Far to the north is Russia. Extending through no less than one hundred and seventy-three degrees of longitude2, and covering forty parallels of latitude3, from the Baltic to the Pacific, and from the Black Sea to the Arctic Ocean, with an area of eight and a half million square miles, lies this great lone4 land. This gigantic empire, touching5 on the one hand the ice-bound shores of Nova Zembla, and on the other the caravan6 trails of Bokhara, stretches from the Gulf7 of Finland in the west to Kamtchatka on the east. Within its boundaries are comprised bleak8 deserts and fertile plains. Verdant9 valleys, unscalable mountains, and vast steppes break the monotony of the landscape, and diversify10 a surface watered by great rivers from the arctic Yenisei to the Oriental Oxus. Great among the powers is this mysterious Colossus, her head white with the snows of eternal winter and her feet laved in the sunlight of tropic streams. The land of the seafarers--so its name indicates--developing enormously and steadily11 in power, wealth, and civilization, in the nine hundred years which have elapsed since Rurik the Viking first stepped upon its shores, has not yet reached its zenith. It is to-day the home of more diverse nationalities than any other existent country, and foreshadowings of unlimited12 predominance are apparent. Its sway extends over more races and peoples than any other power has governed since the days of Augustus C?sar, and the end is not yet. Well do its rulers arrogate13 to themselves the imperial title of the ancient head of the Roman Empire. Holy Russia, the home of the Orthodox Church, the country of the White Czar, the land of the once despised Slav, yet contains within its borders, in Lithuania, the focal point of that Aryan race which has filled Europe with its splendor14. This Russia, the land of the Tartar, the Mongol, the Samoyede, the Cossack, the Finn, and the Pole; this Russia, the land of Ivan the Terrible, of Peter the Great, was now in the hands of a woman--of Catherine II.
The little maiden16, born on the 2d of May, 1729, in the quaint17 old town of Stettin, and of the insignificant18 house of Anhalt-Zerbst, christened Sophia, was received into the Greek Church on her marriage with Peter of Holstein, grandson of the Romanoff Peter the Great, under the name of Catherine. She had assumed the reins19 of government after the murder of her wretched impotent husband, against whom she had conspired20 in conjunction with the Orloffs. When she had deposed21 and imprisoned22 him, unable to strike a blow for himself, he had stipulated23 that in his confinement24 he might have the undisputed enjoyment25 of his mistress, his monkey, and his violin! Even these kingly pleasures were soon of little use to him, for on the 18th of July, 1762, but a few days after the revolution which had hurled26 him from his throne, Peter lay dead in the palace with some ominous27 and ineffaceable black marks around his throat, telling of the manner of his death from the giant hands of the terrible Orloffs--and his wife was privy28 to the murder and consenting to it! That her husband had been a knave29 and a fool--almost a madman--does not excuse her. Catherine was then immediately proclaimed empress in her own right. As the Neapolitan Caraccioli said, the Russian throne was neither hereditary31 nor elective, but occupative! Catherine occupied it, and as long as she lived Russia knew no other master. The world marveled at her audacity32, and trembled for the consequences of her usurpation33, but men soon found that, gigantic as had been her assurance, and tremendous as was her task, she was entirely34 equal to the undertaking35. She had a genius for reigning37 as great as had been exhibited by Elizabeth Tudor--good Queen Bess! In spite of her bad qualities and evil beginning, Russia never progressed more than while under her sway. She fairly divides honor as a sovereign, in Slavonic history, with Peter the Great. True it is that Catherine had "woven out of the bloody38 vestments of Peter III the most magnificent imperial mantle39 that a woman had ever worn."
Some one wrote to Madame Vigée le Brun, who essayed to paint her picture:
"Take the map of the empire of Russia for canvas, the darkness of ignorance for background, the spoils of Poland for drapery, human blood for coloring, the monuments of her reign36 for the cartoon, and for the shadow six months of her son's reign."
A singular and complex character was that of this famous despot, this "Semiramis of the North." Never more than a half-educated woman--and in that she corresponded with her empire--she learned her politics from Montesquieu, drew her philosophy of life from Voltaire, and shaped her morals after Brant?me! A creature of singular contradictions, she loved liberty, favored the struggle of the United States, and ruled an absolute despot; she wrote charming fairy tales for children and rode horseback astride like a man; she was one of the greatest sticklers40 for morals--in other people--the world has ever known, and yet was herself one of the most colossal41 examples of unblushing and shameless professional sensuality that ever sat upon a throne. Other rulers and sovereigns have had their favorites, she alone made favoritism a state institution. "What has ruined the country," she na?vely writes, "is that the people fall into vice1 and drunkenness, and the comic opera has corrupted42 the whole nation!" As a corrupter43 by example she surpassed all the comic operas ever written. The morals of Russia, in her day, were rotten from the head downward. Yet in spite of all this she was a great princess. She was allowed to occupy that throne because she made Russia greater with each successive year; not alone by force of arms either, and the Russian destiny makers44 loved her. Education, the arts, and sciences, all felt the stimulus45 of her interest and responded to her efforts. Progress was the word of this imperious woman. She had a faculty46 for ruling as remarkable47 as her exploitation of favoritism. Yet she governed her empire with a sublime48 indifference49 to public opinion, and squandered50 its revenues in a shameless prostitution of her own person, which ceased only with her death, in 1794, at the age of sixty-five! The fact that Catherine made an official business out of favoritism, and that she was so utterly51 oblivious52 to the moral inconsistency of it--for she was a faithful member of the Holy Orthodox Church--seems to lift it upon a plane of its own, so simple and brazen53 was it.
Upon the chief of her favorites alone she had bestowed54 more than fifty million roubles, vast estates carrying with them nearly one hundred thousand serfs, and in addition orders, titles, privileges, and decorations innumerable. The name of this favorite was Gregory Alexandrovitch Patiomkine, commonly called Potemkin. He was the second of the great Vremienchtchick, as the favorites were called, the word meaning "men of the moment!" He succeeded the gigantic Orloff, whose term as the favorite was longer than that of any successor, for he had enjoyed a tenure55 of almost ten years--the usual period being about two. Patiomkine's personal association with the empress was only for that short time, when he was supplanted56 by another object of royal regard. Unlike all the other favorites, Patiomkine was not relegated57 to prompt obscurity, and he continued to be the power behind the throne for practically the remainder of his life. He was greater than all the others--too great to be done away with, in fact. If he could not be the favorite, he would, like Warwick the kingmaker, make the favorite, and for fifteen years he continued to do so. During this period he swayed the destinies of the empire as a sort of mayor of the palace.
The analogy is not altogether accurate, for Catherine was no supine Merovingian to commit the administration of the state to others while she passed hours of dalliance in the secret chambers58 of the palace; she was too strong and too great for that, and she always retained her grasp upon the helm; but it is certain that none of her favorites had ever enjoyed such power and wielded59 it so openly as this princely pander60.
As to Patiomkine himself, the world did not know whether he was a genius or a madman. At times he seems to have passed over that slender line which divides these two antitheses61 of character, and appears now on one side, now on the other. Personally he was a man of huge bulk and great strength, with the natural instincts of an animal and a veneer62, more or less strong on occasion, of refinement63. He, too, typified Russia, a giant rising through barbarism into the civilization of the century--and not yet arrived, either--now inclining to the one side or the other. Catherine usually chose her favorites among men of great physical vigor64. Patiomkine was a giant in size. His vast frame was capable of sustaining the most tremendous hardships. He was a black-haired, swarthy, hot-tempered man, not pleasant to look upon, for he had lost an eye in a fist fight after a drunken revel65 with the Orloffs. He squinted66 with the other, and even had not a figure to redeem67 him, for he was markedly knock-kneed. He, like his mistress and his country, was a creature of contradictions. In his palace in St. Petersburg we find him trifling68 with the most delicate creations of the most skilled chef, and on his journeys eating rapaciously69 of anything that came to hand. He sent his adjutants thousands of miles for perfumes which caught his fancy, and galloped70 madly himself across half Europe without rest or sleep for days in pursuance of duty, and then spent weeks in dalliance with his harem.
With the one hand he wrote poetic71 letters that quiver and thrill with tenderness and beauty, pathos72 and passion, and with the other he calmly consigned73 thousands of people to death. One day we find him raging because his soldiers are not better cared for, and on the next day remarking cynically74, when the absence of ambulances was brought to his notice, that so much the better--they would not have to bother with the wounded! Sometimes cowardly, sometimes bold to the point of recklessness; atheist75 and devotee, debauchee and ascetic76, coarse and refined, imperious and cringing78, brutal79 and gentle, king and slave, Christian80 and pagan--his life remains81 a mystery.
After he died of a frightful82 attack of indigestion, brought on by gorging83 himself with coarse food, Catherine's son, upon succeeding to the throne, treated his body with great indignity84; and it was not until seventy years later that his remains were discovered and interred85 in the Cathedral of Kherson. Prince of Taurida, the conqueror86 of the Crimea, and under Catherine the originator of that tremendous and irresistible87 Russian policy which will some day replace the Greek cross upon the temple of Justinian in Constantinople, Patiomkine is one of the most remarkable figures in the history of the world.
In the service of the first of these two personages, and under the specific orders of the last, Paul Jones was to make a campaign. It was foredoomed to failure. Jones was not a good subordinate to any one. His temper, his lack of self-control, his pride, and his vanity rendered any ultimate successful association with a man like Patiomkine impossible. Patiomkine had all Jones' faults and a thousand more. They harmonized like flint and steel. To further complicate88 matters, Jones was to be associated in his command, with the limits of authority not clearly defined between them--always a prolific89 source of trouble, and certain to cause failure--with Prince Otto of Nassau-Siegen, of whom we have heard before. He had asked to serve under Jones in the Indien, and when that project fell through he had failed to answer Jones' letters, and had treated him with discourtesy and indifference. In Catherine's army and navy thousands of soldiers of fortune found a congenial atmosphere and a golden opportunity. They were all made welcome, and, with anything like success to warrant them, they generally achieved a handsome reward in her generous service. The most noted90 among them, and one of the most worthless, is this man, whom Waliszewski calls "the last notable condottierre of Europe; a soldier without country, without home, and almost without family, his very name is the first of his conquests." His father was the illegitimate son of a princeling, but the Parliament of Paris, in 1756, gave the young Otto, then eleven years of age, the right, so far as they had the power, to bear the name of his ancestors, to which he had no legitimate91 claim. They could not, however, do anything for his patrimony92. He had been a lieutenant93 of infantry94, a captain of dragoons, and finally a sailor under Bougainville when he made his famous voyage around the world. Later he appears as an unsuccessful explorer in Africa. In fact, he was not successful at anything. Unlike Crichton, he did everything equally ill.
In 1779, as a colonel of French infantry, he made an unsuccessful attempt upon the island of Jersey95. The next year, in the Spanish service, he commanded, unsuccessfully as usual, some floating batteries before Gibraltar. Among other exploits--and it was his one triumph--he seduced97 the Queen of Tahiti, so he said, and the reputation of the unfortunate lady found no defenders98 in Europe. He married a homely99 Polish countess with a great fortune, and after meddling100 (unsuccessfully) with all sorts of things got himself appointed to the command of a flotilla of Russian gunboats operating against the Turks.
But to return to the story; the long distance--seven hundred and fifty miles as the crow flies and probably twice that by road--between St. Petersburg and Elizabethgrad, was covered by Jones in twelve days. He was in a hurry, as always, to get to sea. The object of the Prince Marshal's attack was the fortified101 town of Otchakoff, commonly spelled in contemporary manuscripts Oczakow. This important place was situated102 on the Russo-Turkish frontier of that day, on the Black Sea, not far from the present city of Odessa, and occupied a commanding position at the confluence103 of the great river Dnieper and the smaller river Bug104. Southward of the mainland the peninsula of Kinburn, a narrow, indented105 point of land, projects for perhaps twenty miles to the westward106, forming a narrow estuary107 of the Black Sea about fifty miles long and from five to ten miles wide, into which the two rivers pour their vast floods. This estuary is sometimes called the Dnieper Bay, but more commonly the Liman, and the undertaking hereafter described is referred to as the campaign in the Liman. The bay or inlet is very shallow. Sand banks and shoals leave but a narrow, tortuous108 channel, which is of no great depth at best. The end of the peninsula of Kinburn terminates in a long and very narrow strip of land, a point which reaches up toward the northward109 and almost closes the opening of the estuary; the distance between the point and Fort Hassan, the southernmost fortification of Otchakoff, is possibly two miles. This narrow entrance is further diminished by a long shoal which extends south from Fort Hassan toward the point, so that, except for one contracted channel, the passage is practicable for vessels110 of very light draught111 only.
Otchakoff lies between the Bug and a smaller river called the Beresan, deep enough near its mouth for navigation by small vessels. It was strongly fortified and garrisoned112 by ten thousand men. While it remained in the hands of the Turks it menaced the Russian communications and rendered it difficult for them to hold the great peninsula of Taurida, now known as the Crimea, which Patiomkine had conquered previously113, and from which he had taken the name of Taurichevsky, or Tauricien, or Taurida, with his dukedom. Patiomkine, therefore, decided114 to besiege115 and capture this place.
To prevent this, the Turks had re-enforced it by one hundred and twenty armed vessels, ranging from ships of the line to gunboats, under the command of one of the ablest of their admirals, a distinguished116 old sailor, who had been recalled from service in Egypt, which had been brilliantly successful, to conduct this operation. So long as they could keep open communication by sea with Otchakoff its power of resistance would be prolonged and its capture a matter of extreme difficulty. The object of Jones' campaign was to hold the Liman till Patiomkine could invest Otchakoff, then to defeat the Turkish naval117 forces in the bay, and to blockade the town. Incidentally he was required to cover the Russian towns on the Dnieper and prevent any descent upon them by the Turks; a hard task for any man with the force available and likely to be placed under his command.
Having stayed but one day at Elizabethgrad, Jones, accompanied by one of the staff officers of Patiomkine, set out for Kherson, which is located near the point where the Dnieper enters the Liman, and is the principal Russian naval depot118 in that section of the country. The two officers spent but one day at Kherson, but the time was sufficient to develop the fact, as Jones said, that he had entered "on a delicate and disagreeable service."
Mordwinoff, the Russian Chief of Admiralty, treated him with the utmost coolness and indifference, and, though he had been ordered by Patiomkine to give Jones full information as to the situation, he told him nothing of importance, and even failed to provide him with a rear admiral's flag, to which he was entitled. However, the day after his arrival at Kherson, Jones repaired to the town of Gluboca, off which, in one of the deeps of the river between the Dnieper and the mouth of the Bug called Schiroque Roads, his command was anchored. It comprised a single line of battle ship, the Wolodimer--which, on account of its great draught and the shoal water of the Liman, could only mount twenty-six guns--five frigates119, five sloops120 of war, and four smaller vessels, making a total of fifteen sail.[46] The ships were badly constructed, "drew too much water for the navigation of the Black Sea, were too crank to carry the heavy guns that were mounted on them, and sailed badly." They were makeshift craft constructed by people who since Rurik's advent121 have exhibited surprisingly little aptitude122 for the sea. I can imagine Jones' disgust and disappointment as he inspected his squadron with a seaman's quick and comprehensive glance. In addition to this force, there was a large flotilla of light-draught gunboats, each carrying a single heavy gun, and sometimes smaller pieces, manned by from thirty to forty men each, and propelled mainly by oars77.
The command of the flotilla had been committed to the Prince of Nassau-Siegen, and, although Jones had been repeatedly assured that he was to have supreme123 charge of all naval operations in the Liman, he found that Nassau exercised an independent command, and instead of being subordinate to him, had only been requested to co-operate with him. Jones' command will be called the squadron, Nassau's the flotilla, hereafter in these pages, to prevent confusion. The squadron had been hitherto under the command of a cowardly Greek corsair named Alexiano, reputed a Turkish subject, who had attained124 the rank of captain commandant, or brigadier, equivalent to commodore. He was a man of little capacity, great timidity, and was tricky125 and unreliable in his disposition126.
Jones immediately proceeded on board the Wolodimer and exhibited his orders. He found that Alexiano had assembled all the commanders of the ships, and endeavored to persuade them to rebel against his authority. The attempted cabal127 came to nothing, however, and on receiving a letter from Patiomkine Alexiano relinquished128 the command to Jones, and with a very ill grace consented to serve as his subordinate--he had to. On the same day in which he arrived, in order to ascertain129 the topography of the situation, Jones left the Wolodimer and rode over to Kinburn Point, opposite Otchakoff. After a careful examination of the water which he was to defend and the town he was to blockade, so far as he could make it from the shore, he returned to the Wolodimer, and finding, as he says, "all the officers contented," he hoisted131 his rear admiral's flag on that ship on the evening of the 6th of June, 1788.[47] The Prince of Nassau-Siegen called upon him promptly132, and apparently133 recognized his superiority in rank, if not his right to command. He had an immediate30 foretaste of the character of his new associates when the prince informed him that if they gained any advantage over the Turks it would be necessary to exaggerate it to the utmost! Jones replied that he had never adopted that method of heightening his personal merits. He might have added that a true recital134 of his exploits was sufficiently135 dazzling to need no embellishment by the wildest imagination.
The celebrated136 General Suvorof was in command of the strong fortress137 of Kinburn, which was supposed to command the entrance of the Liman, but it was too far inland to menace Otchakoff, or, indeed, to command anything effectively. It is an evidence of Jones' quick perception and fine military instinct that as soon as he inspected the position he discovered the advantage of placing a battery on Kinburn Point, opposite the shoal to which I have referred: and his first act upon assuming the command was to point out to Suvorof, who was perhaps the greatest of all Russian soldiers, the absolute necessity for a battery there. Realizing the fact, Suvorof immediately mounted a formidable battery on the point, and he magnanimously credited Jones with the idea, in spite of the fact that the previous neglect to fortify138 the point was a reflection on his military skill. Before the guns were in position the capitan pasha as the Turkish admiral was styled, with twenty-one frigates and sloops of war, and several smaller vessels, entered the Liman and anchored before Otchakoff. He was followed by a flotilla of gunboats about equal in number and individual efficiency to the Russian flotilla. The ships of the line and heavier frigates of the Turks, unable to approach near the town, remained at anchor in the open roads to the westward, and as they took no part in the subsequent actions they may be dismissed from further notice. Even as it was, however, the Turkish force greatly overmatched the Russian.
Jones had fifteen ships, the Turks twenty-one, and ship for ship the advantage was entirely in favor of the Turks. In number the two flotillas of gunboats were about the same, and there was not much choice in their quality. The poor quality of Nassau's leadership could hardly be surpassed by any Turk, however incompetent139, but the capitan pasha in critical moments led his own flotilla, and, as Jones practically did the same for the Russian gunboats, Nassau's incompetency140 did not matter so much as it might.
On the 9th of June, having meanwhile received re-enforcements of soldiers to complete the crews, the squadron, followed by the flotilla, got under way and stood toward the entrance of the Liman. The combined force anchored in two lines, the squadron forming an obtuse141 angle in the channel with the opening toward Otchakoff, so as to be able to pour a cross fire upon any approaching ships. On the right and left flanks in the shallow water divisions of gunboats were stationed, with another division immediately in the rear of the squadron, and a reserve division at hand to re-enforce any threatened point of the line. The station was just in front of the mouth of the Bug, and commanded the entrance to that river and the Dnieper as well, thus protecting Kherson from any attack by the Turks, and affording Patiomkine's troops a free and unimpeded passage of the Bug when they marched to invest the town. The position was most advantageously chosen by Jones. His force was too weak to attack the Turks with any hope of success at present, and he had been ordered by Patiomkine not to enter upon any operation until the Russian army arrived. Absolutely no fault can be found either with his location or his dispositions143.
The Turks made no movement to attack them, and Nassau, who was good at proposing aggressive movements when no dangers threatened, suggested that they abandon their position and move forward nearer the town. Nothing would be gained by this maneuver144, and opportunities for a successful attack by the Turks would have been greater than in their present position. Jones realized that the Turks must of necessity attack them sooner or later; that no commander could afford to throw away such advantage in force as the Turks enjoyed, when any hour might bring re-enforcements to the Russians, and the battery which Suvorof had completed would prevent further re-enforcements being received by the Turks. So Jones grimly held to his position in spite of Nassau's remonstrances145, which were seconded by those of Alexiano, and waited. To wait is sometimes braver than to advance.
Finally one of the reasons for Nassau's desire to advance transpired146. He wished to remove from his position near the Turkish shore, upon which batteries were being erected147 in the absence of any Russian land force to prevent them, which would subject the right wing of his flotilla to a land fire; and he desired to take a position where he would be protected by the new fort at Kinburn Point and by the ships of the squadron. Suvorof had made Jones responsible for the safety of the fort on Kinburn Point, by the way, while awaiting the advance of the army. Having received no orders from Patiomkine, Jones assembled a council of war on the Wolodimer, at which Nassau was present. Jones' supremacy148 was fully96 recognized by Nassau. The council approved of the position in which Jones had placed his squadron, and commended his resolution to maintain that position, and in obedience149 to urgent pleadings from Jones the officers of the flotilla and squadron agreed to co-operate and work together for the common good in the event of being attacked. They did not have long to wait for the inevitable150 encounter.
On the afternoon of the 18th of June, the Turkish flotilla in two divisions made a dash at the Russian gunboats on the right flank, and a sharp engagement began. The Russians, greatly outnumbered, began to give ground, and, though the reserve was immediately sent to support the right wing, before the dashing attacks of the Turkish gunboats the retreat was not stayed. A battery of artillery151 which had been unmasked on the adjacent shore also seriously annoyed the extreme flank of the Russians. On account of the shoal water the ships of the squadron could not enter the engagement. Jones, therefore, with his instinctive152 desire to get into a fight, left the Wolodimer and embarked153 in Nassau's galley154. That commander had entirely lost his head. He could think of nothing to do of value, but implored155 Jones to send him a frigate--which was impossible, for all the frigates drew too much water; failing this, he threatened to withdraw his right wing, in which case the Turkish gunboats probably would have taken the squadron in reverse, and might have inflicted156 serious damage. Jones convinced him that a return attack was not only necessary but inevitable, and, as Nassau made no objection, he assumed the direction of the vessels himself. Summoning the unengaged center and left divisions, he brought them up through the squadron to attack the approaching Turkish galleys157 on the flank. The diversion they caused so inspirited the broken right and reserve divisions that they made a determined158 stand and stopped their retreat. The capitan pasha, seeing himself in danger of being taken between two fires and his retreat cut off, withdrew precipitately159 before the center and the left fairly came into action. Had Jones been in command of the flotilla from the beginning, a most disastrous160 defeat would have been inflicted upon the Turks. As it was, they retreated in confusion, leaving two gunboats in the hands of the enemy.
As the affair had been conducted entirely between the different flotillas, Nassau claimed all the credit for the brilliant maneuvers161 of the Russians. Jones contemptuously allowed him to make any claims he pleased in his report to Patiomkine, and gave Nassau credit for at least having taken his advice. It would have been better for Nassau's fame if he had continued to take Jones' advice. Having obtained this slight success, Nassau, who knew how well his urgency would look in the reports, again proposed to Jones that they should advance and attack. The Russian army had not yet invested the place, and the success they had gained was so slight that circumstances had not changed. Jones still refused to be moved from the position he had assumed, which the experience of the 18th of June had justified162, and calmly awaited the further pleasure of the enemy. It takes a high quality of moral courage for a stranger, who has a reputation for audacity and intrepidity163, absolutely to refuse to do that thing to which a subordinate urges him, and which has the appearance of courage and daring; and I count this refusal, in the interests of sound strategic principles, not an unimportant manifestation164 of Jones' qualities as an officer.
Meanwhile, the Russian army, having passed the Bug, invested the city on the 28th of June, and the Turkish fleet was forced to attack or withdraw. The capitan pasha elected to do the former. Having re-enforced his crews by some two thousand picked men from the great fleet outside the Liman, he advanced down the bay to attack the Russians. The wind was free, and the Turkish fleet came on in grand style, the capitan pasha leading in the largest ship, with the flotilla of gunboats massed on his left flank, making a brilliant showing. Nassau's desire to advance suddenly vanished, and he clamored for a retreat. Jones paid no attention to him, but weighed anchor, and, as it was impossible for him to advance on account of the wind, he waited for the enemy. Fortunately for the Russians, at one o'clock in the afternoon the Turkish flagship, which had been headed for the Wolodimer, took ground on the shoals near the south shore of the Liman. The advance of the fleet was immediately stopped, and the Turkish vessels came to anchor about the flagship.
A council of war was at once convened165 on the Wolodimer, and Jones at last persuaded the Russians, although inferior in force, to attack the Turks as soon as the wind permitted. During the night the wind fortunately shifted to the north-northeast, and at daylight on the 29th the squadron stood for the Turkish fleet. The Wolodimer led the advance. By hard work the Turkish admiral had succeeded in floating his flagship, but his ships were huddled166 together without order. Jones immediately dashed at him, opening fire from his bow guns as he came within range. The squadron was formed in echelon167 by bringing the van forward on the center, making another obtuse angle, with the opening toward the crowd of Turkish ships--in fact, Jones was attempting with his smaller force to surround them. In the confusion caused by the bold attack, the Turks, who seem to have been taken completely by surprise, again permitted the ships of the admiral and of his second in command to take ground. Jones' prompt approach and the heavy fire poured upon them made it impossible to float the stranded168 ships. They both of them keeled over on the shoal and could make no defense169. Their flags were struck, and they were abandoned by their crews. The other Turkish ships were so discouraged by this mishap170 that they withdrew toward Otchakoff, their flight being accelerated by the tremendous fire poured upon them by the Wolodimer and the other Russian ships. Just as the Wolodimer reached the stranded ship of the capitan pasha, Alexiano, who found himself sufficiently near to the enemy, ordered the anchor of the Wolodimer to be let go without informing Jones. As the order was given in Russian, Jones knew nothing about it until the motion of the ship was stopped.
There was plenty of fight in the Turkish admiral, who seems to have been a very gallant171 old fellow, for after the loss of the flagship he hoisted his flag on one of the gunboats and brought up the flotilla, which poured a furious fire from its heavy guns upon the right division of Jones' squadron, to which the lighter172 guns of the ships could make but little reply. The situation became dangerous for the squadron. One of the Russian frigates, the Little Alexander, was set on fire and blown up by the Turkish shot, and the fortune of the day trembled in the balance.
The light-draught gunboats each carried a large gun, heavier, and therefore of greater range, than any on the ships. The shallow water would not permit the ships to draw near enough to the flotilla to make effective use of their greater number of guns. Hence, under the circumstances, the squadron was always at the mercy of the flotilla unless by some means they could get into close action, in which case the ships would have made short work of the gunboats. Jones' position was therefore one of extreme peril--untenable, in fact, without the help of his own flotilla. The Russian flotilla had followed the squadron in a very leisurely173 and disorderly manner, so slowly that Jones had twice checked the way of his ships to allow them to come within hailing distance. He now dispatched a request to Nassau to bring up his gunboats on the right flank and drive off the Turkish gunboats, thus enabling him to take possession of the two frigates, which had been abandoned by their crews, and continue the pursuit of the flying Turkish ships.
No attention was paid to this and repeated requests, and Jones finally took his boat and went himself in search of Nassau's galley to entreat174 him to attack the Turkish flotilla. He found Nassau in the rear of the left flank, far from the scene of action, and bent175 only upon attacking the two ships which were incapable176 of defense. Unable to persuade him to act, Jones at last appealed to Nassau's second, Brigadier Corsacoff, who finally moved against the Turks and drove them off with great loss after a hard fight. Jones meanwhile returned to the Wolodimer--both journeys having been made under a furious fire, in the midst of a general action, in which upward of thirty-six ships of considerable size and possibly a hundred gunboats were participating--but before he could get under way Nassau, with some of his flotilla, surrounded the two abandoned ships and set fire to them by means of a peculiar177 kind of a bomb shell called brandkugels (hollow spheres, filled with combustibles and perforated with holes, which were fired from a piece called a licorne). The Turkish fleet and flotilla, very much shattered, retreated to a safe position under the walls of Otchakoff, thus ending the fighting for that day. Nassau's action was inexcusable. The two ships he so wantonly destroyed would have been a valuable addition to the Russian navy, and, as they were commanded by the Wolodimer and the rest of the squadron, they could not have been recaptured, and could easily have been removed from the shoals.
The Turkish defeat had been a severe one, but the only trophy178 which remained in the hands of the Russians was the flag of the capitan pasha. A shot from one of the gunboats having carried it away, it fell into the water, whence it was picked up by some Zaporojian boatmen, who brought it to the Prince of Nassau's boat. Jones happened to be on board of it at the time. The flag certainly belonged to him, but he magnanimously yielded it to Nassau in the hope of pacifying179 that worthless individual. It was by this time late in the afternoon, but Jones gave orders to get under way toward Otchakoff. Now was the proper time to advance and deliver a return blow upon the broken enemy, but now Nassau desired to remain where he was. Jones was inflexible180 as usual, and determined to finish the job so auspiciously181 begun. Accordingly, the anchor of the Wolodimer was lifted and she got under way, followed by the remaining ships of the squadron. Having approached as near to Otchakoff as the shoal water permitted, Jones anchored his vessels across the channel in such a position as to cover the passage to the sea. If the Turkish vessels attempted to escape, they would have to pass under the guns of the squadron, and would find themselves within easy range of the formidable battery at Kinburn Point. Nassau's flotilla at last following, the squadron was massed on the right flank.
Map of the Russian Campaign on the Liman.
The Turkish fleet and flotilla were drawn182 up in line parallel to the Russians, under cover of the Otchakoff batteries; they still presented a threatening appearance, but the severe handling they had received during the day had taken much of the fight out of them. Having disposed his squadron and flotilla to the best advantage, and being unable to proceed further without coming under the fire of the heavy Otchakoff batteries, there was nothing left for Jones but to hold his position and wait another attack.
In order, however, to familiarize himself with the field of future operations, and see if he had properly placed his force, just before sunset he took soundings in a small boat all along the Turkish line within range of case shot from the Otchakoff batteries, and from the Turkish ships as well. His action was a part of his impudent183 hardihood. His dashing attack had so discouraged the Turks, and his success of the morning had so disheartened them, that not a single gun was fired upon him. Having completed his investigations184 to his satisfaction, he returned to the flagship.
That night the Turkish admiral attempted to escape with his remaining ships and rejoin his main fleet on the Black Sea outside of Kinburn Point. In an endeavor to avoid Jones' squadron on the one hand, and the battery on the point on the other, nine of his largest ships ran on a shoal. The attempt to escape was made under the fire of the fort and ships, in which the flotillas and Fort Hassan joined. A few of the ships succeeded in getting to sea; the rest were forced to return to their position of safety under the walls of Otchakoff.
When morning came, the plight185 of the nine ships aground was plainly visible. Suvorof, who had commanded the Kinburn battery in person that night, immediately signaled Jones to send vessels to take possession of the Turkish ships. Jones decided to send the light frigates of his squadron, but it being represented to him by Brigadier Alexiano that the place where the Turks had grounded was dangerous and the current running like a mill stream with the ebb186 tide, upon the advice of his captains he turned over the duty of taking possession of the Turkish ships to the flotilla. Alexiano, having received permission, went with the Prince of Nassau.
The boats of the flotilla soon reached the Turkish ships. When they came within range of them they opened a furious fire, to which the latter made no reply. In their helpless position, heeling every way upon the shoal, it was impossible for them to make any defense. They struck their flags and surrendered their ships. The Russian gunboats paid no attention whatever to this circumstance, but continued to fire upon them, drawing nearer and nearer as they realized the helplessness of the Turks. Resorting to brandkugels again, they at last set the ships on fire. The hapless Turks in vain implored mercy, kneeling upon the decks and even making the sign of the cross in the hope of touching the hearts of their ruthless and bloodthirsty antagonists187. Seven frigates and corvettes were burned to the water's edge with all their crews. It is estimated that about three thousand Turks perished in this brutal and frightful butchery. Nassau and Alexiano enjoyed the situation from a galley at a safe distance in the rear of the attacking force. By chance two of the vessels were not consumed, and were hauled off later and added to the squadron.
Jones viewed the dreadful slaughter188 of the Turks with unmitigated horror and surprise. A man of merciful disposition and kindly189 heart, who never inflicted unnecessary suffering, he was shocked and revolted at the ferocity of his new associates. He protested against their action with all his energy, and laid the foundation thereby190 of an utter breakdown191 of the relations between Nassau and himself. Besides being horribly cruel, the whole performance was unnecessary. Like the two ships burned the day before, it was possible to have saved them, and they could have been added to Jones' command and would have doubled his effective force. After the destruction of the Turkish vessels Nassau and Alexiano immediately dispatched a report of the operations to Patiomkine. They claimed that the flotilla had captured two and burned nine ships of the line!
Patiomkine, who was at this time extremely fond of Nassau, forwarded this preposterous192 statement to the empress, with strong expressions of approbation193 of Nassau's conduct. He gave him the whole credit of the victory, which was entirely due to Jones, and suppressed the fact of his ruthless and reckless destruction of the surrendered ships, which would have been so valuable a re-enforcement to the government. In this report Patiomkine also spoke194 favorably of the rear admiral, saying that he had done his duty, but that the particular glory of and credit for the success was due to the princeling who had hung on the outskirts195 and lagged behind when there was any real fighting to be done.
For some ten days the naval force remained inactive, waiting for Patiomkine to complete his investment of the town. On the night of the 8th of July the marshal sent orders to Nassau to advance with his flotilla and destroy the Turkish flotilla under the walls of Otchakoff. Jones was commanded to give him every assistance possible. The weather prevented the carrying out of the orders for a few days. On the night of the 12th of July, however, at one o'clock in the morning, the advance began. The plan of attack had been arranged by the marshal himself, but circumstances prevented its being followed. But that did not matter; Patiomkine was not a military genius, and Jones knew very much better than he what could or should be done in a naval engagement. As it was impossible to use the ships of the squadron, Jones manned all his boats, and led them to tow the gunboats.
As day broke on the 12th of July, the flotilla, having advanced within gunshot distance of the walls, began firing upon the Turkish boats and on Otchakoff itself. After assisting in placing the Russian gunboats in an advantageous142 position, Jones, with the boats of the Wolodimer, made for five of the enemy's galleys which lay within easy range of the heavy guns of Fort Hassan. These galleys were subjected to a cross fire from the Russian flotilla on one side and Fort Hassan on the other. They were also covered by the guns of the Turkish flotilla and the citadel196 of Otchakoff. Their position made the attack a most hazardous197 one. Jones was far in advance of the gunboats, which, under the supine leadership of Nassau, did not manifest a burning anxiety to get into close action. In spite of a furious fire which was poured upon them, Jones dashed gallantly198 at the nearest galley. It was taken by boarding after a fierce hand-to-hand fight. Turning the command of the galley over to Lieutenant Fabricien with instructions for him to tow her out of action, Jones then assaulted the next galley, which happened to be that of the capitan pasha. This boat lay nearer the fort and was much better defended, but the Russians, under the inspiring leadership of their admiral, would not be denied, and the galley was presently his prize. The cable of this boat was cut without order, and she immediately drifted toward the shore and took ground near Fort Hassan, where she was subjected to a smashing fire from the Turkish batteries close at hand. Jones was determined to bring out the boat as a prize if possible. He caused the galley to be lightened by throwing everything movable overboard, and meanwhile dispatched Lieutenant Fox to the Wolodimer to fetch a kedge and line, by which he could warp199 her into the channel.
While waiting for the return of this officer he again manned his boats and endeavored to bring up the Russian flotilla. He was partially200 successful in this attempt, for they succeeded in compelling the three other galleys of the group with which he had been engaged to strike their flags and in forcing the other gunboats to retreat with severe loss. When Fox returned from the Wolodimer a line was run from the galley to the burned wreck201 of a Turkish ship, but, before the galley could be moved, Jones, who had re-entered his barge202, was intensely surprised and annoyed to see fire break out on the two vessels he had captured. They had been deliberately203 set on fire by the orders of Alexiano. The other three Turkish galleys were also burned by the use of the deadly brandkugels. It was brutal cruelty again. Not one was saved from the five galleys except fifty-two prisoners whom Jones personally brought off in his boats from the two which he had captured by hard hand-to-hand fighting. These galleys appear to have been propelled by oars which were driven by slaves on benches, in the well-known manner of the middle ages. As they were Turkish galleys, the slaves were probably captive Christians204. They perished with the Turks left on board. Two more ships belonging to the squadron which had endeavored to escape the week previous, were set on fire and burned under the walls of Fort Hassan. The rest of the flotilla effected nothing, and under the orders of Nassau withdrew to their former position.
This action ended the general naval maneuvers which were undertaken. In this short and brilliant campaign of three weeks Jones had fought four general actions, all of which he personally directed. With fifteen vessels against twenty-one he had so maneuvered205 that the enemy lost many galleys and no less than thirteen of his ships; a few had escaped, and a few were locked up in the harbor, so that the Turkish naval force in the Liman was not only defeated but practically annihilated206 by Jones' brilliant and successful leadership and fighting. Eleven ships might have been prizes had it not been for the cruelty and criminal folly207 of Nassau. Jones had captured by hand-to-hand fighting two of the largest of the enemy's galleys. He had shown himself a strategist in his disposition of the fleet at the mouth of the Bug, and later, when he had placed it to command the mouth of the Liman. He had demonstrated his qualities as a tactician208 in the two boat attacks, and had shown his usual impetuous courage at all times. Nassau had done nothing that was wise or that was gallant. When Jones was not with him his tendency was always to retreat. The orders which brought the flotilla into action which made the brilliant combination on the first day's fight, by which the Turks were outflanked, were issued by Jones himself.
Nassau, like Landais, was "skilled in keeping out of harm's way," and he did not personally get into action at any time. His services consisted in the useless burning of the nine ships and the five galleys, but he had a ready tongue, and he still enjoyed the full favor and confidence of Patiomkine. As soon as the flotilla had retired209 from the last conflict, he and Alexiano hastened to the army headquarters to report their conquests and exploits. They lost nothing in the telling. In accordance with Nassau's previous statement to Jones, they were very much exaggerated, and the actions of the rear admiral were accorded scant210 notice.
Patiomkine received the two cowards graciously, and, as usual, forwarded their reports. Jones was not accustomed to this performance, and in ignorance of their actions took no steps to establish the value of his services beyond making a report of what he had done in the usual way--a report quietly suppressed. Two days after Alexiano returned on board the Wolodimer in the throes of a malignant211 fever, of which he died on the 19th of July. It had been asserted that every Greek in the squadron would immediately resign upon the death of Alexiano, but nothing of the kind took place. The Greeks, like the English and the Russians, remained contentedly212 under the command of the rear admiral. On the day he died Catherine granted Alexiano a fine estate in White Russia. At the same time Nassau received a valuable estate with several thousand serfs in White Russia, and the military order of St. George. The empress also directed him to hoist130 the flag of a vice admiral when Otchakoff surrendered. Jones received the minor213 order of St. Anne, an order with which he would have been perfectly214 satisfied if the other officers had been awarded nothing more.
All the officers of the flotilla were promoted one step, and received a year's pay with a gold-mounted sword. They were most of them soldiers. The officers of the squadron, who were all sailors, and who had conducted themselves gallantly and well, obtained no promotion215, received no pecuniary216 reward, and no mark of distinction was conferred upon them. They were naturally indignant at being so slighted, but when Jones promised them that he would demand justice for them at the close of the campaign, they stifled217 their vexation and continued their service.
It is evident that the failure to ascribe the victory to Jones was due to Patiomkine, and his action in giving the credit to Nassau was deliberate. Jones and Nassau had seriously disagreed. The scorn which ability and courage feel for inefficiency219 and cowardice220 had not been concealed221 by the admiral; he had been outspoken222 in his censure223, and not reserved in his strictures upon Nassau's conduct. He had treated the ideas and suggestions of that foolish commander with the indifference they merited, and had allowed no opportunity to pass of exhibiting his contempt--which was natural, but impolitic.
He seems to have made the effort in the beginning to get along pleasantly with Nassau, and to work with him for the good of the service; but, after the demonstration224 of Nassau's lack of character and capacity in the first action, and after the repeated failure of the prince to maneuver the flotilla in the most ordinary manner, Jones lost all patience with him. Patiomkine had endeavored to establish harmony and good feeling between the two, not only by letters, but by a personal visit which he paid the rear admiral on the Wolodimer on the 29th of June. He did everything on that occasion to persuade Nassau to make an apology for some remarks he had addressed to Jones previously, and, having done so, effected some kind of a reconciliation225, but the differences between them were so wide--Nassau was so worthless and Jones so capable, while both were hot-tempered--that the breach226 between them was greater than before.
Between the two Patiomkine, while not at first unfriendly to Jones, much preferred Nassau. Hence his action. Not only did Patiomkine enjoin227 harmony, but Littlepage, the American, whom we have seen before as the chamberlain of the King of Poland, who had accepted the command of one of the ships under Jones, also wrote him to the same effect.
Jones received his letter in the spirit in which it was written, and assured the writer that he had borne more from Nassau than he would have done from any other than a madman, and he promised to continue to try to do so. The effort was a failure. Littlepage himself, unable to endure the animosities engendered228 between the squadron and the flotilla, threw up his command and returned to Warsaw. His parting counsel to Jones showed that he well understood the situation.
"Farewell, my dear admiral; take care of yourself, and look to whom you trust. Remember that you have rather to play the part of a politician than a warrior229--more of a courtier than a soldier."
Jones indorsed upon this note the following remark:
"I was not skilled in playing such a part. I never neglected my duty."
To resume the narrative230: After the defeat in the Liman, the grand Turkish fleet sailed away from Otchakoff, which was then strictly231 blockaded by Jones' squadron, assisted by thirty-five armed boats which had been placed under his command. At the end of July the Turkish fleet, having had an indecisive engagement with the Russians at Sebastopol, returned to Otchakoff. Preparations were made by Jones to receive an attack, but none was delivered. Three ships attempted to run the blockade: one was sunk, and the others got in with difficulty. Nothing of importance happened during the months of August and September, in which Jones continued an effective blockade, although he undertook some minor operations at the request of the marshal.
Patiomkine carried on the siege in a very desultory232 manner. In accordance with his contradictory233 nature he sometimes pressed operations vigorously, and then for weeks did nothing. He seems to have had a harem in his camp, which perhaps accounts for his dawdling234. Nassau, with his usual boastfulness, sent word to Patiomkine that if he had permission he would take the boats of the flotilla and knock a breach in the walls of Otchakoff big enough to admit two regiments235; whereupon Patiomkine asked him wittily236 how many breaches237 he had made in Gibraltar, and removed him from his command. He was sent northward, where he still managed to hold the favor of the empress. This did not greatly improve Jones' situation, however, for the relations between him and Patiomkine had become so strained as to be impossible.
On the 24th of October Patiomkine sent him the following order:
"As it is seen that the capitan pasha comes in his kirlangich from the grand fleet to the smaller vessels, and as before quitting this he may attempt something, I request your excellence238, the capitan pasha having actually a greater number of vessels, to hold yourself in readiness to receive him courageously239, and drive him back. I require that this be done without loss of time; if not, you will be made answerable for every neglect."
Indorsing this insulting document as follows: "A warrior is always ready, and I had not come there an apprentice," Jones immediately returned a spirited answer, part of which is quoted:
"Monseigneur: I have the honour to transmit to your highness a plan of the position in which I placed the squadron under my command this morning, in conformity240 to your orders of yesterday. . . . I have always conformed myself immediately, without murmuring, and most exactly, to the commands of your highness; and on occasions when you have deigned241 to leave anything to my own discretion242 I have been exceedingly flattered, and believe you have had no occasion to repent243. At present, in case the capitan pacha does resolve on attempting anything before his departure, I can give assurance beforehand that the brave officers and crews I have the honour to command will do their duty 'courageously,' though they have not yet been rewarded for the important services they have already performed for the empire under my eyes. I answer with my honour to explain myself fairly on this delicate point at the end of the campaign. In the meantime I may merely say that it is upon the sacred promise I have given them of demanding justice from your highness in their behalf that they have consented to stifle218 their grievances244 and keep silent."
This provoked a reply from Patiomkine and another tart15 rejoinder from Jones. The correspondence, in which on one occasion Jones had stated that "every man who thinks is master of his own opinion, and this is mine"--good doctrine245 for the United States, impossible in Russia--terminated by another order from Patiomkine, which closed as follows:
"Should the enemy attempt to pass Oczakow, prevent him by every means and defend yourself courageously."
Jones' indorsement on this document was as follows:
"It will be hard to believe that Prince Potemkin addressed such words to Paul Jones!"
But the patience of the prince had reached its limit, and on the 28th he summarily relieved Jones of his command, and replaced him by Vice-Admiral Mordwinoff, who had received him so coldly when he arrived at Kherson six months before.
The order relieving him is as follows:
"According to the special desire of her Imperial Majesty246, your service is fixed247 in the northern seas; and as this squadron and the flotilla are placed by me under the orders of the vice admiral and the Chevalier de Mordwinoff, your excellency may in consequence proceed on the voyage directed; principally, as the squadron in the Liman, on account of the season being so far advanced, can not now be united with that of Sevastopol."
The northern sea service was only a pretext248, but on the 30th Jones replied with the following brief note:
"I am much flattered that her Majesty yet deigns249 to interest herself about me; but what I shall ever regret is the loss of your regard. I will not say that it is not difficult to find more skilful250 sea officers than myself--I know well that it is a very possible thing; but I feel emboldened251 to say that you will never find a man more susceptible252 of a faithful attachment253 or more zealous255 in the discharge of his duty. I forgive my enemies who are near you for the painful blow aimed at me; but if there is a just God, it will be difficult for Him to do as much."
Patiomkine was intensely angered by this note, and he took serious exception to the implication that he had been influenced against Jones by any one. Jones states in one of his letters that when he took leave of Patiomkine a few days afterward256, the prince remarked with much anger:
"Don't believe that anyone leads me. No one leads me!" he shouted, rising and stamping his foot, "not even the Empress!"--which was correct. The jesting interrogation with which Catherine closes one of her letters to Patiomkine by saying, "Have I done well, my master?" contained much truth. However, he moderated his tone somewhat in the face of the sturdy dignity of Jones, and, before the admiral started for St. Petersburg, Patiomkine gave him the following letter to the empress:
"Madam: In sending to the high throne of your Imperial Majesty Rear-Admiral M. Paul Jones, I take, with submission257, the liberty of certifying258 the eagerness and zeal254 which he has ever shown for the service of your Imperial Majesty, and to render himself worthy259 of the high favour of your Imperial Majesty."
Having given the officers he commanded, who seem to have become much attached to him, testimonials as to the high value of their services, Jones embarked in a small open galley on the 1st of December for Kherson. He was three days and three nights on the way, and suffered greatly from the extreme cold. He arrived at Kherson dangerously ill, and was unable to proceed upon his journey until the 17th of December. When he reached Elizabethgrad he received word that Otchakoff had been taken by storm the day he had departed from Kherson; over twenty thousand Turks were put to the sword on that occasion. He arrived at St. Petersburg on the 8th of January, 1789, and was ordered to appear at court on the 11th, when the empress awarded him a private interview, at which he presented the letter of Patiomkine. A few days afterward Catherine sent him word that she would wait the arrival of the prince before deciding what to do with him.
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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longitude
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| n.经线，经度 | |
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latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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lone
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| adj.孤寂的，单独的；唯一的 | |
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touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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caravan
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| n.大蓬车；活动房屋 | |
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gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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bleak
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| adj.(天气)阴冷的；凄凉的；暗淡的 | |
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verdant
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| adj.翠绿的，青翠的，生疏的，不老练的 | |
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diversify
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| v.（使）不同，（使）变得多样化 | |
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steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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unlimited
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| adj.无限的，不受控制的，无条件的 | |
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arrogate
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| v.冒称具有...权利，霸占 | |
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splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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tart
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| adj.酸的；尖酸的，刻薄的；n.果馅饼；淫妇 | |
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maiden
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| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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reins
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| 感情，激情； 缰( rein的名词复数 )； 控制手段； 掌管； （成人带着幼儿走路以防其走失时用的）保护带 | |
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conspired
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| 密谋( conspire的过去式和过去分词 )； 搞阴谋； （事件等）巧合； 共同导致 | |
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deposed
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| v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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stipulated
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| vt.& vi.规定；约定adj.[法]合同规定的 | |
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confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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ominous
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| adj.不祥的，不吉的，预兆的，预示的 | |
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privy
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| adj.私用的；隐密的 | |
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knave
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| n.流氓；（纸牌中的）杰克 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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audacity
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| n.大胆，卤莽，无礼 | |
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usurpation
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| n.篡位；霸占 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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reigning
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| adj.统治的，起支配作用的 | |
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bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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39
mantle
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| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
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40
sticklers
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| n.坚持…的人( stickler的名词复数 ) | |
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41
colossal
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| adj.异常的，庞大的 | |
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42
corrupted
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| （使）败坏( corrupt的过去式和过去分词 )； （使）腐化； 引起（计算机文件等的）错误； 破坏 | |
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43
corrupter
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| 堕落的，道德败坏的； 贪污的，腐败的； 腐烂的； （文献等）错误百出的 | |
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44
makers
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| n.制造者，制造商（maker的复数形式） | |
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stimulus
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| n.刺激，刺激物，促进因素，引起兴奋的事物 | |
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46
faculty
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| n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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47
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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48
sublime
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| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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49
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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50
squandered
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| v.（指钱，财产等）浪费，乱花( squander的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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51
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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52
oblivious
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| adj.易忘的，遗忘的，忘却的，健忘的 | |
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53
brazen
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| adj.厚脸皮的，无耻的，坚硬的 | |
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54
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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55
tenure
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| n.终身职位；任期；(土地)保有权，保有期 | |
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56
supplanted
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| 把…排挤掉，取代( supplant的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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57
relegated
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| v.使降级( relegate的过去式和过去分词 )；使降职；转移；把…归类 | |
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58
chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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59
wielded
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| 手持着使用（武器、工具等）( wield的过去式和过去分词 )； 具有； 运用（权力）； 施加（影响） | |
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60
pander
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| v.迎合；n.拉皮条者，勾引者；帮人做坏事的人 | |
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61
antitheses
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| n.对照，对立的，对比法；对立( antithesis的名词复数 )；对立面；对照；对偶 | |
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62
veneer
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| n.(墙上的)饰面，虚饰 | |
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63
refinement
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| n.文雅；高尚；精美；精制；精炼 | |
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64
vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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65
revel
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| vi.狂欢作乐，陶醉；n.作乐，狂欢 | |
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66
squinted
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| 斜视( squint的过去式和过去分词 )； 眯着眼睛； 瞟； 从小孔或缝隙里看 | |
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67
redeem
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| v.买回，赎回，挽回，恢复，履行（诺言等） | |
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68
trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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69
rapaciously
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| adv.贪婪地；强取地，贪婪地 | |
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70
galloped
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| （使马）飞奔，奔驰( gallop的过去式和过去分词 )； 快速做[说]某事 | |
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71
poetic
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| adj.富有诗意的，有诗人气质的，善于抒情的 | |
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72
pathos
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| n.哀婉，悲怆 | |
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73
consigned
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| v.把…置于（令人不快的境地）( consign的过去式和过去分词 )；把…托付给；把…托人代售；丟弃 | |
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74
cynically
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| adv.爱嘲笑地，冷笑地 | |
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75
atheist
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| n.无神论者 | |
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76
ascetic
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| adj.禁欲的；严肃的 | |
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77
oars
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| n.桨，橹( oar的名词复数 )；划手v.划（行）( oar的第三人称单数 ) | |
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78
cringing
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| adj.谄媚，奉承 | |
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79
brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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80
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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81
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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82
frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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83
gorging
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| v.（用食物把自己）塞饱，填饱( gorge的现在分词 )；作呕 | |
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84
indignity
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| n.侮辱，伤害尊严，轻蔑 | |
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85
interred
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| v.埋，葬( inter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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86
conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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87
irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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88
complicate
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| vt.使复杂化，使混乱，使难懂 | |
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89
prolific
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| adj.丰富的，大量的；多产的，富有创造力的 | |
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90
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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91
legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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92
patrimony
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| n.世袭财产，继承物 | |
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93
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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94
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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95
jersey
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| n.运动衫 | |
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96
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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97
seduced
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| 诱奸( seduce的过去式和过去分词 )； 勾引； 诱使堕落； 使入迷 | |
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98
defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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99
homely
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| adj.家常的，简朴的；不漂亮的 | |
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100
meddling
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| v.干涉，干预（他人事务）( meddle的现在分词 ) | |
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101
fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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102
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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103
confluence
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| n.汇合，聚集 | |
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104
bug
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| n.虫子；故障；窃听器；vt.纠缠；装窃听器 | |
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105
indented
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| adj.锯齿状的，高低不平的；缩进排版 | |
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106
westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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107
estuary
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| n.河口，江口 | |
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108
tortuous
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| adj.弯弯曲曲的，蜿蜒的 | |
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109
northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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110
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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111
draught
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| n.拉，牵引，拖；一网（饮，吸，阵)；顿服药量，通风；v.起草，设计 | |
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112
garrisoned
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| 卫戍部队守备( garrison的过去式和过去分词 )； 派部队驻防 | |
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113
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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114
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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115
besiege
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| vt.包围，围攻，拥在...周围 | |
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116
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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117
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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118
depot
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| n.仓库，储藏处；公共汽车站；火车站 | |
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119
frigates
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| n.快速军舰( frigate的名词复数 ) | |
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120
sloops
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| n.单桅纵帆船( sloop的名词复数 ) | |
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121
advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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122
aptitude
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| n.(学习方面的)才能，资质，天资 | |
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123
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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124
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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125
tricky
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| adj.狡猾的，奸诈的；(工作等)棘手的，微妙的 | |
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126
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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127
cabal
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| n.政治阴谋小集团 | |
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128
relinquished
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| 交出，让给( relinquish的过去式和过去分词 )； 放弃 | |
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129
ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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130
hoist
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| n.升高，起重机，推动；v.升起，升高，举起 | |
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131
hoisted
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| 把…吊起，升起( hoist的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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132
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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133
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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134
recital
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| n.朗诵，独奏会，独唱会 | |
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135
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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136
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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137
fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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138
fortify
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| v.强化防御，为…设防；加强，强化 | |
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139
incompetent
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| adj.无能力的，不能胜任的 | |
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140
incompetency
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| n.无能力，不适当 | |
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141
obtuse
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| adj.钝的；愚钝的 | |
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142
advantageous
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| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
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143
dispositions
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| 安排( disposition的名词复数 )； 倾向； （财产、金钱的）处置； 气质 | |
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144
maneuver
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| n.策略[pl.]演习；v.(巧妙)控制；用策略 | |
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145
remonstrances
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| n.抱怨，抗议( remonstrance的名词复数 ) | |
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146
transpired
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| （事实，秘密等）被人知道( transpire的过去式和过去分词 )； 泄露； 显露； 发生 | |
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147
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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148
supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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149
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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150
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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151
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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152
instinctive
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| adj.(出于)本能的；直觉的；(出于)天性的 | |
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153
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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154
galley
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| n.（飞机或船上的）厨房单层甲板大帆船；军舰舰长用的大划艇； | |
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155
implored
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| 恳求或乞求（某人）( implore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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156
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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157
galleys
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| n.平底大船，战舰( galley的名词复数 )；（船上或航空器上的）厨房 | |
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158
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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159
precipitately
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| adv.猛进地 | |
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160
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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161
maneuvers
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| n.策略，谋略，花招( maneuver的名词复数 ) | |
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162
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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163
intrepidity
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| n.大胆，刚勇；大胆的行为 | |
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164
manifestation
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| n.表现形式；表明；现象 | |
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165
convened
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| 召开( convene的过去式 )； 召集； （为正式会议而）聚集； 集合 | |
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166
huddled
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| 挤在一起（huddle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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167
echelon
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| n.梯队；组织系统中的等级；v.排成梯队 | |
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168
stranded
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| a.搁浅的，进退两难的 | |
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169
defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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170
mishap
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| n.不幸的事，不幸；灾祸 | |
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171
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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172
lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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173
leisurely
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| adj.悠闲的；从容的，慢慢的 | |
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174
entreat
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| v.恳求，恳请 | |
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175
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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176
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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177
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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178
trophy
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| n.优胜旗，奖品，奖杯，战胜品，纪念品 | |
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179
pacifying
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| 使（某人）安静( pacify的现在分词 )； 息怒； 抚慰； 在（有战争的地区、国家等）实现和平 | |
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180
inflexible
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| adj.不可改变的，不受影响的，不屈服的 | |
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181
auspiciously
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| adv.吉利； 繁荣昌盛； 前途顺利； 吉祥 | |
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182
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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183
impudent
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| adj.鲁莽的，卑鄙的，厚颜无耻的 | |
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184
investigations
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| （正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究 | |
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185
plight
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| n.困境，境况，誓约，艰难；vt.宣誓，保证，约定 | |
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186
ebb
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| vi.衰退，减退；n.处于低潮，处于衰退状态 | |
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187
antagonists
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| 对立[对抗] 者，对手，敌手( antagonist的名词复数 )； 对抗肌； 对抗药 | |
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188
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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189
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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190
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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191
breakdown
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| n.垮，衰竭；损坏，故障，倒塌 | |
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192
preposterous
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| adj.荒谬的，可笑的 | |
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193
approbation
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| n.称赞；认可 | |
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194
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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195
outskirts
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| n.郊外，郊区 | |
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196
citadel
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| n.城堡；堡垒；避难所 | |
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197
hazardous
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| adj.(有)危险的，冒险的；碰运气的 | |
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198
gallantly
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| adv. 漂亮地，勇敢地，献殷勤地 | |
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199
warp
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| vt.弄歪，使翘曲，使不正常，歪曲，使有偏见 | |
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200
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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201
wreck
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| n.失事，遇难；沉船；vt.(船等)失事，遇难 | |
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202
barge
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| n.平底载货船，驳船 | |
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203
deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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204
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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205
maneuvered
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| v.移动，用策略( maneuver的过去式和过去分词 )；操纵 | |
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206
annihilated
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| v.（彻底）消灭( annihilate的过去式和过去分词 )；使无效；废止；彻底击溃 | |
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207
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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208
tactician
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| n. 战术家, 策士 | |
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209
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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210
scant
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| adj.不充分的，不足的；v.减缩，限制，忽略 | |
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211
malignant
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| adj.恶性的，致命的；恶意的，恶毒的 | |
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212
contentedly
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| adv.心满意足地 | |
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213
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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214
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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215
promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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216
pecuniary
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| adj.金钱的；金钱上的 | |
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217
stifled
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| （使）窒息， （使）窒闷( stifle的过去式和过去分词 )； 镇压，遏制； 堵 | |
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218
stifle
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| vt.使窒息；闷死；扼杀；抑止，阻止 | |
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219
inefficiency
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| n.无效率，无能；无效率事例 | |
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220
cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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221
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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222
outspoken
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| adj.直言无讳的，坦率的，坦白无隐的 | |
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223
censure
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| v./n.责备；非难；责难 | |
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224
demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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225
reconciliation
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| n.和解，和谐，一致 | |
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226
breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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227
enjoin
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| v.命令；吩咐；禁止 | |
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228
engendered
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| v.产生（某形势或状况），造成，引起( engender的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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229
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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230
narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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231
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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232
desultory
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| adj.散漫的，无方法的 | |
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233
contradictory
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| adj.反驳的，反对的，抗辩的；n.正反对，矛盾对立 | |
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234
dawdling
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| adj.闲逛的，懒散的v.混（时间）( dawdle的现在分词 ) | |
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235
regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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236
wittily
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| 机智地，机敏地 | |
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237
breaches
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| 破坏( breach的名词复数 )； 破裂； 缺口； 违背 | |
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238
excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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239
courageously
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| ad.勇敢地，无畏地 | |
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240
conformity
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| n.一致，遵从，顺从 | |
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241
deigned
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| v.屈尊，俯就( deign的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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242
discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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243
repent
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| v.悔悟，悔改，忏悔，后悔 | |
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244
grievances
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| n.委屈( grievance的名词复数 )；苦衷；不满；牢骚 | |
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245
doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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246
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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247
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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248
pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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249
deigns
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| v.屈尊，俯就( deign的第三人称单数 ) | |
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250
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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251
emboldened
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| v.鼓励，使有胆量( embolden的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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252
susceptible
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| adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的 | |
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253
attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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254
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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255
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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256
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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257
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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258
certifying
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| （尤指书面）证明( certify的现在分词 )； 发证书给…； 证明（某人）患有精神病； 颁发（或授予）专业合格证书 | |
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259
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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