If Smith had not been an author, his exploits would have occupied asmall space in the literature of his times. But by his unweariednarrations he impressed his image in gigantic features on our plasticcontinent. If he had been silent, he would have had something lessthan justice; as it is, he has been permitted to greatly exaggeratehis relations to the New World. It is only by noting the comparativesilence of his contemporaries and by winnowing3 his own statementsthat we can appreciate his true position.
For twenty years he was a voluminous writer, working off hissuperfluous energy in setting forth5 his adventures in new forms.
Most of his writings are repetitions and recastings of the oldmaterial, with such reflections as occur to him from time to time.
He seldom writes a book, or a tract6, without beginning it or workinginto it a resume of his life. The only exception to this is his "SeaGrammar." In 1626 he published "An Accidence or the Pathway toExperience, necessary to all Young Seamen7," and in 1627 "A SeaGrammar, with the plain Exposition of Smith's Accidence for YoungSeamen, enlarged." This is a technical work, and strictly8 confinedto the building, rigging, and managing of a ship. He was alsoengaged at the time of his death upon a "History of the Sea," whichnever saw the light. He was evidently fond of the sea, and we maysay the title of Admiral came naturally to him, since he used it inthe title-page to his "Description of New England," published in1616, although it was not till 1617 that the commissioners11 atPlymouth agreed to bestow12 upon him the title of "Admiral of thatcountry."In 1630 he published "The True Travels, Adventures and Observationsof Captain John Smith, in Europe, Asia, Affrica and America, from1593 to 1629. Together with a Continuation of his General History ofVirginia, Summer Isles13, New England, and their proceedings14 since 1624to this present 1629: as also of the new Plantations15 of the greatRiver of the Amazons, the Isles of St. Christopher, Mevis andBarbadoes in the West Indies." In the dedication17 to William, Earl ofPembroke, and Robert, Earl of Lindsay, he says it was written at therequest of Sir Robert Cotton, the learned antiquarian, and he themore willingly satisfies this noble desire because, as he says, "theyhave acted my fatal tragedies on the stage, and racked my relationsat their pleasure. To prevent, therefore, all future misprisions, Ihave compiled this true discourse18. Envy hath taxed me to have writtoo much, and done too little; but that such should know how little,I esteem19 them, I have writ4 this more for the satisfaction of myfriends, and all generous and well-disposed readers: To speak only ofmyself were intolerable ingratitude21: because, having had many co-partners with me, I cannot make a Monument for myself, and leave themunburied in the fields, whose lives begot22 me the title of Soldier,for as they were companions with me in my dangers, so shall they bepartakers with me in this Tombe." In the same dedication he spoke23 ofhis "Sea Grammar" caused to be printed by his worthy24 friend SirSamuel Saltonstall.
This volume, like all others Smith published, is accompanied by agreat number of swollen25 panegyrics26 in verse, showing that the writershad been favored with the perusal27 of the volume before it waspublished. Valor28, piety29, virtue30, learning, wit, are by them ascribedto the "great Smith," who is easily the wonder and paragon31 of his.
age. All of them are stuffed with the affected32 conceits33 fashionableat the time. One of the most pedantic34 of these was addressed to himby Samuel Purchas when the "General Historie" was written.
The portrait of Smith which occupies a corner in the Map of Virginiahas in the oval the date, "AEta 37, A. 16l6," and round the rim35 theinscription: "Portraictuer of Captaine John Smith, Admirall of NewEngland," and under it these lines engraved36:
"These are the Lines that show thy face: but thoseThat show thy Grace and Glory brighter bee:
Thy Faire Discoveries and Fowle-OverthrowesOf Salvages37, much Civilized38 by theeBest shew thy Spirit; and to it Glory Wyn;So, thou art Brasse without, but Golde within,If so, in Brasse (too soft smiths Acts to beare)I fix thy Fame to make Brasse steele outweare.
"Thine as thou art Virtues"JOHN DAVIES, Heref."In this engraving39 Smith is clad in armor, with a high starchedcollar, and full beard and mustache formally cut. His right handrests on his hip9, and his left grasps the handle of his sword. Theface is open and pleasing and full of decision.
This "true discourse" contains the wild romance with which thisvolume opens, and is pieced out with recapitulations of his formerwritings and exploits, compilations40 from others' relations, andgeneral comments. We have given from it the story of his early life,because there is absolutely no other account of that part of hiscareer. We may assume that up to his going to Virginia he did lead alife of reckless adventure and hardship, often in want of a decentsuit of clothes and of "regular meals." That he took some part inthe wars in Hungary is probable, notwithstanding his romancingnarrative, and he may have been captured by the Turks. But hisaccount of the wars there, and of the political complications, wesuspect are cribbed from the old chronicles, probably from theItalian, while his vague descriptions of the lands and people inTurkey and "Tartaria" are evidently taken from the narratives42 ofother travelers. It seems to me that the whole of his story of hisoriental captivity43 lacks the note of personal experience. If it werenot for the "patent" of Sigismund (which is only produced andcertified twenty years after it is dated), the whole Transylvanialegend would appear entirely44 apocryphal45.
The "True Travels" close with a discourse upon the bad life,qualities, and conditions of pirates. The most ancient of these wasone Collis, "who most refreshed himself upon the coast of Wales, andClinton and Pursser, his companions, who grew famous till QueenElizabeth of blessed memory hanged them at Wapping. The misery46 of aPirate (although many are as sufficient seamen as any) yet in regardof his superfluity, you shall find it such, that any wise man wouldrather live amongst wild beasts, than them; therefore let allunadvised persons take heed47 how they entertain that quality; and Icould wish merchants, gentlemen, and all setters-forth of ships notto be sparing of a competent pay, nor true payment; for neithersoldiers nor seamen can live without means; but necessity will forcethem to steal, and when they are once entered into that trade theyare hardly reclaimed48."Smith complains that the play-writers had appropriated hisadventures, but does not say that his own character had been put uponthe stage. In Ben Jonson's "Staple49 of News," played in 1625, thereis a reference to Pocahontas in the dialogue that occurs betweenPick-lock and Pennyboy Canter:
Pick.--A tavern51's unfit too for a princess.
P. Cant50.--No, I have known a Princess and a great one, Come forthof a tavern.
Pick.--Not go in Sir, though.
A Cant.--She must go in, if she came forth. The blessed Pocahontas,as the historian calls her, And great King's daughter of Virginia,Hath been in womb of tavern.
The last work of our author was published in 1631, the year of hisdeath. Its full title very well describes the contents:
"Advertisements for the Unexperienced Planters of New England, oranywhere. Or, the Pathway to Experience to erect52 a Plantation16. Withthe yearly proceedings of this country in fishing and planting sincethe year 1614 to the year 1630, and their present estate. Also, howto prevent the greatest inconvenience by their proceedings inVirginia, and other plantations by approved examples. With thecountries armes, a description of the coast, harbours, habitations,landmarks, latitude53 and longitude54: with the map allowed by our RoyallKing Charles."Smith had become a trifle cynical55 in regard to the newsmongers of theday, and quaintly56 remarks in his address to the reader: "Apelles bythe proportion of a foot could make the whole proportion of a man:
were he now living, he might go to school, for now thousands can byopinion proportion kingdoms, cities and lordships that never durstadventure to see them. Malignancy I expect from these, have lived 10or 12 years in those actions, and return as wise as they went,claiming time and experience for their tutor that can neither shiftSun nor moon, nor say their compass, yet will tell you of more thanall the world betwixt the Exchange, Paul's and Westminster.... andtell as well what all England is by seeing but Mitford Haven57 as whatApelles was by the picture of his great toe."This is one of Smith's most characteristic productions. Its materialis ill-arranged, and much of it is obscurely written; it runsbackward and forward along his life, refers constantly to his formerworks and repeats them, complains of the want of appreciation58 of hisservices, and makes himself the centre of all the colonizing59 exploitsof the age. Yet it is interspersed60 with strokes of humor andobservations full of good sense.
It opens with the airy remark: "The wars in Europe, Asia and Africa,taught me how to subdue61 the wild savages62 in Virginia and NewEngland." He never did subdue the wild savages in New England, andhe never was in any war in Africa, nor in Asia, unless we call hispiratical cruising in the Mediterranean63 "wars in Asia."As a Church of England man, Smith is not well pleased with theoccupation of New England by the Puritans, Brownists, and such"factious humorists" as settled at New Plymouth, although heacknowledges the wonderful patience with which, in their ignoranceand willfulness, they have endured losses and extremities64; but hehopes better things of the gentlemen who went in 1629 to supplyEndicott at Salem, and were followed the next year by Winthrop. Allthese adventurers have, he says, made use of his "aged10 endeavors."It seems presumptuous65 in them to try to get on with his maps anddescriptions and without him. They probably had never heard, exceptin the title-pages of his works, that he was "Admiral of NewEngland."Even as late as this time many supposed New England to be an island,but Smith again asserts, what he had always maintained--that it was apart of the continent. The expedition of Winthrop was scattered66 by astorm, and reached Salem with the loss of threescore dead and manysick, to find as many of the colony dead, and all disconsolate67. Ofthe discouraged among them who returned to England Smith says: "Somecould not endure the name of a bishop68, others not the sight of across or surplice, others by no means the book of common prayer.
This absolute crew, only of the Elect, holding all (but such asthemselves) reprobates69 and castaways, now made more haste to returnto Babel, as they termed England, than stay to enjoy the land theycalled Canaan." Somewhat they must say to excuse themselves.
Therefore, "some say they could see no timbers of ten foot diameter,some the country is all wood; others they drained all the springs andponds dry, yet like to famish for want of fresh water; some of thedanger of the ratell-snake." To compel all the Indians to furnishthem corn without using them cruelly they say is impossible. Yetthis "impossible," Smith says, he accomplished70 in Virginia, andoffers to undertake in New England, with one hundred and fifty men,to get corn, fortify71 the country, and "discover them more land thanthey all yet know."This homily ends--and it is the last published sentence of the "greatSmith"--with this good advice to the New England colonists72:
"Lastly, remember as faction20, pride, and security produces nothingbut confusion, misery and dissolution; so the contraries wellpractised will in short time make you happy, and the most admiredpeople of all our plantations for your time in the world.
"John Smith writ this with his owne hand."The extent to which Smith retouched his narrations1, as they grew inhis imagination, in his many reproductions of them, has been referredto, and illustrated73 by previous quotations74. An amusing instance ofhis care and ingenuity75 is furnished by the interpolation ofPocahontas into his stories after 1623. In his "General Historie" of1624 he adopts, for the account of his career in Virginia, thenarratives in the Oxford76 tract of 1612, which he had supervised. Wehave seen how he interpolated the wonderful story of his rescue bythe Indian child. Some of his other insertions of her name, to bringall the narrative41 up to that level, are curious. The followingpassages from the "Oxford Tract" contain in italics the wordsinserted when they were transferred to the "General Historie":
"So revived their dead spirits (especially the love of Pocahuntas) asall anxious fears were abandoned.""Part always they brought him as presents from their king, orPocahuntas."In the account of the "masques" of girls to entertain Smith atWerowocomoco we read:
"But presently Pocahuntas came, wishing him to kill her if any hurtwere intended, and the beholders, which were women and children,satisfied the Captain there was no such matter."In the account of Wyffin's bringing the news of Scrivener's drowning,when Wyffin was lodged77 a night with Powhatan, we read:
"He did assure himself some mischief78 was intended. Pocahontas hidhim for a time, and sent them who pursued him the clean contrary wayto seek him; but by her means and extraordinary bribes79 and muchtrouble in three days' travel, at length he found us in the middestof these turmoyles."The affecting story of the visit and warning from Pocahontas in thenight, when she appeared with "tears running down her cheeks," is notin the first narration2 in the Oxford Tract, but is inserted in thenarrative in the "General Historie." Indeed, the first account wouldby its terms exclude the later one. It is all contained in these fewlines:
"But our barge80 being left by the ebb81, caused us to staie till themidnight tide carried us safe aboord, having spent that half nightwith such mirth as though we never had suspected or intendedanything, we left the Dutchmen to build, Brinton to kill foule forPowhatan (as by his messengers he importunately82 desired), and leftdirections with our men to give Powhatan all the content they could,that we might enjoy his company on our return from Pamaunke."It should be added, however, that there is an allusion83 to somewarning by Pocahontas in the last chapter of the "Oxford Tract." Butthe full story of the night visit and the streaming tears as we havegiven it seems without doubt to have been elaborated from very slightmaterials. And the subsequent insertion of the name of Pocahontas--of which we have given examples above--into old accounts that had noallusion to her, adds new and strong presumptions84 to the belief thatSmith invented what is known as the Pocahontas legend.
As a mere85 literary criticism on Smith's writings, it would appearthat he had a habit of transferring to his own career notableincidents and adventures of which he had read, and this is somewhatdamaging to an estimate of his originality86. His wonderful system oftelegraphy by means of torches, which he says he put in practice atthe siege of Olympack, and which he describes as if it were his owninvention, he had doubtless read in Polybius, and it seemed a goodthing to introduce into his narrative.
He was (it must also be noted) the second white man whose life wassaved by an Indian princess in America, who subsequently warned herfavorite of a plot to kill him. In 1528 Pamphilo de Narvaes landedat Tampa Bay, Florida, and made a disastrous87 expedition into theinterior. Among the Spaniards who were missing as a result of thisexcursion was a soldier named Juan Ortiz. When De Soto marched intothe same country in 1539 he encountered this soldier, who had beenheld in captivity by the Indians and had learned their language. Thestory that Ortiz told was this: He was taken prisoner by the chiefUcita, bound hand and foot, and stretched upon a scaffold to beroasted, when, just as the flames were seizing him, a daughter of thechief interposed in his behalf, and upon her prayers Ucita spared thelife of the prisoner. Three years afterward88, when there was dangerthat Ortiz would be sacrificed to appease89 the devil, the princesscame to him, warned him of his danger, and led him secretly and alonein the night to the camp of a chieftain who protected him.
This narrative was in print before Smith wrote, and as he was fond ofsuch adventures he may have read it. The incidents are curiouslyparallel. And all the comment needed upon it is that Smith seems tohave been peculiarly subject to such coincidencesOur author's selection of a coat of arms, the distinguishing featureof which was "three Turks' heads," showed little more originality.
It was a common device before his day: on many coats of arms of theMiddle Ages and later appear "three Saracens' heads," or "threeMoors' heads"--probably most of them had their origin in theCrusades. Smith's patent to use this charge, which he produced fromSigismund, was dated 1603, but the certificate appended to it by theGarter King at Arms, certifying90 that it was recorded in the registerand office of the heralds91, is dated 1625. Whether Smith used itbefore this latter date we are not told. We do not know why he hadnot as good right to assume it as anybody.
[Burke's "Encyclopedia92 of Heraldry" gives it as granted to Capt.
John Smith, of the Smiths of Cruffley, Co. Lancaster, in 1629, anddescribes it: "Vert, a chev. gu. betw. three Turks' heads coupedppr. turbaned or. Crest-an Ostrich93 or, holding in the mouth ahorseshoe or."]
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narrations
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| 叙述事情的经过，故事( narration的名词复数 ) | |
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narration
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| n.讲述，叙述；故事；记叙体 | |
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winnowing
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| v.扬( winnow的现在分词 )；辨别；选择；除去 | |
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writ
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| n.命令状，书面命令 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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seamen
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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hip
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| n.臀部，髋；屋脊 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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isles
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| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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plantations
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| n.种植园，大农场( plantation的名词复数 ) | |
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plantation
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| n.种植园，大农场 | |
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dedication
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| n.奉献，献身，致力，题献，献辞 | |
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discourse
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| n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述 | |
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esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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faction
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| n.宗派，小集团；派别；派系斗争 | |
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ingratitude
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| n.忘恩负义 | |
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begot
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| v.为…之生父( beget的过去式 )；产生，引起 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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swollen
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| adj.肿大的，水涨的；v.使变大，肿胀 | |
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panegyrics
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| n.赞美( panegyric的名词复数 )；称颂；颂词；颂扬的演讲或文章 | |
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perusal
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valor
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| n.勇气，英勇 | |
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piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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paragon
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| n.模范，典型 | |
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affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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conceits
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| 高傲( conceit的名词复数 )； 自以为； 巧妙的词语； 别出心裁的比喻 | |
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pedantic
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| adj.卖弄学问的；迂腐的 | |
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rim
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| n.(圆物的)边，轮缘；边界 | |
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engraved
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| v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的过去式和过去分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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salvages
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| 海上营救( salvage的名词复数 )； 抢救出的财产； 救援费； 经加工后重新利用的废物 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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engraving
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| n.版画；雕刻（作品）；雕刻艺术；镌版术v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的现在分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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compilations
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| n.编辑，编写( compilation的名词复数 )；编辑物 | |
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narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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narratives
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| 记叙文( narrative的名词复数 )； 故事； 叙述； 叙述部分 | |
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captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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apocryphal
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| adj.假冒的，虚假的 | |
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misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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heed
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| v.注意，留意；n.注意，留心 | |
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reclaimed
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| adj.再生的；翻造的；收复的；回收的v.开拓( reclaim的过去式和过去分词 )；要求收回；从废料中回收（有用的材料）；挽救 | |
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staple
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| n.主要产物，常用品，主要要素，原料，订书钉，钩环；adj.主要的，重要的；vt.分类 | |
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cant
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| n.斜穿，黑话，猛扔 | |
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tavern
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| n.小旅馆，客栈；小酒店 | |
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erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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longitude
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| n.经线，经度 | |
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cynical
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| adj.(对人性或动机)怀疑的，不信世道向善的 | |
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quaintly
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| adv.古怪离奇地 | |
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haven
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| n.安全的地方，避难所，庇护所 | |
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appreciation
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| n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨 | |
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colonizing
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| v.开拓殖民地，移民于殖民地( colonize的现在分词 ) | |
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interspersed
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| adj.[医]散开的；点缀的v.intersperse的过去式和过去分词 | |
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subdue
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| vt.制服，使顺从，征服；抑制，克制 | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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extremities
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| n.端点( extremity的名词复数 )；尽头；手和足；极窘迫的境地 | |
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presumptuous
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| adj.胆大妄为的，放肆的，冒昧的，冒失的 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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disconsolate
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| adj.忧郁的，不快的 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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reprobates
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| n.道德败坏的人，恶棍( reprobate的名词复数 ) | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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fortify
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| v.强化防御，为…设防；加强，强化 | |
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colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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illustrated
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| adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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quotations
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| n.引用( quotation的名词复数 )；[商业]行情（报告）；（货物或股票的）市价；时价 | |
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ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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bribes
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| n.贿赂( bribe的名词复数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂v.贿赂( bribe的第三人称单数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂 | |
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barge
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| n.平底载货船，驳船 | |
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ebb
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| vi.衰退，减退；n.处于低潮，处于衰退状态 | |
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importunately
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allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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presumptions
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| n.假定( presumption的名词复数 )；认定；推定；放肆 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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originality
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| n.创造力，独创性；新颖 | |
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disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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appease
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| v.安抚，缓和，平息，满足 | |
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certifying
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| （尤指书面）证明( certify的现在分词 )； 发证书给…； 证明（某人）患有精神病； 颁发（或授予）专业合格证书 | |
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heralds
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| n.使者( herald的名词复数 )；预报者；预兆；传令官v.预示( herald的第三人称单数 )；宣布（好或重要） | |
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encyclopedia
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| n.百科全书 | |
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ostrich
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| n.鸵鸟 | |
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