Whilst the Ottoman vassals5 assembled only in small numbers and very slowly under their respective standards, every day there collected round the castle of Janina whole companies of Toxidae, of Tapazetae, and of Chamidae; so that Ali, knowing that Ismail Pacho Bey had boasted that he could arrive in sight of Janina without firing a gun, said in his turn that he would not treat with the Porte until he and his troops should be within eight leagues of Constantinople.
He had fortified6 and supplied with munitions7 of war Ochrida, Avlone, Cannia, Berat, Cleisoura, Premiti, the port of Panormus, Santi-Quaranta, Buthrotum, Delvino, Argyro-Castron, Tepelen, Parga, Prevesa, Sderli, Paramythia, Arta, the post of the Five Wells, Janina and its castles. These places contained four hundred and twenty cannons9 of all sizes, for the most part in bronze, mounted on siege-carriages, and seventy mortars10. Besides these, there were in the castle by the lake, independently of the guns in position, forty field-pieces, sixty mountain guns, a number of Congreve rockets, formerly11 given him by the English, and an enormous quantity of munitions of war. Finally, he endeavoured to establish a line of semaphores between Janina and Prevesa, in order to have prompt news of the Turkish fleet, which was expected to appear on this coast.
Ali, whose strength seemed to increase with age, saw to everything and appeared everywhere; sometimes in a litter borne by his Albanians, sometimes in a carriage raised into a kind of platform, but it was more frequently on horseback that he appeared among his labourers. Often he sat on the bastions in the midst of the batteries, and conversed12 familiarly with those who surrounded him. He narrated13 the successes formerly obtained against the sultan by Kara Bazaklia, Vizier of Scodra, who, like himself, had been attained14 with the sentence of deprivation15 and excommunication; recounting how the rebel pacha, shut up in his citadel16 with seventy-two warriors17, had seen collapse19 at his feet the united forces of four great provinces of the Ottoman Empire, commanded by twenty-two pachas, who were almost entirely20 annihilated21 in one day by the Guegues. He reminded them also, of the brilliant victory gained by Passevend Oglon, Pacha of Widdin, of quite recent memory, which is celebrated22 in the warlike songs of the Klephts of Roumelia.
Almost simultaneously23, Ali’s sons, Mouktar and Veli, arrived at Janina. Veli had been obliged, or thought himself obliged, to evacuate24 Lepanto by superior forces, and brought only discouraging news, especially as to the wavering fidelity25 of the Turks. Mouktar, on the contrary, who had just made a tour of inspection26 in the Musache, had only noticed favourable27 dispositions28, and deluded29 himself with the idea that the Chaonians, who had taken up arms, had done so in order to aid his father. He was curiously30 mistaken, for these tribes hated Ali with a hatred31 all the deeper for being compelled to conceal32 it, and were only in arms in order to repel33 aggression34.
The advice given by the sons to their father as to the manner of treating the Mohammedans differed widely in accordance with their respective opinions. Consequently a violent quarrel arose between them, ostensibly on account of this dispute, but in reality on the subject of their father’s inheritance, which both equally coveted35. Ali had brought all his treasure to Janina, and thenceforth neither son would leave the neighbourhood of so excellent a father. They overwhelmed him with marks of affection, and vowed36 that the one had left Lepanto, and the other Berat, only in order to share his danger. Ali was by no means duped by these protestations, of which he divined the motive37 only too well, and though he had never loved his sons, he suffered cruelly in discovering that he was not beloved by them.
Soon he had other troubles to endure. One of his gunners assassinated38 a servant of Vela’s, and Ali ordered the murderer to be punished, but when the sentence was to be carried out the whole corps39 of artillery40 mutinied. In order to save appearances, the pacha was compelled to allow them to ask for the pardon of the criminal whom he dared not punish. This incident showed him that his authority was no longer paramount41, and he began to doubt the fidelity of his soldiers. The arrival of the Ottoman fleet further enlightened him to his true position. Mussulman and Christian1 alike, all the inhabitants of Northern Albania, who had hitherto concealed42 their disaffection under an exaggerated semblance43 of devotion, now hastened to make their submission44 to the sultan. The Turks, continuing their success, laid siege to Parga, which was held by Mehemet, Veli’s eldest45 son. He was prepared to make a good defence, but was betrayed by his troops, who opened the gates of the town, and he was compelled to surrender at discretion46. He was handed over to the commander of the naval47 forces, by whom he was well treated, being assigned the best cabin in the admiral’s ship and given a brilliant suite48. He was assured that the sultan, whose only quarrel was with his grandfather, would show him favour, and would even deal mercifully with Ali, who, with his treasures, would merely be sent to an important province in Asia Minor49. He was induced to write in this strain to his family and friends in order to induce them to lay down their arms.
The fall of Parga made a great impression on the Epirotes, who valued its possession far above its real importance. Ali rent his garments and cursed the days of his former good fortune, during which he had neither known how to moderate his resentment50 nor to foresee the possibility of any change of fortune.
The fall of Parga was succeeded by that of Arta of Mongliana, where was situated51 Ali’s country house, and of the post of the Five Wells. Then came a yet more overwhelming piece of news Omar Brionis, whom Ali, having formerly despoiled52 of its wealth, had none the less, recently appointed general-in-chief, had gone over to the enemy with all his troops!
Ali then decided54 on carrying out a project he had formed in case of necessity, namely, on destroying the town of Janina, which would afford shelter to the enemy and a point of attack against the fortresses55 in which he was entrenched57. When this resolution was known, the inhabitants thought only of saving themselves and their property from the ruin from which nothing could save their country. But most of them were only preparing to depart, when Ali gave leave to the Albanian soldiers yet faithful to him to sack the town.
The place was immediately invaded by an unbridled soldiery. The Metropolitan58 church, where Greeks and Turks alike deposited their gold, jewels, and merchandise, even as did the Greeks of old in the temples of the gods, became the first object of pillage59. Nothing was respected. The cupboards containing sacred vestments were broken open, so were the tombs of the archbishops, in which were interred60 reliquaries adorned61 with precious stones; and the altar itself was defiled62 with the blood of ruffians who fought for chalices63 and silver crosses.
The town presented an equally terrible spectacle; neither Christians nor Mussulmans were spared, and the women’s apartments, forcibly entered, were given up to violence. Some of the more courageous64 citizens endeavoured to defend their houses and families against these bandits, and the clash of arms mingled65 with cries and groans66. All at once the roar of a terrible explosion rose above the other sounds, and a hail of bombs, shells, grenade’s, and rockets carried devastation67 and fire into the different quarters of the town, which soon presented the spectacle of an immense conflagration68. Ali, seated on the great platform of the castle by the lake, which seemed to vomit69 fire like a volcano, directed the bombardment, pointing out the places which must be burnt. Churches, mosques70, libraries, bazaars71, houses, all were destroyed, and the only thing spared by the flames was the gallows72, which remained standing73 in the midst of the ruins.
Of the thirty thousand persons who inhabited Janina a few hours previously74, perhaps one half had escaped. But these had not fled many leagues before they encountered the outposts of the Otto man army, which, instead of helping75 or protecting them, fell upon them, plundered76 them, and drove them towards the camp, where slavery awaited them. The unhappy fugitives78, taken thus between fire and sword, death behind and slavery before, uttered a terrible cry, and fled in all directions. Those who escaped the Turks were stopped in the hill passes by the mountaineers rushing down to the rey; only large numbers who held together could force a passage.
In some cases terror bestows79 extraordinary strength, there were mothers who, with infants at the breast, covered on foot in one day the fourteen leagues which separate Janina from Arta. But others, seized with the pangs80 of travail81 in the midst of their flight, expired in the woods, after giving birth to babes, who, destitute82 of succour, did not survive their mothers. And young girls, having disfigured themselves by gashes83, hid themselves in caves, where they died of terror and hunger.
The Albanians, intoxicated84 with plunder77 and debauchery, refused to return to the castle, and only thought of regaining86 their country and enjoying the fruit of their rapine. But they were assailed87 on the way by peasants covetous88 of their booty, and by those of Janina who had sought refuge with them. The roads and passes were strewn with corpses89, and the trees by the roadside converted into gibbets. The murderers did not long survive their victims.
The ruins of Janina were still smoking when, on the 19th August, Pacho Bey made his entry. Having pitched his tent out of range of Ali’s cannon8, he proclaimed aloud the firman which inaugurated him as Pacha of Janina and Delvino, and then raised the tails, emblem90 of his dignity. Ali heard on the summit of his keep the acclamations of the Turks who saluted92 Pacho Bey, his former servant with the titles of Vali of Epirus, and Ghazi, of Victorius. After this ceremony, the cadi read the sentence, confirmed by the Mufti, which declared Tepelen Veli-Zade to have forfeited93 his dignities and to be excommunicated, adding an injunction to all the faithful that henceforth his name was not to be pronounced except with the addition of “Kara,” or “black,” which is bestowed94 on those cut off from the congregation of Sunnites, or Orthodox Mohammedans. A Marabout then cast a stone towards the castle, and the anathema95 upon “Kara Ali” was repeated by the whole Turkish army, ending with the cry of “Long live the sultan! So be it!”
But it was not by ecclesiastical thunders that three fortresses could be reduced, which were defended by artillerymen drawn96 from different European armies, who had established an excellent school for gunners and bombardiers. The besieged97, having replied with hootings of contempt to the acclamations of the besiegers, proceeded to enforce their scorn with well-aimed cannon shots, while the rebel flotilla, dressed as if for a fete-day, passed slowly before the Turks, saluting98 them with cannon-shot if they ventured near the edge of the lake.
This noisy rhodomontade did not prevent Ali from being consumed with grief and anxiety. The sight of his own troops, now in the camp of Pacho Bey, the fear of being for ever separated from his sons, the thought of his grandson in the enemy’s hands, all threw him into the deepest melancholy99, and his sleepless100 eyes were constantly drowned in tears. He refused his food, and sat for seven days with untrimmed beard, clad in mourning, on a mat at the door of his antechamber, extending his hands to his soldiers, and imploring101 them to slay102 him rather than abandon him. His wives, seeing him in this state, and concluding all was lost, filled the air with their lamentations. All began to think that grief would bring Ali to the grave; but his soldiers, to whose protestations he at first refused any credit, represented to him that their fate was indissolubly linked with his. Pacho Bey having proclaimed that all taken in arms for Ali would be shot as sharers in rebellion, it was therefore their interest to support his resistance with all their power. They also pointed53 out that the campaign was already advanced, and that the Turkish army, which had forgotten its siege artillery at Constantinople, could not possibly procure103 any before the end of October, by which time the rains would begin, and the enemy would probably be short of food. Moreover, in any case, it being impossible to winter in a ruined town, the foe104 would be driven to seek shelter at a distance.
These representations, made with warmth conviction, and supported by evidence, began to soothe105 the restless fever which was wasting Ali, and the gentle caresses106 and persuasions107 of Basillisa, the beautiful Christian captive, who had now been his wife for some time, completed the cure.
At the same time his sister Chainitza gave him an astonishing example of courage. She had persisted, in spite of all that could be said, in residing in her castle of Libokovo. The population, whom she had cruelly oppressed, demanded her death, but no one dared attack her. Superstition108 declared that the spirit of her mother, with whom she kept up a mysterious communication even beyond the portals of the grave, watched over her safety. The menacing form of Kamco had, it was said, appeared to several inhabitants of Tepelen, brandishing109 bones of the wretched Kardikiotes, and demanding fresh victims with loud cries. The desire of vengeance110 had urged some to brave these unknown dangers, and twice, a warrior18, clothed in black, had warned them back, forbidding them to lay hands on a sacrilegious woman; whose punishment Heaven reserved to itself, and twice they had returned upon their footsteps.
But soon, ashamed of their terror, they attempted another attack, and came attired111 in the colour of the Prophet. This time no mysterious stranger speared to forbid their passage and with a cry they climbed the mountain, listening for any supernatural warning. Nothing disturbed the silence and solitude112 save the bleating113 of flocks and the cries of birds of prey114. Arrived on the platform of Libokovo, they prepared in silence to surprise the guards, believing the castle full of them. They approached crawling, like hunters who stalk a deer, already they had reached the gate of the enclosure, and prepared to burst it open, when lo! it opened of itself, and they beheld115 Chainitza standing before them, a carabine in her hand, pistols in her belt, and, for all guard, two large dogs.
“Halt! ye daring ones,” she cried; “neither my life nor my treasure will ever be at your mercy. Let one of you move a step without my permission, and this place and the ground beneath your feet’ will engulf116 you. Ten thousand pounds of powder are in these cellars. I will, however, grant your pardon, unworthy though you are. I will even allow you to take these sacks filled with gold; they may recompense you for the losses which my brother’s enemies have recently inflicted118 on you. But depart this instant without a word, and dare not to trouble me again; I have other means of destruction at command besides gunpowder119. Life is nothing to me, remember that; but your mountains may yet at my command become the tomb of your wives and children. Go!”
She ceased, and her would-be murderers fled terror.
Shortly after the plague broke out in these mountains, Chainitza had distributed infected garments among gipsies, who scattered120 contagion121 wherever they went.
“We are indeed of the same blood!” cried Ali with pride, when he heard of his sister’s conduct; and from that hour he appeared to regain85 all the fire and audacity122 of his youth. When, a few days later, he was informed that Mouktar and Veli, seduced123 by the brilliant promises of Dacha Bey, had surrendered Prevesa and Argyro-Castron, “It does not surprise me,” he observed coldly. “I have long known them to be unworthy of being my sons, and henceforth my only children and heirs are those who defend my cause.” And on hearing a report that both had been beheaded by Dacha Bey’s order, he contented124 himself with saying, “They betrayed their father, and have only received their deserts; speak no more of them.” And to show how little it discouraged him, he redoubled his fire upon the Turks.
But the latter, who had at length obtained some artillery, answered his fire with vigour126, and began to rally to discrown the old pacha’s fortress56. Feeling that the danger was pressing, Ali redoubled both his prudence127 and activity. His immense treasures were the real reason of the war waged against him, and these might induce his own soldiers to rebel, in order to become masters of them. He resolved to protect them from either surprise or conquest. The sum necessary for present use was deposited in the powder magazine, so that, if driven to extremity128, it might be destroyed in a moment; the remainder was enclosed in strong-boxes, and sunk in different parts of the lake. This labour lasted a fortnight, when, finally, Ali put to death the gipsies who had been employed about it, in order that the secret might remain with himself.
While he thus set his own affairs in order, he applied129 himself to the troubling those of his adversary130. A great number of Suliots had joined the Ottoman army in order to assist in the destruction of him who formerly had ruined their country. Their camp, which for a long time had enjoyed immunity131 from the guns of Janina, was one day overwhelmed with bombs. The Suliots were terrified, until they remarked that the bombs did not burst. They then, much astonished, proceeded to pick up and examine these projectiles132. Instead of a match, they found rolls of paper enclosed in a wooden cylinder133, on which was engraved134 these words, “Open carefully.” The paper contained a truly Macchiavellian letter from Ali, which began by saying that they were quite justified135 in having taken up arms against him, and added that he now sent them a part of the pay of which the traitorous136 Ismail was defrauding137 them, and that the bombs thrown into their cantonment contained six thousand sequins in gold. He begged them to amuse Ismail by complaints and recriminations, while his gondola138 should by night fetch one of them, to whom he would communicate what more he had to say. If they accepted his proposition, they were to light three fires as a signal.
The signal was not long in appearing. Ali despatched his barge141, which took on board a monk142, the spiritual chief of the Suliots. He was clothed in sackcloth, and repeated the prayers for the dying, as one going to execution. Ali, however, received him with the utmost cordiality: He assured the priest of his repentance143, his good intentions, his esteem144 for the Greek captains, and then gave him a paper which startled him considerably145. It was a despatch139, intercepted146 by Ali, from Khalid Effendi to the Seraskier Ismail, ordering the latter to exterminate147 all Christians capable of bearing arms. All male children were to be circumcised, and brought up to form a legion drilled in European fashion; and the letter went on to explain how the Suliots, the Armatolis, the Greek races of the mainland and those of the Archipelago should be disposed of. Seeing the effect produced on the monk by the perusal148 of this paper, Ali hastened to make him the most advantageous149 offers, declaring that his own wish was to give Greece a political existence, and only requiring that the Suliot captains should send him a certain number of their children as hostages. He then had cloaks and arms brought which he presented to the monk, dismissing him in haste, in order that darkness might favour his return.
The next day Ali was resting, with his head on Basilissa’s lap, when he was informed that the enemy was advancing upon the intrenchments which had been raised in the midst of the ruins of Janina. Already the outposts had been forced, and the fury of the assailants threatened to triumph over all obstacles. Ali immediately ordered a sortie of all his troops, announcing that he himself would conduct it. His master of the horse brought him the famous Arab charger called the Dervish, his chief huntsman presented him with his guns, weapons still famous in Epirus, where they figure in the ballads150 of the Skipetars. The first was an enormous gun, of Versailles manufacture, formerly presented by the conqueror151 of the Pyramids to Djezzar, the Pacha of St. Jean-d’Arc, who amused himself by enclosing living victims in the walls of his palace, in order that he might hear their groans in the midst of his festivities. Next came a carabine given to the Pacha of Janina in the name of Napoleon in 1806; then the battle musket152 of Charles XII of Sweden, and finally— the much revered153 sabre of Krim-Guerai. The signal was given; the draw bridge crossed; the Guegues and other adventurers uttered a terrific shout; to which the cries of the assailants replied. Ali placed himself on a height, whence his eagle eye sought to discern the hostile chiefs; but he called and defied Pacho Bey in vain. Perceiving Hassan-Stamboul, colonel of the Imperial bombardiers outside his battery, Ali demanded the gun of Djezzar, and laid him dead on the spot. He then took the carabine of Napoleon, and shot with it Kekriman, Bey of Sponga, whom he had formerly appointed Pacha of Lepanto. The enemy now became aware of his presence, and sent a lively fusillade in his direction; but the balls seemed to diverge154 from his person. As soon as the smoke cleared, he perceived Capelan, Pacha of Croie, who had been his guest, and wounded him mortally in the chest. Capelan uttered a sharp cry, and his terrified horse caused disorder155 in the ranks. Ali picked off a large number of officers, one after another; every shot was mortal, and his enemies began to regard him in, the light of a destroying angel. Disorder spread through the forces of the Seraskier, who retreated hastily to his intrenchments.
The Suliots meanwhile sent a deputation to Ismail offering their submission, and seeking to regain their country in a peaceful manner; but, being received by him with the most humiliating contempt, they resolved to make common cause with Ali. They hesitated over the demand for hostages, and at length required Ali’s grandson, Hussien Pacha, in exchange. After many difficulties, Ali at length consented, and the agreement was concluded. The Suliots received five hundred thousand piastres and a hundred and fifty charges of ammunition156, Hussien Pacha was given up to them, and they left the Ottoman camp at dead of night. Morco Botzaris remained with three hundred and twenty men, threw down the palisades, and then ascending157 Mount Paktoras with his troops, waited for dawn in order to announce his defection to the Turkish army. As soon as the sun appeared he ordered a general salvo of artillery and shouted his war-cry. A few Turks in charge of an outpost were slain158, the rest fled. A cry of “To arms” was raised, and the standard of the Cross floated before the camp of the infidels.
Signs and omens159 of a coming general insurrection appeared on all sides; there was no lack of prodigies160, visions, or popular rumours161, and the Mohammedans became possessed162 with the idea that the last hour of their rule in Greece had struck. Ali Pacha favoured the general demoralisation; and his agents, scattered throughout the land, fanned the flame of revolt. Ismail Pacha was deprived of his title of Seraskier, and superseded163 by Kursheed Pacha. As soon as Ali heard this, he sent a messenger to Kursheed, hoping to influence him in his favour. Ismail, distrusting the Skipetars, who formed part of his troops, demanded hostages from them. The Skipetars were indignant, and Ali hearing of their discontent, wrote inviting164 them to return to him, and endeavouring to dazzle them by the most brilliant promises. These overtures165 were received by the offended troops with enthusiasm, and Alexis Noutza, Ali’s former general, who had forsaken166 him for Ismail, but who had secretly returned to his allegiance and acted as a spy on the Imperial army, was deputed to treat with him. As soon as he arrived, Ali began to enact167 a comedy in the intention of rebutting168 the accusation169 of incest with his daughter-in-law Zobeide; for this charge, which, since Veli himself had revealed the secret of their common shame, could only be met by vague denials, had never ceased to produce a mast unfavourable impression on Noutza’s mind. Scarcely had he entered the castle by the lake, when Ali rushed to meet him, and flung himself into his arms. In presence of his officers and the garrison170, he loaded him with the most tender names, calling him his son, his beloved Alexis, his own legitimate171 child, even as Salik Pacha. He burst into tears, and, with terrible oaths, called Heaven to witness that Mouktar and Veli, whom he disavowed on account of their cowardice172, were the adulterous offspring of Emineh’s amours. Then, raising his hand against the tomb of her whom he had loved so much, he drew the stupefied Noutza into the recess173 of a casemate, and sending for Basilissa, presented him to her as a beloved son, whom only political considerations had compelled him to keep at a distance, because, being born of a Christian mother, he had been brought up in the faith of Jesus.
Having thus softened174 the suspicions of his soldiers, Ali resumed his underground intrigues175. The Suliots had informed him that the sultan had made them extremely advantageous offers if they would return to his service, and they demanded pressingly that Ali should give up to them the citadel of Kiapha, which was still in his possession, and which commanded Suli. He replied with the information that he intended, January 26, to attack the camp of Pacho Bey early in the morning, and requested their assistance. In order to cause a diversion, they were to descend176 into the valley of Janina at night, and occupy a position which he pointed out to them, and he gave their the word “flouri” as password for the night. If successful, he undertook to grant their request.
Ali’s letter was intercepted, and fell into Ismail’s hands, who immediately conceived a plan for snaring177 his enemy in his own toils178. When the night fixed179 by Ali arrived, the Seraskier marched out a strong division under the command of Omar Brionis, who had been recently appointed Pacha, and who was instructed to proceed along the western slope of Mount Paktoras as far as the village of Besdoune, where he was to place an outpost, and then to retire along the other side of the mountain, so that, being visible in the starlight, the sentinels placed to watch on the hostile towers might take his men for the Suliots and report to Ali that the position of Saint-Nicolas, assigned to them, had been occupied as arranged. All preparations for battle were made, and the two mortal enemies, Ismail and Ali, retired180 to rest, each cherishing the darling hope of shortly annihilating181 his rival.
At break of day a lively cannonade, proceeding182 from the castle of the lake and from Lithoritza, announced that the besieged intended a sortie. Soon Ali’s Skipetars, preceded by a detachment of French, Italians, and Swiss, rushed through the Ottoman fire and carried the first redoubt, held by Ibrahim-Aga-Stamboul. They found six pieces of cannon, which the Turks, notwithstanding their terror, had had time to spike183. This misadventure, for they had hoped to turn the artillery against the intrenched camp, decided Ali’s men on attacking the second redoubt, commanded by the chief bombardier. The Asiatic troops of Baltadgi Pacha rushed to its defence. At their head appeared the chief Imaun of the army, mounted on a richly caparisoned mule184 and repeating the curse fulminated by the mufti against Ali, his adherents185, his castles, and even his cannons, which it was supposed might be rendered harmless by these adjurations. Ali’s Mohammedan Skipetars averted186 their eyes, and spat140 into their bosoms187, hoping thus to escape the evil influence. A superstitious188 terror was beginning to spread among them, when a French adventurer took aim at the Imaun and brought him down, amid the acclamations of the soldiers; whereupon the Asiatics, imagining that Eblis himself fought against them, retired within the intrenchments, whither the Skipetars, no longer fearing the curse, pursued them vigorously.
At the same time, however, a very different action was proceeding at the northern end of the besiegers’ intrenchments. Ali left his castle of the lake, preceded by twelve torch-bearers carrying braziers filled with lighted pitch-wood, and advanced towards the shore of Saint-Nicolas, expecting to unite with the Suliots. He stopped in the middle of the ruins to wait for sunrise, and while there heard that his troops had carried the battery of Ibrahim-Aga-Stamboul. Overjoyed, he ordered them to press on to the second intrenchment, promising189 that in an hour, when he should have been joined by the Suliots, he would support them, and he then pushed forward, preceded by two field-pieces with their waggons190, and followed by fifteen hundred men, as far as a large plateau on which he perceived at a little distance an encampment which he supposed to be that of the Suliots. He then ordered the Mirdite prince, Kyr Lekos, to advance with an escort of twenty-five men, and when within hearing distance to wave a blue flag and call out the password. An Imperial officer replied with the countersign191 “flouri,” and Lekos immediately sent back word to Ali to advance. His orderly hastened back, and the prince entered the camp, where he and his escort were immediately surrounded and slain.
On receiving the message, Ali began to advance, but cautiously, being uneasy at seeing no signs of the Mirdite troop. Suddenly, furious cries, and a lively fusillade, proceeding from the vineyards and thickets192, announced that he had fallen into a trap, and at the same moment Omar Pacha fell upon his advance guard, which broke, crying “Treason!”.
Ali sabred the fugitives mercilessly, but fear carried them away, and, forced to follow the crowd, he perceived the Kersales and Baltadgi Pacha descending193 the side of Mount Paktoras, intending to cut off his retreat. He attempted another route, hastening towards the road to Dgeleva, but found it held by the Tapagetae under the Bimbashi Aslon of Argyro-Castron. He was surrounded, all seemed lost, and feeling that his last hour had come, he thought only of selling his life as dearly as possible. Collecting his bravest soldiers round him, he prepared for a last rush on Omar Pacha; when, suddenly, with an inspiration born of despair, he ordered his ammunition waggons to be blown up. The Kersales, who were about to seize them, vanished in the explosion, which scattered a hail of stones and debris194 far and wide. Under cover of the smoke and general confusion, Ali succeeded in withdrawing his men to the shelter of the guns of his castle of Litharitza, where he continued the fight in order to give time to the fugitives to rally, and to give the support he had promised to those fighting on the other slope; who, in the meantime, had carried the second battery and were attacking the fortified camp. Here the Seraskier Ismail met them with a resistance so well managed, that he was able to conceal the attack he was preparing to make on their rear. Ali, guessing that the object of Ismail’s manoeuvres was to crush those whom he had promised to help, and unable, on account of the distance, either to support or to warn them, endeavoured to impede195 Omar Pasha, hoping still that his Skipetars might either see or hear him. He encouraged the fugitives, who recognised him from afar by his scarlet196 dolman, by the dazzling whiteness of his horse, and by the terrible cries which he uttered; for, in the heat of battle, this extraordinary man appeared to have regained197 the vigour and audacity, of his youth. Twenty times he led his soldiers to the charge, and as often was forced to recoil198 towards his castles. He brought up his reserves, but in vain. Fate had declared against him. His troops which were attacking the intrenched camp found themselves taken between two fires, and he could not help them. Foaming199 with passion, he threatened to rush singly into the midst of his enemies. His officers besought200 him to calm himself, and, receiving only refusals, at last threatened to lay hands upon him if he persisted in exposing himself like a private soldier. Subdued202 by this unaccustomed opposition203, Ali allowed himself to be forced back into the castle by the lake, while his soldiers dispersed204 in various directions.
But even this defeat did not discourage the fierce pasha. Reduced to extremity, he yet entertained the hope of shaking the Ottoman Empire, and from the recesses205 of his fortress he agitated206 the whole of Greece. The insurrection which he had stirred up, without foreseeing what the results might be, was spreading with the rapidity of a lighted train of powder, and the Mohammedans were beginning to tremble, when at length Kursheed Pasha, having crossed the Pindus at the head of an army of eighty thousand men, arrived before Janina.
His tent had hardly been pitched, when Ali caused a salute91 of twenty-one guns to be fired in his honour, and sent a messenger, bearing a letter of congratulation on his safe arrival. This letter, artful and insinuating207, was calculated to make a deep impression on Kursheed. Ali wrote that, being driven by the infamous208 lies of a former servant, called Pacho Bey, into resisting, not indeed the authority of the sultan, before whom he humbly209 bent210 his head weighed down with years and grief, but the perfidious211 plots of His Highness’s advisers212, he considered himself happy in his misfortunes to have dealings with a vizier noted214 for his lofty qualities. He then added that these rare merits had doubtless been very far from being estimated at their proper value by a Divan215 in which men were only classed in accordance with the sums they laid out in gratifying the rapacity216 of the ministers. Otherwise, how came it about that Kursheed Pasha, Viceroy of Egypt—after the departure of the French, the conqueror of the Mamelukes, was only rewarded for these services by being recalled without a reason? Having been twice Romili-Valicy, why, when he should have enjoyed the reward of his labours, was he relegated217 to the obscure post of Salonica? And, when appointed Grand Vizier and sent to pacify218 Servia, instead of being entrusted219 with the government of this kingdom which he had reconquered for the sultan, why was he hastily despatched to Aleppo to repress a trifling220 sedition221 of emirs and janissaries? Now, scarcely arrived in the Morea, his powerful arm was to be employed against an aged125 man.
Ali then plunged222 into details, related the pillaging223, avarice224, and imperious dealing213 of Pacho Bey, as well as of the pachas subordinate to him; how they had alienated225 the public mind, how they had succeeded in offending the Armatolis, and especially the Suliots, who might be brought back to their duty with less trouble than these imprudent chiefs had taken to estrange226 them. He gave a mass of special information on this subject, and explained that in advising the Suliots to retire to their mountains he had really only put them in a false position as long as he retained possession of the fort of Kiapha, which is the key of the Selleide.
The Seraskier replied in a friendly manner, ordered the military salute to be returned in Ali’s honour, shot for shot, and forbade that henceforth a person of the valour and intrepidity227 of the Lion of Tepelen should be described by the epithet228 of “excommunicated.” He also spoke229 of him by his title of “vizier,” which he declared he had never forfeited the right to use; and he also stated that he had only entered Epirus as a peace-maker. Kursheed’s emissaries had just seized some letters sent by Prince Alexander Ypsilanti to the Greek captains at Epirus. Without going into details of the events which led to the Greek insurrection, the prince advised the Polemarchs, chiefs of the Selleid, to aid Ali Pacha in his revolt against the Porte, but to so arrange matters that they could easily detach themselves again, their only aim being to seize his treasures, which might be used to procure the freedom of Greece.
These letters a messenger from Kursheed delivered to Ali. They produced such an impression upon his mind that he secretly resolved only to make use of the Greeks, and to sacrifice them to his own designs, if he could not inflict117 a terrible vengeance on their perfidy230. He heard from the messenger at the same time of the agitation231 in European Turkey, the hopes of the Christians, and the apprehension232 of a rupture233 between the Porte and Russia. It was necessary to lay aside vain resentment and to unite against these threatening dangers. Kursheed Pacha was, said his messenger, ready to consider favourably234 any propositions likely to lead to a prompt pacification235, and would value such a result far more highly than the glory of subduing236 by means of the imposing237 force at his command, a valiant238 prince whom he had always regarded as one of the strongest bulwarks239 of the Ottoman Empire. This information produced a different effect upon Ali to that intended by the Seraskier. Passing suddenly from the depth of despondency to the height of pride, he imagined that these overtures of reconciliation240 were only a proof of the inability of his foes241 to subdue201 him, and he sent the following propositions to Kursheed Pacha:
“If the first duty of a prince is to do justice, that of his subjects is to remain faithful, and obey him in all things. From this principle we derive242 that of rewards and punishments, and although my services might sufficiently243 justify244 my conduct to all time, I nevertheless acknowledge that I have deserved the wrath245 of the sultan, since he has raised the arm of his anger against the head of his slave. Having humbly implored246 his pardon, I fear not to invoke247 his severity towards those who have abused his confidence. With this object I offer—First, to pay the expenses of the war and the tribute in arrears248 due from my Government without delay. Secondly249, as it is important for the sake of example that the treason of an inferior towards his superior should receive fitting chastisement250, I demand that Pacho Bey, formerly in my service, should be beheaded, he being the real rebel, and the cause of the public calamities251 which are afflicting252 the faithful of Islam. Thirdly, I require that for the rest of my life I shall retain, without annual re-investiture, my pachalik of Janina, the coast of Epirus, Acarnania and its dependencies, subject to the rights, charges and tribute due now and hereafter to the sultan. Fourthly, I demand amnesty and oblivion of the past for all those who have served me until now. And if these conditions are not accepted without modifications253, I am prepared to defend myself to the last.
“Given at the castle of Janina, March 7, 1821.”
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1
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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3
remitted
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| v.免除（债务），宽恕( remit的过去式和过去分词 )；使某事缓和；寄回，传送 | |
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inciting
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| 刺激的，煽动的 | |
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vassals
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| n.奴仆( vassal的名词复数 )；（封建时代）诸侯；从属者；下属 | |
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fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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munitions
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| n.军火，弹药；v.供应…军需品 | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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cannons
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| n.加农炮，大炮，火炮( cannon的名词复数 ) | |
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mortars
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| n.迫击炮( mortar的名词复数 )；砂浆；房产；研钵 | |
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11
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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12
conversed
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| v.交谈，谈话( converse的过去式 ) | |
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13
narrated
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| v.故事( narrate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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14
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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15
deprivation
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| n.匮乏；丧失；夺去，贫困 | |
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16
citadel
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| n.城堡；堡垒；避难所 | |
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17
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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19
collapse
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| vi.累倒；昏倒；倒塌；塌陷 | |
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20
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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21
annihilated
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| v.（彻底）消灭( annihilate的过去式和过去分词 )；使无效；废止；彻底击溃 | |
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22
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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24
evacuate
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| v.遣送；搬空；抽出；排泄；大(小)便 | |
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fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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26
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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27
favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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28
dispositions
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| 安排( disposition的名词复数 )； 倾向； （财产、金钱的）处置； 气质 | |
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29
deluded
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| v.欺骗，哄骗( delude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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30
curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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31
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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32
conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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33
repel
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| v.击退，抵制，拒绝，排斥 | |
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34
aggression
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| n.进攻，侵略，侵犯，侵害 | |
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35
coveted
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| adj.令人垂涎的；垂涎的，梦寐以求的v.贪求，觊觎(covet的过去分词)；垂涎；贪图 | |
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36
vowed
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| 起誓，发誓（vow的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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37
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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38
assassinated
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| v.暗杀( assassinate的过去式和过去分词 )；中伤；诋毁；破坏 | |
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39
corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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40
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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41
paramount
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| a.最重要的，最高权力的 | |
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42
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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43
semblance
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| n.外貌，外表 | |
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44
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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45
eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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46
discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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47
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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48
suite
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| n.一套(家具)；套房；随从人员 | |
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49
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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50
resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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51
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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52
despoiled
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| v.掠夺，抢劫( despoil的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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53
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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54
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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55
fortresses
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| 堡垒，要塞( fortress的名词复数 ) | |
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56
fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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57
entrenched
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| adj.确立的，不容易改的(风俗习惯) | |
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58
metropolitan
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| adj.大城市的，大都会的 | |
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59
pillage
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| v.抢劫；掠夺；n.抢劫，掠夺；掠夺物 | |
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60
interred
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| v.埋，葬( inter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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61
adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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62
defiled
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| v.玷污( defile的过去式和过去分词 )；污染；弄脏；纵列行进 | |
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63
chalices
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| n.高脚酒杯( chalice的名词复数 )；圣餐杯；金杯毒酒；看似诱人实则令人讨厌的事物 | |
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64
courageous
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| adj.勇敢的，有胆量的 | |
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65
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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66
groans
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| n.呻吟，叹息( groan的名词复数 )；呻吟般的声音v.呻吟( groan的第三人称单数 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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67
devastation
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| n.毁坏；荒废；极度震惊或悲伤 | |
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68
conflagration
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| n.建筑物或森林大火 | |
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69
vomit
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| v.呕吐，作呕；n.呕吐物，吐出物 | |
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70
mosques
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| 清真寺； 伊斯兰教寺院，清真寺； 清真寺，伊斯兰教寺院( mosque的名词复数 ) | |
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71
bazaars
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| （东方国家的）市场( bazaar的名词复数 )； 义卖； 义卖市场； （出售花哨商品等的）小商品市场 | |
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72
gallows
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| n.绞刑架，绞台 | |
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73
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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74
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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75
helping
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| n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的 | |
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76
plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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77
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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78
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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79
bestows
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的第三人称单数 ) | |
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80
pangs
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| 突然的剧痛( pang的名词复数 )； 悲痛 | |
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81
travail
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| n.阵痛；努力 | |
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82
destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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83
gashes
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| n.深长的切口（或伤口）( gash的名词复数 )v.划伤，割破( gash的第三人称单数 ) | |
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84
intoxicated
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| 喝醉的，极其兴奋的 | |
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85
regain
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| vt.重新获得，收复，恢复 | |
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regaining
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| 复得( regain的现在分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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87
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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88
covetous
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| adj.贪婪的，贪心的 | |
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89
corpses
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| n.死尸，尸体( corpse的名词复数 ) | |
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90
emblem
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| n.象征，标志；徽章 | |
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91
salute
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| vi.行礼，致意，问候，放礼炮；vt.向…致意，迎接，赞扬；n.招呼，敬礼，礼炮 | |
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92
saluted
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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forfeited
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| （因违反协议、犯规、受罚等）丧失，失去( forfeit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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94
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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95
anathema
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| n.诅咒；被诅咒的人(物)，十分讨厌的人(物) | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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saluting
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的现在分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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sleepless
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| adj.不睡眠的，睡不著的，不休息的 | |
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imploring
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| 恳求的，哀求的 | |
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102
slay
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| v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮 | |
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103
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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104
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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105
soothe
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| v.安慰；使平静；使减轻；缓和；奉承 | |
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106
caresses
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| 爱抚，抚摸( caress的名词复数 ) | |
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107
persuasions
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| n.劝说，说服（力）( persuasion的名词复数 )；信仰 | |
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108
superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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109
brandishing
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| v.挥舞( brandish的现在分词 )；炫耀 | |
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110
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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111
attired
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| adj.穿着整齐的v.使穿上衣服，使穿上盛装( attire的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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112
solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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113
bleating
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| v.（羊，小牛）叫( bleat的现在分词 )；哭诉；发出羊叫似的声音；轻声诉说 | |
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114
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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115
beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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116
engulf
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| vt.吞没，吞食 | |
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117
inflict
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| vt.(on)把…强加给，使遭受，使承担 | |
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118
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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119
gunpowder
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| n.火药 | |
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120
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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121
contagion
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| n.(通过接触的疾病)传染；蔓延 | |
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122
audacity
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| n.大胆，卤莽，无礼 | |
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123
seduced
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| 诱奸( seduce的过去式和过去分词 )； 勾引； 诱使堕落； 使入迷 | |
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124
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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125
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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126
vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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127
prudence
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| n.谨慎，精明，节俭 | |
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128
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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129
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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130
adversary
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| adj.敌手，对手 | |
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131
immunity
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| n.优惠；免除；豁免，豁免权 | |
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132
projectiles
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| n.抛射体( projectile的名词复数 )；（炮弹、子弹等）射弹，（火箭等）自动推进的武器 | |
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133
cylinder
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| n.圆筒，柱(面)，汽缸 | |
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134
engraved
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| v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的过去式和过去分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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135
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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136
traitorous
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| adj. 叛国的, 不忠的, 背信弃义的 | |
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137
defrauding
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| v.诈取，骗取( defraud的现在分词 ) | |
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138
gondola
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| n.威尼斯的平底轻舟；飞船的吊船 | |
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139
despatch
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| n./v.(dispatch)派遣；发送；n.急件；新闻报道 | |
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140
spat
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| n.口角，掌击；v.发出呼噜呼噜声 | |
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141
barge
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| n.平底载货船，驳船 | |
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142
monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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143
repentance
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| n.懊悔 | |
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144
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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145
considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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146
intercepted
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| 拦截( intercept的过去式和过去分词 )； 截住； 截击； 拦阻 | |
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147
exterminate
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| v.扑灭，消灭，根绝 | |
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148
perusal
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| n.细读，熟读；目测 | |
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149
advantageous
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| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
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150
ballads
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| 民歌，民谣，特别指叙述故事的歌( ballad的名词复数 )； 讴 | |
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151
conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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152
musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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153
revered
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| v.崇敬，尊崇，敬畏( revere的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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154
diverge
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| v.分叉，分歧，离题，使...岔开，使转向 | |
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155
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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156
ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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157
ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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158
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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159
omens
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| n.前兆，预兆( omen的名词复数 ) | |
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160
prodigies
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| n.奇才，天才（尤指神童）( prodigy的名词复数 ) | |
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161
rumours
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| n.传闻( rumour的名词复数 )；风闻；谣言；谣传 | |
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162
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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163
superseded
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| [医]被代替的，废弃的 | |
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164
inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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165
overtures
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| n.主动的表示，提议；（向某人做出的）友好表示、姿态或提议( overture的名词复数 )；（歌剧、芭蕾舞、音乐剧等的）序曲，前奏曲 | |
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166
Forsaken
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| adj. 被遗忘的, 被抛弃的 动词forsake的过去分词 | |
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167
enact
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| vt.制定(法律)；上演，扮演 | |
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168
rebutting
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| v.反驳，驳回( rebut的现在分词 )；击退 | |
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169
accusation
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| n.控告，指责，谴责 | |
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170
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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171
legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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172
cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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173
recess
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| n.短期休息，壁凹（墙上装架子，柜子等凹处） | |
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174
softened
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| （使）变软( soften的过去式和过去分词 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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175
intrigues
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| n.密谋策划( intrigue的名词复数 )；神秘气氛；引人入胜的复杂情节v.搞阴谋诡计( intrigue的第三人称单数 )；激起…的好奇心 | |
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176
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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177
snaring
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| v.用罗网捕捉，诱陷，陷害( snare的现在分词 ) | |
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178
toils
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| 网 | |
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179
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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180
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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181
annihilating
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| v.（彻底）消灭( annihilate的现在分词 )；使无效；废止；彻底击溃 | |
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182
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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183
spike
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| n.长钉，钉鞋；v.以大钉钉牢，使...失效 | |
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184
mule
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| n.骡子，杂种，执拗的人 | |
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185
adherents
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| n.支持者，拥护者( adherent的名词复数 )；党羽；徒子徒孙 | |
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186
averted
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| 防止，避免( avert的过去式和过去分词 )； 转移 | |
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187
bosoms
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| 胸部( bosom的名词复数 )； 胸怀； 女衣胸部（或胸襟）； 和爱护自己的人在一起的情形 | |
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188
superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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189
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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190
waggons
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| 四轮的运货马车( waggon的名词复数 )； 铁路货车； 小手推车 | |
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191
countersign
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| v.副署，会签 | |
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192
thickets
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| n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 )；丛状物 | |
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193
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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194
debris
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| n.瓦砾堆，废墟，碎片 | |
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195
impede
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| v.妨碍，阻碍，阻止 | |
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196
scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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197
regained
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| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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198
recoil
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| vi.退却，退缩，畏缩 | |
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199
foaming
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| adj.布满泡沫的；发泡 | |
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200
besought
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| v.恳求，乞求（某事物）( beseech的过去式和过去分词 )；(beseech的过去式与过去分词) | |
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201
subdue
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| vt.制服，使顺从，征服；抑制，克制 | |
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202
subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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203
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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204
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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205
recesses
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| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
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206
agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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207
insinuating
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| adj.曲意巴结的，暗示的v.暗示( insinuate的现在分词 )；巧妙或迂回地潜入；（使）缓慢进入；慢慢伸入 | |
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208
infamous
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| adj.声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的，邪恶的 | |
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209
humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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210
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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211
perfidious
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| adj.不忠的，背信弃义的 | |
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212
advisers
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| 顾问，劝告者( adviser的名词复数 )； （指导大学新生学科问题等的）指导教授 | |
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213
dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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214
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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215
divan
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| n.长沙发；（波斯或其他东方诗人的）诗集 | |
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216
rapacity
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| n.贪婪，贪心，劫掠的欲望 | |
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217
relegated
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| v.使降级( relegate的过去式和过去分词 )；使降职；转移；把…归类 | |
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218
pacify
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| vt.使(某人)平静(或息怒)；抚慰 | |
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219
entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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220
trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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221
sedition
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| n.煽动叛乱 | |
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222
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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223
pillaging
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| v.抢劫，掠夺( pillage的现在分词 ) | |
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224
avarice
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| n.贪婪；贪心 | |
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225
alienated
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| adj.感到孤独的，不合群的v.使疏远( alienate的过去式和过去分词 )；使不友好；转让；让渡（财产等） | |
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226
estrange
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| v.使疏远，离间，使离开 | |
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227
intrepidity
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| n.大胆，刚勇；大胆的行为 | |
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228
epithet
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| n.（用于褒贬人物等的）表述形容词，修饰语 | |
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229
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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230
perfidy
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| n.背信弃义，不忠贞 | |
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231
agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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232
apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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233
rupture
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| n.破裂；(关系的)决裂；v.(使)破裂 | |
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234
favourably
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| adv. 善意地，赞成地 =favorably | |
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235
pacification
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| n. 讲和，绥靖，平定 | |
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236
subduing
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| 征服( subdue的现在分词 )； 克制； 制服； 色变暗 | |
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237
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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238
valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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239
bulwarks
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| n.堡垒( bulwark的名词复数 )；保障；支柱；舷墙 | |
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240
reconciliation
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| n.和解，和谐，一致 | |
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241
foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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242
derive
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| v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自 | |
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243
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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244
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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245
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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246
implored
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| 恳求或乞求（某人）( implore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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247
invoke
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| v.求助于(神、法律)；恳求，乞求 | |
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248
arrears
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| n.到期未付之债，拖欠的款项；待做的工作 | |
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249
secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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250
chastisement
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| n.惩罚 | |
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251
calamities
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| n.灾祸，灾难( calamity的名词复数 )；不幸之事 | |
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252
afflicting
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| 痛苦的 | |
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253
modifications
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| n.缓和( modification的名词复数 )；限制；更改；改变 | |
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