all the majesty91 which snow-fields and glaciers of a beryl-like blue impart to an Alpine landscape. As Sea Reach shows itself, vegetation is almost totally extinct, and on approaching the mouth of the strait, the mountains become lower, their forms are less picturesque, and instead of the stern grandeur which marks the middle part of the strait, low, rounded, barren hills make their appearance, which completely justify92 the name of South Desolation, which Sir James Narborough gave to this coast, “because it was so desolate a land to behold93.”
It may easily be imagined that the prevailing winds beyond Cape Froward are extremely troublesome to ships sailing to the western mouth of the strait, and that if not entirely beaten back, they can frequently only force the passage after many efforts. Fortunately, the deeply indented94 coasts possess a number of small havens which may serve the mariner as stations during his gradual advance. Thus, close to the mouth of the strait, where, between Cape Victory and Cape Pillar, the sea during and after storms is so boisterous95 that even steamers require their utmost strength not to be dashed against the rocks, a secure port, appropriately called “Harbor of Mercy,” allows the vessels96 to watch for more tranquil97 weather, and to seize the first favorable opportunity for emerging into the open sea. But even these harbors and bays are subject to peculiar98 dangers from sudden gusts100 of wind that come sweeping101 down from the mountains, and are known among the seal-catchers who frequent these dangerous waters under the name of williwaws, or hurricane squalls. For when the wild south-west storms come rushing against the mountain-masses of Tierra del Fuego, the compressed air precipitates102 itself with redoubled violence over the rock-walls, and then suddenly expanding, flows down the valleys or gullies, tearing up trees by the roots, and hurling103 rocks into the abyss. Where such a gust99 of wind touches the surface of the water, the sea surges in mighty104 waves, and volumes of spray are whirled away to a vast distance. If a ship comes under its influence, its safety depends mainly upon the strength of its anchor ropes.
Some situations are particularly subject to williwaws, and then the total want413 of vegetation and the evident marks of ruin along the mountain slopes warn the mariner to avoid the neighborhood. In Gabriel Channel Captain King saw a spot where the williwaws, bursting over the mountains on the south side, had swept down the declivities, and then rushing against the foot of the opposite hills, had again dashed upward with such fury as to carry away with them every thing that could possibly be attached from the bare rock.
It was a memorable105 day in the annals of maritime106 discovery (October 20, 1521) when Magellan reached the eastern entrance of the strait that was to lead him, first of all European navigators, from the broad basin of the Atlantic into the still wider expanse of the Pacific Ocean. It was the day dedicated107 in the Catholic calendar to St. Ursula and her eleven thousand virgins, and he consequently named the promontory which first struck his view “Cabo de las Virgines.” The flood tide, streaming violently to the west, convinced him that he was at the mouth of an open channel, but he had scarcely provisions for three months—a short allowance for venturing into an unknown world, and thus before he attempted the passage he convoked108 a council of all his officers. Some were for an immediate109 return to Europe, but the majority voted for the continuation of the voyage, and Magellan declared that should they even be reduced to eat the leather of their shoes he would persevere110 to the last, and with God’s assistance execute the commands of his imperial master Charles V. He then at once gave orders to enter the strait full sail, and on pain of death forbade any one to say a word more about a return or the want of provisions.
Fortunately the winds were in his favor, for had the usual inclemencies of this stormy region opposed him, there is no doubt that with such crazy vessels, and such discontented crews, all his heroism111 would have failed to insure success. It was the spring of the southern hemisphere, and the strait showed itself in one of its rare aspects of calm. Many fish were caught, and, as Pigafetti, the historian of the voyage, relates, the aromatic60 winter’s bark which served them for fuel “wonderfully refreshed and invigorated their spirits.”
The fires kindled112 by the savages113 on the southern side during the night induced Magellan to give that part of the country the name of Tierra del Fuego, or Fireland; while from their high stature114 and bulky frames, he called the inhabitants of the opposite mainland Patagonians (patagon being the Spanish augmentative of pata, foot). Although several days were lost in exploring some of the numerous passages and bays of the straits, its eastern mouth was reached on November 28, and Magellan saw the wide Pacific expand before him.
In 1525 Charles V. sent out a new expedition of six vessels, under Garcia de Loaisa, to circumnavigate the globe. The vice-admiral of the squadron was Sebastian el Cano, who, after the death of Magellan, had brought the illustrious navigator’s ship safely back to Europe, and as a reward had been ennobled with the globe in his coat of arms, and the motto,“Primus circumdedisti me.” Loaisa entered the strait on January 26, 1526, but he was beaten back by storms as far as the River Santa Cruz. On April 8 he once more attempted the passage, and emerged into the Pacific on May 25. Simon de Alcazaba, who in 1534 attempted to pass the Magellans with a number of emigrants115 for Peru,414 was less successful, but in 1539, Alfonso de Camargo, having lost two vessels in the strait, passed it with the third, and reached the port of Callao.
Until now the Spanish flag had alone been seen in these remote and solitary waters, but the time was come when they were to open a passage to its most inveterate116 foes117. On August 20, 1579, Francis Drake, commissioned by Queen Elizabeth to plunder118 and destroy the Spanish settlements on the west coast of America, ran into the strait, and on December 6 sallied forth119 into the Pacific.
To meet this formidable enemy, the Viceroy of Peru sent out in the same year two ships under Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa. His orders were to intercept120 Drake’s passage through the strait and then to sail on to Spain. Though he failed in the object of his mission, yet Sarmiento displayed in the navigation of the intricate and dangerous passages along the south-west coast of America, the courage and skill of a consummate121 seaman122, and he gave the first exact and detailed123 account of the land and waters of Fuegia. His voyage, according to the weighty testimony124 of Captain King, deserves to be noted125 as one of the most useful of the age in which it was performed.
On his arrival in Spain, Sarmiento strongly pointed126 out the necessity of establishing a colony and erecting127 a fort in the strait (at that time the only known passage to the Pacific), so as effectually to prevent the recurrence128 of a future hostile expedition like that of Drake. Commissioned by Philip II. to carry his plans into execution, he founded a colony, to which he gave the name of Ciudad de San Felipe, but a series of disasters entirely destroyed it; and when, a few years later, Cavendish, who had fitted out three ships at his own expense to imitate the example of Drake, appeared in the strait, he found but three survivors129 of many hundreds, and gave the scene of their misery130 the appropriate name of Port Famine, which it has retained to the present day.
After Cavendish and Hawkins (1594), the Dutch navigators De Cordes (1599), Oliver Van Noort (1599), and Spilberg (1615), attempted, with more or less success, to sail through the strait with the intention of harassing131 and plundering132 the Spaniards on the coast of the Pacific.
Strange to say, no attempt had been made since Magellan to discover a passage farther to the south, so universal and firmly established was the belief that Fuegia extended without interruption to the regions of eternal ice, until at length, in 1616, the Dutchmen Schouten and Le Maire discovered the passage round Cape Horn. Two years later Garcia de Nodales sailed through the Strait of Le Maire, and, returning through the Magellans into the Atlantic, was thus the first circumnavigator of Fuegia. In 1669, Sir John Narborough having been sent out by King Charles II. to explore the Magellanic regions, furnished a good general chart of the strait, and many plans of the anchorage within it.
More than sixty years now elapsed before any expedition of historical renown133 made its appearance in the strait. The dangers and hardships which had assailed134 the previous navigators discouraged their successors, who all preferred the circuitous135 way round Cape Horn to the shorter but, as it was at that time considered, more perilous136 route through the strait. After this long pause, Byron (December, 1764) and Bougainville (February, 1765) once more attempted415 the Magellans. The difficulties encountered by them were surpassed by those of Wallis and Carteret. The former spent nearly four months (from December 17, 1766, to April 11, 1767) in a perpetual conflict with stormy weather while slowly creeping through the strait; and the latter required eighty-four days for his passage from Port Famine to Cape Pillar. No wonder that the next circumnavigators, Lütke, Krusenstern, Kotzebue, preferred sailing round Cape Horn, and that adventurous137 seal-hunters became for a long time the sole visitors of these ill-famed waters. At length the British Government came to a resolution worthy138 of England, and resolved to have the Magellanic regions carefully surveyed, and to conquer them, as it were, anew for geographical139 science. Under the command of Captain King, the “Adventure” and the “Beagle” were engaged in this arduous140 task from 1826 to 1830: but such were the dangers they had to encounter, that Captain Stokes, the second in command, after contending for four months with the storms and currents which frequently threatened to dash his vessel against the cliffs, became so shattered in mind and body, that after his return to Port Famine he committed suicide in a fit of melancholy.
From 1831 to 1834 Captain Fitzroy was engaged in completing the survey of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, and the result of all these labors141 was a collection of charts and plans which have rendered navigation in those parts as safe as can be expected in the most tempestuous142 region of the globe.
While formerly143 the passage round Cape Horn was universally preferred, the more accurate knowledge of the Strait of Magellan, for which navigation is indebted to the labors of King and Fitzroy, has since then turned the scale in favor of the latter.
For a trading-vessel, with only the ordinary number of hands on board, the passage through the strait from east to west is indeed very difficult, and even dangerous; but in the opposite direction, the almost constant westerly winds render it commodious144 and easy particularly during the summer months, in which they are most prevalent.
For small vessels—clippers, schooners145, cutters—the passage in both directions is, according to the excellent authority of Captain King, much to be preferred. Such vessels have far more reason for fearing the heavy seas about Cape Horn; they can more easily cross against the west winds, as their manœuvres are generally very skillful, and they find in the Sound itself a great number of anchoring-places, which are inaccessible146 to larger vessels.
For steamers the advantage is entirely on the side of the Strait, and they consequently now invariably prefer this route. Here they find plenty of wood, which enables them to save their coals; and moreover, from Cape Tamar as far as the Gulf147 of Penas, an easy navigation for about 360 sea miles through the channels along the west coast of America.
As the trade of the Pacific is continually increasing, and the Strait of Magellan more frequented from year to year, we can not wonder that the old project of settling a colony on its shores should have been revived in our days. About the year 1840 the Government of Chili148 established a penal149 colony at Punta Arenas and Port Famine, which miserably150 failed in consequence of a mutiny; but416 in 1853 about one hundred and fifty German emigrants were settled at Punta Arenas, and when the “Novara” visited the strait in 1858, they were found in a thriving condition. Should the project of stationing steam-tugs in the strait, and of erecting lighthouses at Cape Virgins and at the entrance of Smyth Channel be executed, the Magellans would become one of the high-roads of commerce, and the dangers which proved so dreadful to the navigators of former days a mere tale of the past.
124. A HIGHWAY OF COMMERCE.
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1
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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tarn
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| n.山中的小湖或小潭 | |
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arenas
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| 表演场地( arena的名词复数 )； 竞技场； 活动或斗争的场所或场面； 圆形运动场 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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genial
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| adj.亲切的，和蔼的，愉快的，脾气好的 | |
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swelling
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| n.肿胀 | |
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Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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deviating
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| v.偏离，越轨( deviate的现在分词 ) | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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umbrageous
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| adj.多荫的 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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promontories
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| n.岬，隆起，海角( promontory的名词复数 ) | |
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protrude
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| v.使突出，伸出，突出 | |
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bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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havens
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| n.港口，安全地方( haven的名词复数 )v.港口，安全地方( haven的第三人称单数 ) | |
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scooped
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| v.抢先报道( scoop的过去式和过去分词 )；（敏捷地）抱起；抢先获得；用铲[勺]等挖（洞等） | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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virgins
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| 处女，童男( virgin的名词复数 )； 童贞玛利亚（耶稣之母） | |
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semblance
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| n.外貌，外表 | |
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promontory
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| n.海角；岬 | |
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mariner
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| n.水手号不载人航天探测器，海员，航海者 | |
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hoarse
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| adj.嘶哑的，沙哑的 | |
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bellowing
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| v.发出吼叫声，咆哮（尤指因痛苦）( bellow的现在分词 )；（愤怒地）说出（某事），大叫 | |
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desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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hover
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| vi.翱翔，盘旋；徘徊；彷徨，犹豫 | |
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penguins
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| n.企鹅( penguin的名词复数 ) | |
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contemplate
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| vt.盘算，计议；周密考虑；注视，凝视 | |
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philosophic
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| adj.哲学的，贤明的 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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ebb
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| vi.衰退，减退；n.处于低潮，处于衰退状态 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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38
elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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39
alpine
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| adj.高山的；n.高山植物 | |
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40
descends
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| v.下来( descend的第三人称单数 )；下去；下降；下斜 | |
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41
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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42
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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43
abutting
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| adj.邻接的v.（与…）邻接( abut的现在分词 )；（与…）毗连；接触；倚靠 | |
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44
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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45
impede
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，阻止 | |
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46
serene
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| adj. 安详的，宁静的，平静的 | |
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47
disintegrated
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| v.（使）破裂[分裂，粉碎]，（使）崩溃( disintegrate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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48
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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49
colonization
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| 殖民地的开拓，殖民，殖民地化； 移殖 | |
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50
naturalist
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| n.博物学家(尤指直接观察动植物者) | |
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51
accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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52
rivulet
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| n.小溪，小河 | |
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53
literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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54
swampy
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| adj.沼泽的，湿地的 | |
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55
strand
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| vt.使（船）搁浅，使（某人）困于（某地） | |
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56
bleached
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| 漂白的，晒白的，颜色变浅的 | |
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57
overflows
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| v.溢出，淹没( overflow的第三人称单数 )；充满；挤满了人；扩展出界，过度延伸 | |
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58
deluge
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| n./vt.洪水，暴雨，使泛滥 | |
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59
beech
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| n.山毛榉；adj.山毛榉的 | |
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60
aromatic
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| adj.芳香的，有香味的 | |
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61
mosses
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| n. 藓类, 苔藓植物 名词moss的复数形式 | |
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62
moss
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| n.苔，藓，地衣 | |
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63
lichens
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| n.地衣( lichen的名词复数 ) | |
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64
reptiles
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| n.爬行动物，爬虫( reptile的名词复数 ) | |
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65
specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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66
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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67
landmark
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| n.陆标，划时代的事，地界标 | |
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68
gale
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| n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等） | |
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69
fungi
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| n.真菌，霉菌 | |
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70
barricaded
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| 设路障于，以障碍物阻塞( barricade的过去式和过去分词 )； 设路障[防御工事]保卫或固守 | |
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71
mouldering
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| v.腐朽( moulder的现在分词 )；腐烂，崩塌 | |
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72
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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73
stunted
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| adj.矮小的；发育迟缓的 | |
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74
hazy
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| adj.有薄雾的，朦胧的；不肯定的，模糊的 | |
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75
laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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76
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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77
attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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78
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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79
morass
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| n.沼泽，困境 | |
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80
shrubs
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| 灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
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81
cones
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| n.（人眼）圆锥细胞；圆锥体( cone的名词复数 )；球果；圆锥形东西；（盛冰淇淋的）锥形蛋卷筒 | |
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82
maze
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| n.迷宫，八阵图，混乱，迷惑 | |
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83
glaciers
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| 冰河，冰川( glacier的名词复数 ) | |
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84
winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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85
cascade
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| n.小瀑布，喷流；层叠；vi.成瀑布落下 | |
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86
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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87
grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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88
clumps
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| n.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的名词复数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声v.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的第三人称单数 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声 | |
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89
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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90
dwarfish
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| a.像侏儒的，矮小的 | |
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91
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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92
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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93
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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94
indented
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| adj.锯齿状的，高低不平的；缩进排版 | |
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95
boisterous
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| adj.喧闹的，欢闹的 | |
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96
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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97
tranquil
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| adj. 安静的, 宁静的, 稳定的, 不变的 | |
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98
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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99
gust
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| n.阵风，突然一阵（雨、烟等），（感情的）迸发 | |
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100
gusts
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| 一阵强风( gust的名词复数 )； （怒、笑等的）爆发； （感情的）迸发； 发作 | |
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101
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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102
precipitates
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| v.（突如其来地）使发生( precipitate的第三人称单数 )；促成；猛然摔下；使沉淀 | |
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103
hurling
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| n.爱尔兰式曲棍球v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的现在分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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104
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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105
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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106
maritime
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| adj.海的，海事的，航海的，近海的，沿海的 | |
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107
dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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108
convoked
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| v.召集，召开（会议）( convoke的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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109
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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110
persevere
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| v.坚持，坚忍，不屈不挠 | |
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111
heroism
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| n.大无畏精神，英勇 | |
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112
kindled
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的过去式和过去分词 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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113
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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114
stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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115
emigrants
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| n.（从本国移往他国的）移民( emigrant的名词复数 ) | |
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116
inveterate
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| adj.积习已深的，根深蒂固的 | |
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117
foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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118
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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119
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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120
intercept
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| vt.拦截，截住，截击 | |
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121
consummate
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| adj.完美的；v.成婚；使完美 [反]baffle | |
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122
seaman
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| n.海员，水手，水兵 | |
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123
detailed
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| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
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124
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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125
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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126
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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127
erecting
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| v.使直立，竖起( erect的现在分词 )；建立 | |
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128
recurrence
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| n.复发，反复，重现 | |
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129
survivors
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| 幸存者，残存者，生还者( survivor的名词复数 ) | |
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130
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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131
harassing
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| v.侵扰，骚扰( harass的现在分词 )；不断攻击（敌人） | |
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132
plundering
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的现在分词 ) | |
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133
renown
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| n.声誉，名望 | |
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134
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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135
circuitous
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| adj.迂回的路的，迂曲的，绕行的 | |
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136
perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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137
adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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138
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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139
geographical
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| adj.地理的；地区(性)的 | |
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140
arduous
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| adj.艰苦的，费力的，陡峭的 | |
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141
labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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142
tempestuous
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| adj.狂暴的 | |
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143
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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144
commodious
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| adj.宽敞的；使用方便的 | |
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145
schooners
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| n.（有两个以上桅杆的）纵帆船( schooner的名词复数 ) | |
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146
inaccessible
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| adj.达不到的，难接近的 | |
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147
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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148
chili
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| n.辣椒 | |
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149
penal
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| adj.刑罚的；刑法上的 | |
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150
miserably
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| adv.痛苦地；悲惨地；糟糕地；极度地 | |
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