Patiomkine did not reach St. Petersburg until the middle of February, and while waiting for him Jones busied himself with formulating4 suggestions for a political and commercial alliance between Russia and the United States, one feature of which involved an attack upon Algiers. In addition to holding a large number of American prisoners in captivity6, the Algerines had made common cause with the Turks, and had been present in large numbers before Otchakoff. When Patiomkine did arrive, the project was submitted to him, but it was not thought expedient7 to attempt it at the time, lest it should result in the irritation8 of England. During this time the commodore wrote to Jefferson and learned for the first time that all the letters he had written since he entered the Russian service had been intercepted9. When he examined the official reports concerning his actions, which had been forwarded from the Liman, he found that he had been grossly misrepresented, and the reports were false even to the most trifling10 details.
His situation was very different from what it had been when he entered St. Petersburg before. Antagonized secretly by Patiomkine, and openly by Nassau and the English at court, his favor appreciably11 waned12. The old story about the insubordinate carpenter whom he had punished in the West Indies was revived, and in its new version the carpenter became his nephew, and it was stated that he had flogged him to death. This was the precursor13 of a more deadly scandal. His occasional invitations to court functions became less and less frequent, and the coldness in official circles more and more marked. Finally, in the month of April, when he appeared at the palace to pay his respects to the empress, he was refused admittance, and unceremoniously ordered to leave the precincts.
This deadly insult, this public disgrace, which of course at once became a matter of general knowledge, was due to a most degrading accusation14 made against his character. To discover the origin of this slander1 is difficult indeed. In the first flush of his anger Jones specifically charged that his English enemies, whose animosities were not softened15 by time, were the authors of the calumny16. It is impossible to believe that any English officer could descend17 to such depths, nor is it necessary to credit the report that his disgrace was due to them. The Russian court was as full of intrigue18 as that of an Oriental despot. Jones was out of favor. He had succeeded in creating powerful enemies for himself in Nassau and Patiomkine. The latter gentleman had negatived a promising19 plan in the hope of thereby20 pleasing England, with whom Russia was now coquetting. If he were the instigator21 of the cabal22 against Jones, he might have thought the disgrace of the man they hated would gratify the English people. If he could bring this about without compromising himself he would not hesitate to take the required action. Nassau had very strong reasons for hating Jones, who made no secret of his contempt for that pseudo princeling. At any rate, whatever the source or origin, there is no doubt as to the situation.
Jones was accused of having outraged23 a young girl of menial station, who was only ten years old! The charge was false from beginning to end. It had absolutely no foundation, but with the peculiar24 methods in vogue25 in Russia, it was not easy to establish his innocence26. He was not only presumed, but was declared guilty, without investigation27. The advocate he employed was ordered to abandon his case, and he found himself in the position of one condemned29 beyond hope with no opportunity for justification30. He was ever jealous on the point of his personal honor, and to see himself thus cruelly stigmatized31 at the close of a long, honorable, and brilliant career nearly drove him frantic32. After exhausting unavailingly every means to force a consideration of his case and an examination of evidence which he succeeded in securing with great difficulty, he fell into despair and seriously contemplated33 suicide. He was not the man that he had been. Already within a few years of his death, although only forty-one, his constitution was so broken that his strength was seriously undermined.
Providence34 raised up for him a friend in the person of de Ségur, the French ambassador at Catherine's court. This man should be held in eternal gratitude35 by all Americans--nay, by all who love honor and fair play--for he did not permit himself to be influenced, as is the wont36 of courtiers, by the withdrawal37 of royal favor from the chevalier, whom he had known in happier days and under more favorable circumstances. He had been Jones' friend when he had been in the zenith of his career, and he remained his friend in this nadir38 of his misfortunes. The part that he played in the transaction can be best understood by his own statement, confirmed by two letters written by Jones. The first letter is addressed to Patiomkine. It had been written before the visit of de Ségur:
"St. Petersburg, April 13, 1789.
"My Lord: Having had the advantage to serve under your orders and in your sight, I remember, with particular satisfaction, the kind promises and testimonies39 of your friendship with which you have honoured me. As I served all my life for honour, I had no other motive40 for accepting the flattering invitation of her Imperial Majesty41 than a laudable ambition to distinguish myself in the service of a sovereign so magnanimous and illustrious; for I never yet have bent42 the knee to self-interest, nor drawn43 my sword for hire. . . .
"A bad woman has accused me of violating her daughter! If she had told the truth I should have had candour enough to own it, and would trust my honour, which is a thousand times dearer to me than my life, to the mercy of the empress. I declare, with an assurance becoming a military character, that I am innocent. Till that unhappy moment I have enjoyed the public esteem44, and the affection of all who knew me. Shall it be said that in Russia a wretched woman, who eloped from her husband and family in the country, stole away her daughter, lives here in a house of bad fame, and leads a debauched and adulterous life, has found credit enough on a simple complaint, unsupported by any proof, to affect the honour of a general officer of reputation, who has merited and received the decorations of America, of France, and of this empire?
"If I had been favoured with the least intimation of a complaint of that nature having found its way to the sovereign, I know too well what belongs to delicacy46 to have presented myself in the presence of the empress before my justification.
"My servant was kept prisoner by the officers of police for several hours, two days successively, and threatened with the knout.
"After the examination of my people before the police, I sent for and employed Monsieur Crimpin as my advocate. As the mother had addressed herself to him before to plead her cause, she naturally spoke47 to him without reserve, and he learned from her a number of important facts, among others, that she was counselled and supported by a distinguished48 man of the court.
"By the certificate of the father, attested49 by the pastor50 of the colony, the daughter is several years older than is expressed in the complaint. And the complaint contains various other points equally false and easy to be refuted. For instance, there is a conversation I am said to have held with the daughter in the Russian language, of which no person ever heard me pronounce two words together; it is unknown to me.
"I thought that in every country a man accused had a right to employ advocates, and to avail himself of his friends for his justification. Judge, my prince, of my astonishment51 and distress52 of mind, when I yesterday was informed that the day before the governor of the city had sent for my advocate, and forbidden him, at his peril53, or any other person, to meddle54 with my cause!
"I am innocent before God, and my conscience knows no reproach. The complaint brought against me is an infamous55 lie, and there is no circumstance that gives it even an air of probability.
"I address myself to you with confidence, my prince, and am assured that the friendship you have so kindly56 promised me will be immediately exerted in my favour; and that you will not suffer the illustrious sovereign of this great empire to be misled by the false insinuations and secret cabals58 of my hidden enemies. Your mind will find more true pleasure in pleading the cause of an innocent man whom you honour with your friendship than can result from other victories equally glorious with that of Oczakow, which will always rank among the most brilliant of military achievements. If your highness will condescend59 to question Monsieur Crimpin (for he dare not now even speak to me), he can tell you many circumstances which will elucidate60 my innocence. I am, with profound respect, my lord, your highness's devoted61 and most obedient servant," etc.
This letter was accompanied by certificates which fully62 established the character of the wretched woman by whose agency his ruin had been sought. The letter is dignified63 and touching64. It is the passionate65 protest of an innocent man against an accusation concerning that which he had ever held dearer than life--his honor. It carries conviction with it. Incidentally it throws much light upon the Russian legal methods of that day. Never does Jones appear in a better light. But it was sent to an utterly66 unresponsive man. Honor, justice, innocence, were idle words to Patiomkine. No reply was made to the note, and Jones abandoned himself to despair. The narrative67 of de Ségur is taken from his memoirs68, and, excepting in some minor69 details, is substantially correct:
"The American rear admiral was favourably70 welcomed at court; often invited to dinner by the empress, and received with distinction into the best society in the city; on a sudden Catherine commanded him to appear no more in her presence.
"He was informed that he was accused of an infamous crime: of assaulting a young girl of fourteen, of grossly violating her; and that probably, after some preliminary information, he would be tried by the courts of admiralty, in which there were many English officers, who were strongly prejudiced against him.
"As soon as this order was known every one abandoned the unhappy American; no one spoke to him, people avoided saluting71 him, and every door was shut against him. All those by whom but yesterday he had been eagerly welcomed now fled from him as if he had been infected with a plague; besides, no advocate would take charge of his cause, and no public man would consent to listen to him; at last even his servants would not continue in his service; and Paul Jones, whose exploits every one had so recently been ready to proclaim, and whose friendship had been sought after, found himself alone in the midst of an immense population; Petersburg, a great capital, became to him a desert.
"I went to see him; he was moved even to tears by my visit. 'I was unwilling,' he said to me, shaking me by the hand, 'to knock at your door and to expose myself to a fresh affront72, which would have been more cutting than all the rest. I have braved death a thousand times--now I wish for it.' His appearance, his arms being laid upon the table, made me suspect some desperate intention.
"'Resume,' I said to him, 'your composure and your courage. Do you not know that human life, like the sea, has its storms, and that fortune is even more capricious than the winds? If, as I hope, you are innocent, brave this sudden tempest; if, unhappily, you are guilty, confess it to me with unreserved frankness, and I will do everything I can to snatch you, by a sudden flight, from the danger which threatens you.'
"'I swear to you upon my honour,' said he, 'that I am innocent, and a victim of the most infamous calumny. This is the truth. Some days since a young girl came to me in the morning, to ask me if I could give her some linen73 or lace to mend. She then indulged in some rather earnest and indecent allurements74. Astonished at so much boldness in one of such few years, I felt compassion75 for her; I advised her not to enter upon so vile76 a career, gave her some money, and dismissed her; but she was determined77 to remain.
"'Impatient at this resistance, I took her by the hand and led her to the door; but, at the instant when the door was opened, the little profligate78 tore her sleeves and her neck-kerchief, raised great cries, complained that I had assaulted her, and threw herself into the arms of an old woman, whom she called her mother, and who certainly was not brought there by chance. The mother and the daughter raised the house with their cries, went out, and denounced me; and now you know all.'
"'Very well,' said I, 'but can not you learn the names of those adventurers?' 'The porter knows them,' he replied. 'Here are their names written down, but I do not know where they live. I was desirous of immediately presenting a memorial about this ridiculous affair, first to the minister and then to the empress; but I have been interdicted79 from access to both of them.' 'Give me the paper,' I said; 'resume your accustomed firmness; be comforted; let me undertake it; in a short time we shall meet again.'
"As soon as I returned home I directed some sharp and intelligent agents, who were devoted to me, to get information respecting these suspected females, and to find out what was their mode of life. I was not long in learning that the old woman was in the habit of carrying on a vile traffic in young girls, whom she passed off as her daughters.
"When I was furnished with all the documents and attestations for which I had occasion, I hastened to show them to Paul Jones. 'You have nothing more to fear,' said I; 'the wretches81 are unmasked. It is only necessary to open the eyes of the empress, and let her see how unworthily she has been deceived; but this is not so very easy; truth encounters a multitude of people at the doors of a palace, who are very clever in arresting its progress; and sealed letters are, of all others, those which are intercepted with the greatest art and care. Nevertheless, I know that the empress, who is not ignorant of this, has directed under very heavy penalties that no one shall detain on the way any letters which are addressed to her personally, and which may be sent to her by post; therefore, here is a very long letter which I have written to her in your name; nothing of the detail is omitted, although it contains some rough expressions. I am sorry for the empress; but since she heard and gave credit to a calumny, it is but right that she should read the justification with patience. Copy this letter, sign it, and I will take charge of it; I will send some one to put it in the post at the nearest town. Take courage; believe me, your triumph is not doubtful.'"
The contents of the letter which Jones was advised to copy and send are not now ascertainable82, but the following letter was written to the empress; and, while it is so evidently in Jones' own peculiar and characteristic style as to admit of no doubt as to its authorship, he probably embodied83 in it the suggestions of de Ségur and substituted it for the copy proposed:
"St. Petersburg, May 17, 1789.
"Madam: I have never served but for honour; I have never sought but glory; and I believed I was in the way of obtaining both when I accepted the offers made me on the part of your Majesty, of entering into your service.... I sacrificed my dearest interests to accept an invitation so flattering, and I would have reached you instantly if the United States had not entrusted84 me with a special commission to Denmark. Of this I acquitted85 myself faithfully and promptly86.... The distinguished reception which your Majesty deigned88 to grant me, the kindness with which you loaded me, indemnified me for the dangers to which I had exposed myself for your service, and inspired me with the most ardent89 desire to encounter more.... I besought90 your Majesty never to condemn28 me unheard. You condescended91 to give me that promise, and I set out with a mind as tranquil92 as my heart was satisfied....
"At the close of the campaign I received orders to return to court, as your Majesty intended to employ me in the North Seas, and M. le Comte de Besborodko acquainted me that a command of greater importance than that of the Black Sea ... was intended for me. Such was my situation, when, upon the mere93 accusation of a crime, the very idea of which wounds my delicacy, I found myself driven from court, deprived of the good opinion of your Majesty, and forced to employ the time which I wish to devote to the defence of your empire in cleansing94 from myself the stains with which calumny has covered me.
"Condescend to believe, madam, that if I had received the slightest hint that a complaint of such a nature had been made against me, and still more, that it had come to your Majesty's knowledge, I know too well what is owing to delicacy to have ventured before you till I was completely exculpated95.
"Understanding neither the laws, the language, nor the forms of justice in this country, I needed an advocate, and obtained one; but, whether from terror or intimidation96, he stopped short all at once, and durst not undertake my defence, though convinced of the justice of my cause. But truth may always venture to show itself alone and unsupported at the foot of the throne of your Majesty. I have not hesitated to labour unaided for my own vindication97; I have collected proofs; and if such details might appear under the eyes of your Majesty I would present them; but if your Majesty will deign87 to order some person to examine them, it will be seen by the report which will be made that my crime is a fiction, invented by the cupidity98 of a wretched woman, whose avarice99 has been countenanced100, perhaps incited101, by the malice102 of my numerous enemies. Her husband has himself certified103 and attested to her infamous conduct. His signature is in my hands, and the pastor, Braun, of the district, has assured me that if the College of Justice will give him an order to this effect he will obtain an attestation80 from the country people that the mother of the girl referred to is known among them as a wretch45 absolutely unworthy of belief.
"Take a soldier's word, madam; believe an officer whom two great nations esteem, and who has been honoured with flattering marks of their approbation104.... I am innocent; and if I were guilty I would not hesitate to make a candid105 avowal106 of my fault, and to commit my honour, which is a thousand times dearer to me than my life, to the hands of your Majesty.
"If you deign, madam, to give heed107 to this declaration, proceeding108 from a heart the most frank and loyal, I venture from your justice to expect that my zeal109 will not remain longer in shameful110 and humiliating inaction. It has been useful to your Majesty, and may again be so, especially in the Mediterranean111, where, with insignificant112 means, I will undertake to execute most important operations, the plans for which I have meditated113 long and deeply. But if circumstances, of which I am ignorant, do not admit the possibility of my being employed during the campaign, I hope your Majesty will give me permission to return to France or America, granting, as the sole reward of the services I have had the happiness to render, the hope of renewing them at some future day...."
Catherine, to her credit be it stated, took the "soldier's word," examined the convincing proofs, and, being satisfied of his innocence, publicly received him at court again and thus openly vindicated114 him. New projects immediately began to take shape in his fertile brain. No bodily weakness could apparently115 impair116 his mental activity. With a half dozen East Indiamen armed for warlike purposes he offered to cut off the food traffic between Egypt and Constantinople; an idea as old as the days of the C?sars, when upon the arrival of the corn ships from Alexandria depended the control of the Roman plebeians117; but the idea was as good now as it was then, and if he had been intrusted with the meager118 force he requested he would have compelled the Turks to detach ships from the Black Sea fleet, and thus relieve the pressure on the Crimea.
Count Besborodko was pleased with the project, and promised to submit it to the empress, proposing, at the same time, if this plan fell through, to give him another command in the Black Sea, with an adequate fleet, by which he might force his way into the Mediterranean. About the middle of June, on his applying to this minister again, he was promised an answer in two days as to the pleasure of the empress concerning him. Besborodko stated that Catherine would either give him a command or grant the leave of absence which he had asked in his letter of the 17th. The minister had a court memory, however, and not two days, but many, passed without the information. On the 5th of July Jones wrote again to the minister in the usual direct way he employed when he was irritated, and asked for an immediate57 declaration of intentions regarding him. It was a high-handed way to address the Russian court, but it brought an immediate reply. On the 8th of July he was officially informed that his request for a leave of absence was granted for two years, with permission to go outside the limits of the empire. His salary was to be continued during that time.
On the 18th of July he had a farewell audience with the empress, who treated him very nicely on this occasion. As he kissed her hand in good-by she wished him bon voyage, which was politic5 but unsubstantial. He did not leave St. Petersburg immediately, and it was not until the last of August that he took his final leave of the Russian capital. During this interval119 he was detained partly by the difficulty in collecting his arrears120 in pay and allowances, and partly for the reason that he undertook, in spite of the rebuffs he had received, again to lay before Besborodko and others a project for a war against the Barbary States, which, of course, came to nothing. He left Russia a bitterly disappointed man.
The disinterested121 friendship of de Ségur had not been exhausted122 by his previous actions, and he gave additional proofs of his affection by supplying Jones with letters of introduction to the representatives of the French Government at the different courts of Europe which he proposed to visit, and the two following statements addressed to the French Minister of Foreign Affairs:
"St. Petersburg, July 21, 1789.
"The enemies of the Vice3-Admiral[48] Paul Jones having caused to be circulated reports entirely123 destitute124 of foundation concerning the journey which this general officer is about to undertake, I would wish the inclosed article, the authenticity125 of which I guarantee, should be inserted in the Gazette de France, and in the other public papers which are submitted to the inspection126 of your department. This article will undeceive those who have believed the calumny, and will prove to the friends and to the compatriots of the vice admiral that he has sustained the reputation acquired by his bravery and his talents during the last war; that the empress desires to retain him in her service; and that if he absents himself at this moment it is with his own free will, and for particular reasons, which can not leave any stain on his honour.
"The glorious marks of the satisfaction and bounty127 of the king toward M. Paul Jones, his attachment128 to France, which he has served so usefully in the common cause, his rights as a subject, and as an admiral of the United States, the protection of the ministers of the king, and my personal friendship for this distinguished officer, with whom I made a campaign in America, are so many reasons which appear to me to justify129 the interest which I took in all that concerned him during his stay in Russia."
"Article to be inserted in the Public Prints, and particularly in the Gazette de France.
"St. Petersburg, July 21, 1789.
"The Vice-Admiral Paul Jones, being at the point of returning to France, where private affairs require his presence, had the honour to take leave of the empress, the 7th[49] of this month, and to be admitted to kiss the hand of her Imperial Majesty, who confided130 to him the command of her vessels131 of war stationed on the Liman during the campaign of 1788. As a mark of favour for his conduct during this campaign the empress has decorated him with the insignia of the order of St. Anne; and her Imperial Majesty, satisfied with his services, only grants him permission to absent himself for a limited time, and still preserves for him his emoluments132 and his rank."
Jones did not lack other friends either, for M. Genet, Secretary of the French Legation at St. Petersburg, and subsequently Minister from France to the United States--his extraordinary conduct while he enjoyed that office will be remembered--whose father had been an old friend of the commodore's, gave him a most cordial and gratifying letter of introduction to the celebrated133 Madame Campan, in which he specifically states the unfounded nature of the charges which had been made, and, describing the circumstances in which Jones left Russia, authorized134 her to correct any rumors135 to his disadvantage which might be put in circulation at Versailles. He also consented to act as Jones' financial representative, and transmitted to him from time to time such amounts on his pay as he could wrest136 from the Russian Government.
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1
slander
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| n./v.诽谤，污蔑 | |
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slandered
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| 造谣中伤( slander的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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formulating
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| v.构想出( formulate的现在分词 )；规划；确切地阐述；用公式表示 | |
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politic
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| adj.有智虑的；精明的；v.从政 | |
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captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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irritation
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| n.激怒，恼怒，生气 | |
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intercepted
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| 拦截( intercept的过去式和过去分词 )； 截住； 截击； 拦阻 | |
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trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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appreciably
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| adv.相当大地 | |
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waned
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| v.衰落( wane的过去式和过去分词 )；（月）亏；变小；变暗淡 | |
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precursor
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| n.先驱者；前辈；前任；预兆；先兆 | |
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accusation
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| n.控告，指责，谴责 | |
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softened
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| （使）变软( soften的过去式和过去分词 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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calumny
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| n.诽谤，污蔑，中伤 | |
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descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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intrigue
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| vt.激起兴趣，迷住；vi.耍阴谋；n.阴谋，密谋 | |
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promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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thereby
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instigator
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cabal
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outraged
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| a.震惊的，义愤填膺的 | |
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peculiar
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Vogue
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innocence
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| n.无罪；天真；无害 | |
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investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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condemn
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| vt.谴责，指责；宣判(罪犯)，判刑 | |
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condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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justification
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| n.正当的理由；辩解的理由 | |
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stigmatized
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| v.使受耻辱，指责，污辱( stigmatize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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wont
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withdrawal
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| n.取回，提款；撤退，撤军；收回，撤销 | |
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nadir
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| n.最低点，无底 | |
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testimonies
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| （法庭上证人的）证词( testimony的名词复数 )； 证明，证据 | |
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motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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41
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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42
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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43
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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44
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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45
wretch
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| n.可怜的人，不幸的人；卑鄙的人 | |
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46
delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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47
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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48
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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49
attested
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| adj.经检验证明无病的，经检验证明无菌的v.证明( attest的过去式和过去分词 )；证实；声称…属实；使宣誓 | |
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50
pastor
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| n.牧师，牧人 | |
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51
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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52
distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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53
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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54
meddle
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| v.干预，干涉，插手 | |
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55
infamous
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| adj.声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的，邪恶的 | |
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56
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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57
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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58
cabals
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| n.（政治）阴谋小集团，（尤指政治上的）阴谋( cabal的名词复数 ) | |
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59
condescend
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| v.俯就，屈尊；堕落，丢丑 | |
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60
elucidate
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| v.阐明，说明 | |
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61
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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62
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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63
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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64
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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65
passionate
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的 | |
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66
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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67
narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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68
memoirs
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| n.回忆录；回忆录传( mem,自oir的名词复数) | |
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69
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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70
favourably
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| adv. 善意地，赞成地 =favorably | |
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71
saluting
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的现在分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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72
affront
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| n./v.侮辱，触怒 | |
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73
linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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74
allurements
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| n.诱惑( allurement的名词复数 )；吸引；诱惑物；有诱惑力的事物 | |
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75
compassion
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| n.同情，怜悯 | |
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76
vile
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| adj.卑鄙的，可耻的，邪恶的；坏透的 | |
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77
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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78
profligate
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| adj.行为不检的；n.放荡的人，浪子，肆意挥霍者 | |
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79
interdicted
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| v.禁止（行动）( interdict的过去式和过去分词 )；禁用；限制 | |
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80
attestation
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| n.证词 | |
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81
wretches
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| n.不幸的人( wretch的名词复数 )；可怜的人；恶棍；坏蛋 | |
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82
ascertainable
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| adj.可确定（探知），可发现的 | |
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83
embodied
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| v.表现( embody的过去式和过去分词 )；象征；包括；包含 | |
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84
entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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85
acquitted
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| 宣判…无罪( acquit的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（自己）作出某种表现 | |
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86
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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87
deign
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| v. 屈尊, 惠允 ( 做某事) | |
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88
deigned
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| v.屈尊，俯就( deign的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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89
ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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90
besought
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| v.恳求，乞求（某事物）( beseech的过去式和过去分词 )；(beseech的过去式与过去分词) | |
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91
condescended
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| 屈尊，俯就( condescend的过去式和过去分词 )； 故意表示和蔼可亲 | |
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92
tranquil
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| adj. 安静的, 宁静的, 稳定的, 不变的 | |
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93
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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94
cleansing
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| n. 净化(垃圾) adj. 清洁用的 动词cleanse的现在分词 | |
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95
exculpated
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| v.开脱，使无罪( exculpate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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96
intimidation
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| n.恐吓，威胁 | |
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97
vindication
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| n.洗冤，证实 | |
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98
cupidity
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| n.贪心，贪财 | |
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99
avarice
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| n.贪婪；贪心 | |
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100
countenanced
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| v.支持，赞同，批准( countenance的过去式 ) | |
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101
incited
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| 刺激，激励，煽动( incite的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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102
malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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103
certified
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| a.经证明合格的；具有证明文件的 | |
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104
approbation
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| n.称赞；认可 | |
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105
candid
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| adj.公正的，正直的；坦率的 | |
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106
avowal
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| n.公开宣称，坦白承认 | |
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107
heed
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| v.注意，留意；n.注意，留心 | |
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108
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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109
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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110
shameful
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| adj.可耻的，不道德的 | |
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111
Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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112
insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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113
meditated
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| 深思，沉思，冥想( meditate的过去式和过去分词 )； 内心策划，考虑 | |
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114
vindicated
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| v.澄清（某人/某事物）受到的责难或嫌疑( vindicate的过去式和过去分词 )；表明或证明（所争辩的事物）属实、正当、有效等；维护 | |
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115
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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116
impair
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| v.损害，损伤；削弱，减少 | |
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117
plebeians
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| n.平民( plebeian的名词复数 )；庶民；平民百姓；平庸粗俗的人 | |
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118
meager
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| adj.缺乏的，不足的，瘦的 | |
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119
interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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120
arrears
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| n.到期未付之债，拖欠的款项；待做的工作 | |
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121
disinterested
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| adj.不关心的，不感兴趣的 | |
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122
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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123
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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124
destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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125
authenticity
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| n.真实性 | |
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126
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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127
bounty
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| n.慷慨的赠予物，奖金；慷慨，大方；施与 | |
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128
attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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129
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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130
confided
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| v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的过去式和过去分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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131
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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132
emoluments
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| n.报酬，薪水( emolument的名词复数 ) | |
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133
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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134
authorized
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| a.委任的，许可的 | |
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135
rumors
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| n.传闻( rumor的名词复数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷v.传闻( rumor的第三人称单数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷 | |
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136
wrest
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| n.扭，拧，猛夺；v.夺取，猛扭，歪曲 | |
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