Having now sketched1 the composition of the English forces, let us move forthwith to the scene of action. We must omit the early incidents of the war, and the assumption by Edward of the famous motto wherein he consecrated3 his claim to the crown of France, Dieu et mon droit. We must pass by the famous naval4 action of Sluys, where the English commanders in their zeal5 to follow the precepts6 of Vegetius, thought it more important to have the sun in the enemy's eyes than the wind in their own favour, and where the archers7, acting8 as marine9 sharp-shooters, were the true authors of the English victory. We must overlook likewise the innumerable sieges, even that of Quesnoy, where the English first came under the fire of cannon10, merely remarking that owing to their ignorance of that particular branch of warfare12, the English were uniformly unsuccessful; and we must come straight to the year 1345, when Henry of Lancaster, Earl of Derby, landed at Bayonne with a force of three thousand men for a campaign in Gascony and Guienne. The name of our first artillery-officer has been given; attention must now be called to our first engineer, this same Earl of Derby, who had lately been recalled from service with the Spaniards against the Moors13 at the siege of Algesiras, and was the first man who taught the English how to take a fortified14 town.
1346, June.
Derby then with his little army harried15 Gascony and Guienne for a time, until the arrival of a superior French force compelled him to retire and gave him[33] much ado to defend himself. Accordingly, in June 1346 Edward the Third impressed a fleet of innumerable small vessels16, none of them exceeding sixty tons burden, embarked17 thereon four thousand men-at-arms, ten thousand archers and five or six thousand Welsh spearmen, and sailed for the coast of France. On the 12th of July he put into St. Vaast de la Hogue, a little to the east of Cherbourg, dispersed19 a French force that was stationed to oppose him, and successfully effected his landing. Six days were allowed to recruit men and horses after the voyage, and the army then moved eastward21 to the Seine, leaving a broad line of ruin and desolation in its wake, and advanced up the left bank of the river. King Philip of France had meanwhile collected an army at Rouen, whence he marched parallel to the English along the right bank of the Seine, crossed it at Paris, and stood ready to fall upon Edward if he should strike southward to Guienne. But Edward's plans were of the vaguest; his diversion had already relieved Derby, and he now crossed the Seine at Poissy and struck northward22 as if for Flanders. Philip no sooner divined his purpose than he too hastened northward, outmarched the English, crossed the Somme at Amiens, gave orders for the occupation of every bridge and ford23 by which the English could pass the river, and then recrossing marched straight upon Edward's right flank.
The position of the English was now most critical, for they could not cross the Somme and were fairly hemmed24 in between the river and the sea. At his wits' end Edward examined his prisoners, and from them learned of the ford of Blanche Tache in the tidal water about eight miles below Abbeville. Thither25 accordingly he marched, and after waiting part of a night for the ebb-tide, forced the passage in the teeth of a French detachment that had been stationed to guard it, and sending six officers to select for him a suitable position pursued his way northward through the forest of Cre?y. On the morning of the 26th of August he crossed the[34] river Maie, and there swinging his front round from north to south-east he turned and stood at bay.
August 26.
The position was well chosen. The army occupied a low line of heights lying between the villages of Cre?y and Wadicourt, the left flank resting on a forest, the right on the river Maie. Edward ordered every man to dismount, and parked the horses and baggage waggons26 in an entrenched27 leaguer[23] in rear. The army was too weak to cover the whole line of the position, so the archers were pushed forward and extended in a multitude of battalions28 along the front, and backed with Welsh spearmen. Echeloned in rear of them stood the three main divisions of the army; foremost and to the right the vanguard of twelve hundred men-at-arms under the Black Prince, next to it the battle of as many more under the Earl of Arundel, and behind it, covering the extreme left, the rearguard, consisting of fifteen hundred men-at-arms and six thousand mixed archers and infantry31 under the King. The country being rich in provisions Edward ordered every man to eat a hearty32 meal before falling into his place, for he knew that the Englishman fights best when he is full. When the host was arrayed in order he rode round the whole army to cheer it; and then the men lay down, the archers with their helmets and bows on the ground before them, and waited till the French should come.
Philip meanwhile had crossed the Somme at Abbeville on the morning of the 26th, and turned eastward in the hope of cutting off the English. Finding that he was too late, he countermarched and turned north, at the same time sending forward officers to reconnoitre. The afternoon was far advanced, and the French were wearied with a long, disorderly march when these officers returned with intelligence of the English. Philip ordered a halt, but the indiscipline and confusion were such that the order could not be obeyed. The noblest blood in France was riding on in all its pride to make[35] an end of the despised English, and a mass of rude infantry was waiting to share the slaughter33 and the spoil. So they blundered on till they caught sight of the English lying quietly down in order of battle; and therewith all good resolutions vanished and Philip gave the order to attack.
It was now nearly five o'clock, and the heaven was black with clouds, which presently burst in a terrific thunderstorm. The English archers slipped off their bowstrings to keep them dry, and waited; while six thousand Genoese cross-bowmen, jaded34 by the long march, drenched35 and draggled with the rain that beat into their faces, conscious that they were almost disarmed36 by the wetness of their bowstrings, shuffled37 wearily into their stations along the French front. Their leaders complained that they were unfairly treated. "Who cares for your rabble38?" answered the Count of Alen?on. "They are nothing but useless mouths, more trouble than help." So the cross-bowmen sulkily took their position, and the rest of the French army, from twelve to twenty thousand men-at-arms and some fifteen thousand infantry, ranged themselves in three massive lines behind them. A vast flight of ravens39 flew over the opposing arrays, croaking40 loudly over the promised feast of dead men.
Then the storm passed away inland into France, and the sun low down in the west flashed out in all his glory full in the faces of the French. The Genoese advanced and raised a loud cry, thrice repeated, to strike terror into the English: the archers over against them stood massive and silent. The loud report of two or three cannon, little more harmful than the shouts of the Genoese, was the only answer; and then the archers stepped forward and drew bow. In vain the Genoese attempted to reply; they were overwhelmed by the torrent41 of shafts42; they shrank back, cut their bowstrings and would have fled, but for a line of French mounted men-at-arms which was drawn43 up in their rear to check them. The proud chivalry44 of France was chafing45 impatiently[36] behind them, and Philip would wait no longer. "Slay46 me these rascals," he said brutally47; and the first line of men-at-arms thundered forward, trod the hapless Genoese under foot, and pressed on within range of the arrows. And then ensued a terrible scene. The great stallions, maddened by the pain of the keen barbed shafts, broke from all control. They jibbed, they reared, they swerved48, they plunged49, striking and lashing50 out hideously51, while the rear of the dense52 column, carried forward by its own momentum53, surged on to the top of the foremost and wedged the whole into a helpless choking mass. And still the shower of pitiless arrows fell swift as snow upon the thickest of the press; and the whole of the French fighting line became a confused welter of struggling animals, maimed cross-bowmen, and fallen cavaliers, crippled by the weight of their armour54, an easy prey55 to the long, keen knives of the Welsh.
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THE CAMPAIGN OF 1346.
Nevertheless some few of the French men-at-arms had managed to pierce through the archers. The blind king of Bohemia had been guided by two faithful knights56 through the centre, Alen?on had skirted them on one flank, the Count of Flanders on the other, and all had fallen upon the Black Prince's battalion29. The danger was greatest on the left flank; but the Earl of Arundel moved up the second line of the echelon30 to his support, and the English held their own. Then the second line of the French advanced, broke through the archers, not without heavy loss, and fell likewise upon the English men-at-arms. The Prince of Wales was overthrown58, and was only saved by the devotion of his standard-bearer, but the battalion fought on. It was probably at this time that Arundel sent a messenger to the King for reinforcements. "Is my son dead or hurt?" he asked. "No, sire, but he is hard beset59." "Then return to those who sent you and bid them send me no more such messages while my son is alive; tell them to let the boy win his spurs." The message was carried back to the battalion, and the men-at-arms fought on stoutly60 as ever. The archers seem also to[37] have rallied and closed on the flank and rear of the attacking French. Alen?on's banner could still be seen swaying behind a hedge of archers, and Philip, anxious to pour his third and last line into the fight, had actually advanced within range of the arrows. But the power of the bowmen was still unweakened, the ground was choked with dead men and horses, and the light was failing fast. He yielded to the entreaties61 of his followers62 and rode from the field; and the first great battle of the English was won.
When morning dawned the country was full of straggling Frenchmen, who from the sudden change in the direction of the advance had lost all knowledge of their line of retreat; the few that retained some semblance63 of organised bodies were attacked and broken up. Never was victory more complete. The French left eleven great lords, eighty-three bannerets, over twelve hundred knights and some thousands of common soldiers dead on the field. It was a fortunate issue to a reckless and ill-planned campaign. It is customary to give all credit for the victory to the archers, but this is unjust. Superbly as they fought they would have been broken without the men-at-arms, even as the men-at-arms would have been overwhelmed without the archers. Both did their duty without envy or jealousy64, and therein lay the secret of their success.
1355.
1356.
July.
August 28.
The siege and capture of Calais followed, and then by the mediation65 of the Pope peace was made, and for a time preserved. Petty hostilities66 however never ceased in Brittany, and finally in 1355 the war broke out anew. Three armies were fitted out,—one of a thousand men-at-arms under the Black Prince for operations in Guienne, a second under the Earl of Derby for Brittany, and a third under the personal command of the King. Little, however, was effected in the campaign of 1355. The King was recalled to England by an invasion of the Scots, and the operations of 1356 in Brittany were checked by the appearance of the French King in superior force. But at the close[38] of July the Black Prince suddenly started on a wild raid from the Dordogne in the south to the Loire. His object seems to have been to effect a junction67 with Derby's forces at Orleans; but it is difficult to see how he could have hoped for success. He had reached Vierzon on the Cher when he heard that the King of France was on his way to meet him in overwhelming strength. Unable to retreat through the country which he had laid waste on his advance, he turned sharp to the west down the Cher and struck the Loire at Tours. There for four days he halted, for what reason it is difficult to explain, since the delay enabled the French to cross the Loire and seriously to threaten his retreat.
There was now nothing for the Prince but to retire southward with all haste. The French were hard on his track, and followed him so closely that he was much straitened by want of supplies. On the 14th of September the English were at Chatelheraut and the French at La Haye, little more than ten miles apart, and on the 15th the French made a forced march which brought them fairly to southward of the Prince, and between him and his base at Bordeaux. All contact however had been lost; and the French King, making sure that the Prince had designs on Poitiers, swung round to the westward68 and moved straight upon the town. On the 17th, while in full march, his rearguard was suddenly surprised by the advanced parties of the Prince. As in the movements after the Alma, each army was executing a flank march, quite unconsciously, in the presence of the other. The French rearguard pursued the reconnoitring party to the main body of the English, and after a sharp engagement was repulsed69 with heavy loss. The French army had actually marched across the line of the Black Prince's retreat, and left it open to him once more.
Sept. 18.
Edward lost no time in looking for a suitable position, and presently found it at Maupertuis some fifteen miles south-west of Poitiers. There to the[39] north of the river Miosson is a plain seamed with deep ravines running down to that stream; and behind one of these he took his stand, facing north-east. The sides of the ravine were planted with vineyards and blocked by thick hedges, so that it was impossible for cavalry70 to cross it except by a track which was broad enough for but four horsemen abreast71; and these natural advantages the Prince improved by repairing all weak places in the fences and by digging entrenchments. One exposed spot on his left flank he strengthened by a leaguer of waggons as well as with the spade. He then told off his archers to line the hedges which commanded the passage across the ravine, and drew up his men-at-arms, all of them dismounted, in three lines behind it. The first line he committed to the Earls of Warwick and Suffolk, the rearmost to the Earl of Salisbury, and the centre he reserved for himself. His whole force, augmented72 as it was by a contingent73 of Gascons, did not exceed six or seven thousand men, half of whom were archers.
So passed the day of the 18th of September on the English side. The French on their part, instead of blocking up their retreat to the south and reducing them by starvation, simply moved down from Poitiers to within a league of the English position and halted for the night. Their force amounted to sixty thousand men, and they might well feel confident as to the issue of an action. Indeed, when the Black Prince, fully20 alive to the desperate peril74 of his situation, negotiated for an evacuation of the country, they imposed such terms that he could not in honour accept them. They therefore reconnoitred the English position, and laid their plans for the morrow. Three hundred chosen men-at-arms, backed by a column of German, Italian, and Spanish knights, were to charge down the ravine upon the archers, disperse18 them, and attack the English men-at-arms on the other side. Three lines, each of three massive battalions containing from three to four thousand men-at-arms, with lances shortened to a[40] length of five feet, were to follow them afoot, and the English were to be crushed by their own tactics.
Sept. 19.
It is hardly surprising that in the night the Black Prince's heart failed him. He resolved while he could to place the Miosson between him and the French, and at dawn began his retreat, leaving the rearguard, however, still in the position at Maupertuis in case withdrawal75 should be impossible.[24] He also sent two knights to watch the French army, who however approached too closely to it and were captured. His first line had already crossed the Miosson when intelligence reached him that the French had advanced, and that the rearguard was engaged. He at once ordered the vanguard to return, and himself hastening back with his own division, despatched three hundred mounted men-at-arms and as many mounted archers without delay to strengthen his right wing. The French meanwhile had moved forward, gaily76 singing the song of Roland, to find the way blocked by the hedges and vineyards of the ravine. Undismayed they plunged down into the narrow track; and then the English archers behind the hedges opened at close range a succession of frightfully destructive volleys. The foremost of the horsemen fell headlong down, the rear plunged confusedly on the top of them, and the pass was blocked with a heaving, helpless crowd, on which the arrows hissed77 down in an eternal merciless shower. The supporting column of foreign cavalry was unable to act in the confusion; it was already under the fire of the archers, and before it could move the English mounted men on the right wing came down full upon its left flank, and killed or captured every man.
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THE CAMPAIGN OF 1356.
And now the wounded French horses, mad with pain and terror, many of them riderless and all beyond control, dashed back on to the first line of the dismounted[41] French men-at-arms. It was a charge of mad animals, the most terrible of all charges, and the huge battalion fell into confusion before it. Edward was watching the battle keenly from his position; he had already ordered his men-at-arms to mount, and now Sir John Chandos, whose name must always be linked to Edward's as that of Collingwood to Nelson, broke out aloud with, "Forward, sire, forward, and the day is yours!" "Aye, John," answered the Prince, with a thought perhaps of the morning's retreat, "No going backward to-day. Forward banner, in the name of God and St. George!" The preliminary attack of the mounted men on the right had already cleared the way for them. The English cavalry scrambled78 in haste down into the ravine on the right, and fell upon the French men-at-arms. The front and centre divisions, already much shaken, were easily broken and dispersed; the third and strongest still remained, and against this, which resisted desperately79, the whole force of the English was turned. The lesson of Falkirk was remembered. The mounted archers made the gaps and the men-at-arms rode into them. The division was broken, the King was captured, and the mass of the fugitives80 making for Poitiers found the gates closed against them and were cut down by hundreds. The action began at six in the morning, and lasted till late into the afternoon. The French losses were enormous. Over and above the King and many great lords two thousand men-at-arms were captured, and two thousand five hundred more were left dead on the field; the number of the unhappy foot-men that were slain81 it is impossible to state. The English loss is variously set down, the reports ranging from half the force to sixty-four men. The battle, from the disparity between the strength of the two sides, must remain ever memorable82 in the annals of war. To the English, who had but lately risen above the horizon as a military power, it gave a prestige that has never been lost.
1360.
1364,
May 16.
The peace of Brétigny closed the war, and the[42] English army was disbanded. But the soldiers, like the ten thousand Greeks who returned from Cunaxa, were too deeply bitten with their profession to abandon it for the tedium83 of peace. They therefore formed themselves into independent bodies, or Free Companies, and for years were the scourge84 of France, their chamber85 as they called it, which they plundered86 and ravaged87 at their pleasure. The greatest of their leaders was John Hawkwood, of whom something more must presently be said, but these bands, in less or greater numbers, were constantly to be found fighting for hire against the French. Thus three hundred of them fought for the King of Navarre against the King of France at Cocherel. The numbers engaged were little more than fifteen hundred on each side, but the action is interesting as showing the efforts of the French to meet the peculiar88 tactics of the English. In order to have no more trouble with unruly horses the French men-at-arms dismounted and fought on foot, and now for the first time the archers found themselves outdone. The armour of the French was so good that it turned the cloth-yard shafts; and being slightly superior in numbers the French men-at-arms forced their enemy off the field. It was but a slight success, but a defeat even of a small body of English was such a rarity in those days that it gave the French great hopes for the future, hopes which were soon to be dashed to the ground.
1365.
Sept. 29.
In the following year a quarrel as to the succession to the Duchy of Brittany between Charles of Blois and John of Montfort brought the English again into the field. The French King Charles the Fifth sent assistance to support the former, whereupon John of Montfort at once appealed to the English. John Chandos and several more of the garrison89 in France, eager for fresh battle against their old enemies, asked permission to join Montfort as volunteers. "You may go full well," answered the Black Prince. "Since the French are going for Charles of Blois, I give you good[43] leave." The English, both volunteers and mercenaries, accordingly hurried to the scene of war; and at Auray they fought the action which decided90 the campaign. The numbers engaged did not exceed four thousand in either army. Both sides dismounted, and the French men-at-arms discarding the lance as unfit for fighting afoot equipped themselves with battle-axes, so that there promised to be a stubborn fight. The English archers as usual opened the engagement, but as at Cocherel their shafts could not penetrate91 the armour of the French; whereupon with great deliberation they threw down their bows, and boldly advancing to the French men-at-arms plucked their axes from their hands and plied92 the weapons against their astonished owners with terrible effect. The whole proceeding93 furnishes so good an example of the thoughtless, thick-headed gallantry of the English soldier, that one can only marvel95 that the battle of Auray should be practically unknown to Englishmen. The intensely ludicrous picture that can be conjured96 up of a series of detached struggles between the brawny97 active Englishmen in their doublets and hose, and the unhappy Frenchmen cased stiffly in their mail, the panting, the staggering, and the rattling98, the agonised curses from behind the vizor, and the great broad laugh on the honest English face—this alone should have saved it from oblivion. The English men-at-arms came quickly to the support of the bowmen, and after a long and desperate engagement, for the noble and gallant94 Bertrand du Guesclin was in command of the French, the English drove their enemy from the field and as usual finished the pursuit on horseback. There was no question in the action of superior archery or advantage of position, though Chandos indeed handled his reserve in a masterly fashion, but it was simply a matter of what the Duke of Wellington called bludgeon-work; and at this too the English proved themselves the better men.
1366.
By this time the oppression of the Free Companies had become so insufferable that, in order to rid the[44] country of them, Charles the Fifth ordered Bertrand du Guesclin to take a certain number of them into service and march with them to fight for the bastard99 Henry of Trastamare against Pedro the Cruel of Castile. It would be a mistake, we must note in passing, to look upon these companies as composed simply of low ruffians; they seem on the contrary to have been made up largely of the class of esquires, while there were poor noblemen serving even among the archers. On entering Spain they took to themselves a white cross, the old English colour of the Crusades, as their distinctive100 mark, and were apparently101 the first English troops that introduced this substitute for uniform. Further, they called themselves the White Company, and were in this respect the forerunners102 of the Buffs and Blues103. They did little profitable work under du Guesclin, and were presently dismissed, just in time to be re-enlisted to the number of twelve thousand by the Black Prince, who, dreading104 an alliance of France with Spain, was preparing an expedition for the rescue of Peter the Cruel. The vassals105 of Aquitaine and Gascony were also summoned to the Prince's standard, a reinforcement under the Duke of Lancaster was sent from England to Brittany, whence it marched overland to the south, and by December 1366 thirty thousand mounted troops were concentrated on the frontier of Navarre. It was by general consent admitted to be the finest army that had ever been seen in Europe; so rapid had been the growth of military efficiency in England under the two great Edwards. It was organised in the usual three divisions, the vanguard being under command of the Duke of Lancaster, with Sir John Chandos at his side. The battle was under the command of the Prince himself, and the rearguard under a Gascon noble and famous soldier, the Captal de Buch. Every man wore the red cross of St. George on a white surcoat and on his shield, a badge which henceforth became distinctive of the English soldier for two centuries. The Spaniards, it is worth[45] noting, wore a scarf, a fashion which, already two generations old, was destined107 to last through our great Civil War, and to survive, in the form of a sash, to the present day.
1367.
On Monday the 22nd of February 1367 the first division crossed the Pyrenees by the Pass of Roncesvalles. The next two followed it on the two succeeding days, and the whole force was reunited at Pampeluna. The Prince had now two lines of operations open to him, both leading to his objective, Burgos; the one by Vittoria and Miranda on the Ebro, the other by Puente la Reyna and Logrono. He chose the former, the identical line followed in the contrary direction by Wellington in chase of the beaten French, and sent only a small detachment of volunteers under Sir Thomas Felton along the latter route. This party of Felton's deserves mention as the first body of English irregular cavalry under a reckless and daring officer. No exploit was too hare-brained for them and they did excellent service, for they were the first to find contact with the Spanish army, at Navarete, and having obtained it they preserved it, keeping the Prince admirably informed of the enemy's movements. Henry of Trastamare, on learning the advance of the English, crossed the Ebro and marched on Vittoria, but finding that the Black Prince had been beforehand with him fell back on Miranda. Felton's volunteers stuck to him so persistently109 and impudently110 during this retreat that the Spaniards at last lost patience and attacked them in overwhelming force. The English, a mere11 hundred men, were too proud to retire but stood firm on the hill of Arinez, the very spot where Picton broke the French centre in the battle of the 21st of June 1813, and were killed to a man. Henry then recrossed the Ebro to his first position at Navarete; the Black Prince crossed the same river at Logrono, and on the 3rd of April the two hosts stood face to face on the plain between Navarete and Najera.
April 3.
It is not easy to ascertain111 the force engaged on each side, but it is certain that the Black Prince, with about[46] ten thousand men-at-arms and as many archers, was superior in numbers and very decidedly superior in the quality of his troops. Nevertheless the force had suffered much hardship, and the men were individually enfeebled by want of food. The Spanish army was distributed into four divisions. The first of these, consisting of dismounted knights, was placed under the command of Bertrand du Guesclin and formed the first line. The remaining three formed the second line; the largest of them, composed of mounted men-at-arms and a rabble of rude infantry, being drawn up in rear of the vanguard, while the other two, made up chiefly of light cavalry copied from the Moorish112 model, were drawn up on either flank slightly in advance of the second and in rear of the first line. The arrangement of the Black Prince's army was similar but more massive; first came the vanguard under John Chandos, then a second line with two flanking divisions pushed slightly forward, as in the Spanish army, and lastly the third line in reserve. Every man in the English host was dismounted. The battlefield was a level plain; and the sight of the two armies advancing against each other, armour and pennons glancing under the morning sun was, in Froissart's words, great beauty to behold113.
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THE CAMPAIGN OF 1367.
The English archers as usual opened the engagement, and then the divisions of Chandos and du Guesclin, the two most gallant and chivalrous114 soldiers of their day, met in full shock. In spite of a furious resistance the English, weakened by privation, were for a moment borne back. Chandos was overthrown and went near to lose his life. But meanwhile the English archers in the flanking divisions had driven off the light horse that stood before them, and now wheeling inward enveloped115 du Guesclin's devoted116 band on both flanks. The bastard Henry strove gallantly117 to save the day with the second line, but the Black Prince brought up not only a second line but a third, and the battle was soon over. Then the English men-at-arms flew, as at Poitiers, to their horses, and the defeat was turned into a rout108. A rapid[47] torrent, spanned by but a single bridge, barred the retreat of the fugitives; the narrow passage was choked by the press of the flying, and thousands were taken or slain.
This battle marks the zenith of early English military power. But the campaign was after all a failure. The ill faith of Pedro the Cruel forced the Black Prince to tax Gascony heavily for the expenses of the war; the province appealed to the King of France, and the Prince was summoned to be judged before his peers at Paris as a rebellious118 vassal106. He shook his head ominously119 when he received the message. "We will go," he said, "but with helmet on head and sixty thousand men at our back." The war with France broke out anew, and petty operations were soon afoot all over the country; but now noble after noble in Aquitaine and Gascony forsook120 his allegiance and revolted to the French. Disaster came thick upon disaster. The Earl of Pembroke, a new commander, disdaining121 the help of the veteran Chandos, was defeated, and Chandos himself, while advancing to his relief, was slain in a skirmish, to the grief alike of friend and of foe122. The Prince, already sickening of a mortal disease, turned in fury upon the insurgent123 town of Limoges, besieged124 it, took it, and ordered every soul in it to be put to the sword. Three thousand men, women, and children were cut down, crying "Mercy, mercy!" but the stern man, too ill to ride, looked on unmoved from his litter, till at the sight of three French knights fighting gallantly against overwhelming odds125 his heart softened126, and he gave the word for the slaughter to cease.
A few weeks later his little son, but six years old, the boy upon whom the great soldier had lavished127 all that was tender in his nature, died suddenly at Bordeaux. The blow aggravated128 the Prince's sickness, and the physicians ordered him to England, in the faint hope that he might get better at home. He returned, hid himself in strict seclusion129 in his house at Berkhampstead, and waited for the end. Meanwhile things in France[48] went from bad to worse. A great naval defeat before Rochelle cost England the command of the sea, and with the loss of the sea Guienne and Gascony were lost likewise. An expedition under John of Gaunt landed at Calais and marched indeed to Bordeaux, but lost four-fifths of its numbers through sickness on the way. By 1374 the English possessions in France were reduced to Calais, Bordeaux, and Bayonne; so swiftly had victory passed away with the withdrawal of the master's hand.
1376.
At length, in 1376, the Prince came up to Westminster to attend, even in his sick-bed, the deliberations of Parliament. This was his last effort. Two months later, on the 8th of June, he summoned his faithful comrades to his chamber to bid them farewell, and as they filed past he thanked them for their good service and asked their pardon for that he could not reward them as he wished. Then he entreated130 them to be faithful to his son as they had been to himself: and they swore it, weeping like women, with all their hearts. The end came with a flash of the imperious soldier's spirit. Observing that a knight57 who had offended him had come in with the rest, the Prince instantly bade him begone and see his face no more; and then the noble heart cracked, and with a last ejaculation that he forgave all men as he hoped to be forgiven, the Black Prince, the hope and pride and treasure of England, sank back and died. Two months later he was buried with military pomp in the cathedral at Canterbury; and over his tomb were hung, and still hang, his helmet, his surcoat, his gauntlets, his crest131, his shield, and his sword,[25] the veritable arms worn by the first great English soldier.[26] For a great soldier he was and a great commander. He could be stern and he could be merciless, but those were stern and merciless times, and the man whose last thoughts were for his comrades-in-arms was a chief who could hold men to him and a leader whom they would [49]follow to the death. Men no longer pray for his soul in the chapel132 which he founded in the crypt of the cathedral; but morning and evening the voice of the trumpet133, calling English soldiers to their work and dismissing them to their rest, peals134 forth2 from the barracks without and pierces faintly into the silence of the sanctuary135, no unfitting requiem136 for the great warrior137 who, waiting for the sound of a louder trumpet, sleeps peacefully beneath the shadow of his shield.
Authorities.—The principal authority for the period is of course Froissart, whose narrative138 has been elucidated139, by the help of minor140 authorities, by K?hler with his usual care and pains. See his vol ii. pp. 385-523, and in particular the list of authorities on pp. 385 and 417.
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forth
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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4
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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6
precepts
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| n.规诫，戒律，箴言( precept的名词复数 ) | |
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archers
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| n.弓箭手，射箭运动员( archer的名词复数 ) | |
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8
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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9
marine
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| adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵 | |
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cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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11
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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12
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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13
moors
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| v.停泊，系泊（船只）( moor的第三人称单数 ) | |
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14
fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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15
harried
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| v.使苦恼( harry的过去式和过去分词 )；不断烦扰；一再袭击；侵扰 | |
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16
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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17
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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18
disperse
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| vi.使分散；使消失；vt.分散；驱散 | |
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19
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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20
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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21
eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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22
northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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23
Ford
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| n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过 | |
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24
hemmed
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| 缝…的褶边( hem的过去式和过去分词 )； 包围 | |
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25
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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26
waggons
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| 四轮的运货马车( waggon的名词复数 )； 铁路货车； 小手推车 | |
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27
entrenched
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| adj.确立的，不容易改的(风俗习惯) | |
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28
battalions
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| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
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29
battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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30
echelon
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| n.梯队；组织系统中的等级；v.排成梯队 | |
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31
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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32
hearty
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| adj.热情友好的；衷心的；尽情的，纵情的 | |
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33
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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34
jaded
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| adj.精疲力竭的；厌倦的；（因过饱或过多而）腻烦的；迟钝的 | |
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35
drenched
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| adj.湿透的；充满的v.使湿透( drench的过去式和过去分词 )；在某人（某物）上大量使用（某液体） | |
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36
disarmed
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| v.裁军( disarm的过去式和过去分词 )；使息怒 | |
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37
shuffled
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| v.洗（纸牌）( shuffle的过去式和过去分词 )；拖着脚步走；粗心地做；摆脱尘世的烦恼 | |
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38
rabble
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| n.乌合之众，暴民；下等人 | |
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39
ravens
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| n.低质煤；渡鸦( raven的名词复数 ) | |
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40
croaking
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| v.呱呱地叫( croak的现在分词 )；用粗的声音说 | |
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41
torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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42
shafts
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| n.轴( shaft的名词复数 )；（箭、高尔夫球棒等的）杆；通风井；一阵（疼痛、害怕等） | |
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43
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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44
chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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45
chafing
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| n.皮肤发炎v.擦热（尤指皮肤）( chafe的现在分词 )；擦痛；发怒；惹怒 | |
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46
slay
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| v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮 | |
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47
brutally
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| adv.残忍地，野蛮地，冷酷无情地 | |
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48
swerved
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| v.（使）改变方向，改变目的( swerve的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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49
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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50
lashing
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| n.鞭打；痛斥；大量；许多v.鞭打( lash的现在分词 )；煽动；紧系；怒斥 | |
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51
hideously
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| adv.可怕地，非常讨厌地 | |
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52
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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53
momentum
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| n.动力，冲力，势头；动量 | |
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54
armour
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| （=armor）n.盔甲；装甲部队 | |
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55
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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56
knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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57
knight
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| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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58
overthrown
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| adj. 打翻的，推倒的，倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词 | |
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59
beset
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| v.镶嵌；困扰，包围 | |
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60
stoutly
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| adv.牢固地，粗壮的 | |
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61
entreaties
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| n.恳求，乞求( entreaty的名词复数 ) | |
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62
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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63
semblance
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| n.外貌，外表 | |
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64
jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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65
mediation
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| n.调解 | |
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66
hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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67
junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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68
westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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69
repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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70
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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71
abreast
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| adv.并排地；跟上(时代)的步伐，与…并进地 | |
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72
Augmented
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| adj.增音的 动词augment的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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73
contingent
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| adj.视条件而定的；n.一组，代表团，分遣队 | |
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74
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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75
withdrawal
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| n.取回，提款；撤退，撤军；收回，撤销 | |
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76
gaily
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| adv.欢乐地，高兴地 | |
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77
hissed
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| 发嘶嘶声( hiss的过去式和过去分词 )； 发嘘声表示反对 | |
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78
scrambled
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| v.快速爬行( scramble的过去式和过去分词 )；攀登；争夺；（军事飞机）紧急起飞 | |
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79
desperately
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| adv.极度渴望地，绝望地，孤注一掷地 | |
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80
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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81
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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82
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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83
tedium
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| n.单调；烦闷 | |
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84
scourge
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| n.灾难，祸害；v.蹂躏 | |
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85
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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86
plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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87
ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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88
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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89
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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90
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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91
penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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92
plied
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的过去式和过去分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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93
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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94
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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95
marvel
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| vi.(at)惊叹vt.感到惊异；n.令人惊异的事 | |
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96
conjured
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| 用魔术变出( conjure的过去式和过去分词 )； 祈求，恳求； 变戏法； （变魔术般地） 使…出现 | |
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97
brawny
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| adj.强壮的 | |
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98
rattling
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| adj. 格格作响的, 活泼的, 很好的 adv. 极其, 很, 非常 动词rattle的现在分词 | |
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99
bastard
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| n.坏蛋，混蛋；私生子 | |
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100
distinctive
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| adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的 | |
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101
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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102
forerunners
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| n.先驱( forerunner的名词复数 )；开路人；先兆；前兆 | |
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103
blues
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| n.抑郁，沮丧；布鲁斯音乐 | |
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104
dreading
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| v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的现在分词 ) | |
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105
vassals
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| n.奴仆( vassal的名词复数 )；（封建时代）诸侯；从属者；下属 | |
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106
vassal
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| n.附庸的；属下；adj.奴仆的 | |
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107
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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108
rout
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| n.溃退，溃败；v.击溃，打垮 | |
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109
persistently
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| ad.坚持地；固执地 | |
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110
impudently
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111
ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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112
moorish
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| adj.沼地的，荒野的，生[住]在沼地的 | |
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113
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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114
chivalrous
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| adj.武士精神的；对女人彬彬有礼的 | |
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115
enveloped
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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116
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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117
gallantly
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| adv. 漂亮地，勇敢地，献殷勤地 | |
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118
rebellious
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| adj.造反的，反抗的，难控制的 | |
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119
ominously
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| adv.恶兆地，不吉利地；预示地 | |
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120
forsook
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| forsake的过去式 | |
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121
disdaining
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| 鄙视( disdain的现在分词 )； 不屑于做，不愿意做 | |
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122
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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123
insurgent
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| adj.叛乱的，起事的；n.叛乱分子 | |
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124
besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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125
odds
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| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
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softened
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| （使）变软( soften的过去式和过去分词 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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127
lavished
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| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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128
aggravated
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| 使恶化( aggravate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使更严重； 激怒； 使恼火 | |
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129
seclusion
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| n.隐遁，隔离 | |
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130
entreated
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| 恳求，乞求( entreat的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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131
crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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132
chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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133
trumpet
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| n.喇叭，喇叭声；v.吹喇叭，吹嘘 | |
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134
peals
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| n.（声音大而持续或重复的）洪亮的响声( peal的名词复数 )；隆隆声；洪亮的钟声；钟乐v.（使）（钟等）鸣响，（雷等）发出隆隆声( peal的第三人称单数 ) | |
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135
sanctuary
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| n.圣所，圣堂，寺庙；禁猎区，保护区 | |
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136
requiem
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| n.安魂曲，安灵曲 | |
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137
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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138
narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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139
elucidated
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| v.阐明，解释( elucidate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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140
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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