On the other hand, however, it may be remarked that if the Saxon pastor be steady and well-behaved, he has very good and solid reasons for so being. Certainly he is most comfortably indemnified for the virtues6 he is expected to practise.
When a pastor dies the villagers themselves elect his successor by votes. Usually it is a man whom they know already by sight or reputation, or from having heard him preach on stray occasions in their church. Every Saxon pastor, in order to be qualified7 for the position, must have practised for several years as professor at a public gymnasium—a very wise regulation, as it insures the places being filled by men of education.
{72}
The part which a village pastor is called upon to play requires both head and heart, for the relation between shepherd and flock is here very different from the conventional footing on which clergy8 and laity9 stand with regard to each other in town life. Whereas in the city no congregation cares to see its spiritual head outside the church walls, and would resent as unpardonable intrusion any attempt of his to penetrate10 the privacy of the domestic circle, the villager not only expects but insists on his pastor taking intimate part in his family life, and being ready to assist him with advice and admonition in every possible contingency11.
The peasants are therefore very circumspect12 about the choice of a pastor, well aware that the weal or woe13 of a community may depend upon the selection. They have often seen how some neighboring village has awakened14 to new life and prosperity since the advent15 of a worthy16 clergyman; while such another parish, from a rash selection, has saddled itself with a man it would fain cart away as so much useless straw, were it only possible to get rid of him. For although the power of choice lies entirely17 with the peasants, they cannot likewise undo18 their work at will, and only the bishop19 has power to depose20 a pastor when he has investigated the complaints brought against him and found them to be justified21.
Not only the pastor in spe, but also his wife, is carefully scrutinized22, and her qualifications for the patriarchal position she has to occupy critically examined into; for if the clergyman is termed by his flock the “honorable father,” so is she designated as the “virtuous23 mother.” The candidate who happens to have a thrifty24 and benevolent25 consort26 finds his chances of election considerably27 enhanced; while such another, married to a vain and frivolous28 woman, will most likely be found awanting when weighed in the balance.
The funeral of a village pastor has been touchingly29 described by a native author,[9] whose words I take the liberty of quoting:
“The old father had gone to his long rest: more than once during the last few years he had felt that the time had come for him to lay down the shepherd’s crook30; for the world had become too stirring, and he no longer had the strength and activity of spirit to do all that was expected of him. There were serious repairs to be undertaken about the church, and the question of building a new school-house{73} was becoming urgent. Likewise many of the new church regulations were harassing31 and distasteful exceedingly; most especially was he troubled by inward quakings at the idea that at the bishop’s next official visit he would be expected to submit to him the manuscripts of all the sermons he had preached within the year, and which, neatly32 tied up together with black worsted, were lying on the lowest shelf of the bookcase.
SAXON PASTOR IN FULL DRESS.
“All these thoughts had reconciled him to the prospect33 of death; and when sitting before his door on fine summer evenings he would sometimes remark to the neighbors who had lingered near for a passing chat, ‘It cannot last over-long with me now: one or two pair of soles at most I shall wear out, and I should be glad to remain in the village, and to sleep there under the big lime-tree, in the midst of those with whom my life has been spent. Therefore kindly34 bear with me a little longer, good people, for the few remaining days the Lord is pleased to spare me.’ And these words never failed to conciliate even the more turbulent spirits, who were apt to think that the Herr Vater was over-long in going, and that the parish stood in need of a younger head.
“Now at last the coffin35 has been lowered into the earth, and the fresh mound36 covered with dewy garlands of flowers. All the villagers have turned out to render the last honors to the father they have lost. The eldest37 son of the defunct38, standing39 near the grave, addresses the congregation. In a few simple words he thanks them for the good they have done to his father and to his whole family, and, in name of the dead man, he begs their forgiveness for whatever wrongs the pastor may unwittingly have done; and when he then lays down the{74} keys of both church and parsonage into the hand of the church-warden, scarcely an eye will remain dry among the spectators. For forty years is a long time in which a good man, even though he often errs40 and be at fault, can yet have done much, very much, good indeed, and resentment41 is a plant which strikes no root in the upturned clods of a new-made grave.”
But the orphaned42 congregation must have a new pastor; the flock cannot be suffered to remain long without a shepherd; and this is the topic which is being discussed with much warmth at an assemblage of village elders. On the white-decked table are standing dishes of bread-and-cheese, flanked by large tankards of wine. The first glass has just been emptied to the memory of the dead pastor, and now the second glass will be drunk to the health of his yet unknown successor.
These meetings preceding the election of a new shepherd are often long and stormy; for when the wine has taken effect and loosened the tongues, the different candidates who might be taken into consideration are passed in review, and extolled43 with much heat, or abused with broad sarcasm44. One man is rejected on account of an impediment in his speech, and another because he is known to be unmarried; a third one, who might do well enough for any other parish, cannot be chosen here because his old parents are natives of the village; for it is a true though a hard word which says that no one can be a prophet in his own country. One man who ventures to suggest the vicar of a neighboring village is informed that no blacker traitor45 exists on the face of the earth; and another, who describes his pet candidate as an ideal clergyman, with the figure of a Hercules and the voice of a Stentor, is ironically asked whether he wishes to choose a pastor by weight and measure. If only his head and heart be in the right place the clergyman’s legs are welcome to be an inch or two shorter.
After a longer or shorter interval46 a decision is finally arrived at. From a list of six candidates one has been elected by the secret votes of the community, each married land-owner having a voice in the matter, and the name of the successful aspirant47 is publicly made known in church. Meanwhile a group of young men on horseback are waiting at the church door, and hardly has the all-important name been pronounced when they set spurs to their steeds and gallop48 to bear the news to the successful candidate. A hot race ensues, for the foremost one can hope to get a shining piece of silver—perhaps even gold—in{75} exchange for the good tidings he brings. In a carriage, at a more leisurely49 pace, follow the elders who have been deputed to hand over the official document containing the nomination50.
An early day is fixed51 for the presentation of the new shepherd to his flock, and at a still earlier date the new Frau Pastorin precedes him thither52, where she is soon deep in the mysteries of cake-baking, fowl-killing, etc., in view of the many official banquets which are to accompany the presentation. In this employment she has ample assistance from the village matrons, as well as contributions of eggs, cream, butter, and bacon. The day before the presentation the pastor has been fetched in a carriage drawn53 by six white horses. The first step to his installation is the making out and signing of the agreement or treaty between pastor and people—all the said pastor’s duties, obligations, and privileges being therein distinctly specified54 and enumerated55, from the exact quantity and quality of Holy Gospel he is bound to administer yearly to the congregation down to his share of wild crab-apples for brewing56 the household vinegar, and the precise amount of acorns57 his pigs are at liberty to consume.
After this treaty has been duly signed and read aloud, the keys of the church are solemnly given over and accepted with appropriate speeches. The banquet which succeeds this ceremony is called the “key-drinking.” Then follows the solemn installation in the church, where the new pastor, for the first time, pronounces aloud the blessing58 over his congregation, who strain their ears with critical attention to catch the sound and pass sentence thereon. The Saxon peasant thinks much of a full sonorous59 voice; therefore woe to the man who is cursed with a thin squeaky organ, for he will assuredly fall at least fifty per cent. in the estimation of his audience.
Then follows another banquet, at which each of the church officials has his place at table marked by a silver thaler piece (about 3s.) lying at the bottom of his large tankard, and visible through the clear golden wine with which the bumper60 is filled. Etiquette61 demands that the drinker should taste of the wine but sparingly at first, merely wetting the lips and affecting not to perceive the silver coin; but when the health of the new pastor is drunk, each man must empty his tankard at one draught62, skilfully63 catching64 the thaler between the teeth as he drains it dry. This coin is then supposed to be treasured up in memory of the event.
This has been but a flying visit to his new parish, and only some{76} weeks later does the new pastor hold his solemn entry into the parish, the preparations for the flitting naturally occupying some few weeks. The village is bound to convey the new pastor, his family, as well as all their goods and chattels65, to the new home, and it is considered a distinction when many carts are required for the purpose, even though the distance be great and the roads bad, for the people would have no opinion at all of a pastor who arrived in light marching order, but seem rather to value him in proportion to the trouble he gives them. As many as eighteen to twenty carts are sometimes pressed into service for this patriarchal procession.
The six white horses which are to be harnessed to the carriage for the clergyman and his wife have been carefully fattened66 up during the last few weeks, their manes plaited with bright ribbons, and the carriage itself decorated with flower garlands. At the parish boundary all the young men of the village have come out on horseback to meet them, and with flying banners they ride alongside of the carriage. In this way the village is reached, where sometimes a straw rope is stretched across the road to bar his entrance. This is removed on the pastor paying a ransom67, and, entering the village, the driver is expected to conduct his horses at full gallop thrice round the fortified68 walls of the church before entering the parsonage court-yard.
The village pastor, who lives among his people, must adopt their habits and their hours. It would not do for him to lie abed till seven or eight o’clock, like a town gentleman: five o’clock, and even sooner, must find him dressed and ready to attend to the hundred and one requirements of his parishioners, who, even at that early hour, come pouring in upon him from all sides.
Perhaps it is a petition for some particularly fine sort of turnip-seed which only the Herr Vater has got; or else he is requested to look into his wise book to see if he can find a remedy for the stubborn cough of a favorite horse, or the distressing69 state of the calf’s digestion70. Another will bring him a dish of golden honey-comb, with some question regarding the smoking of the hives; while a fourth has come to request the pastor to transform his new-born son from a pagan into a Christian71 infant.
Various deputations of villagers, inviting72 the pastor to two different funerals and to six weddings, have successively been disposed of: then will come a peasant with some Hungarian legal document which he would like to have deciphered. Has he won the lawsuit73 which has{77} been pending74 these two years and more? or has he lost it, and will he be obliged to pay the damages as well? This is a riddle75 which only the Herr Vater can read him aright by consulting the big Hungarian dictionary on the shelf.
The next visitor is perchance an old white-bearded man, bent76 double with the weight of years, and carrying a well-worn Bible under his arm. He wants to know his age, which used to be entered somewhere here in the book; but he cannot find the place, or else the bookbinder, in mending the volume last year, has pasted paper over it. Perhaps the Herr Vater can make it out for him; and further to facilitate the search, he mentions that there was corn in the upper fields, and maize77 in the low meadows, the year he was born, and that since then the corn has been sown twenty-four times on the same spot, and will be sown there again next year if God pleases to spare him. The pastor, who must of course be well versed78 in this sort of rural arithmetic, has no difficulty in pronouncing the man to be exactly seventy-three years and three months old, and sends him away well pleased to discover that he is a whole year younger than he had believed himself to be.
Often, too, a couple appear on the scene for the purpose of being reconciled. The man has beaten his wife, and she has come to complain—not of the beating in the abstract, but of the manner in which this particular castigation79 has been administered. It was really too bad this time, as, sobbing80, she explains to the Herr Vater that he has belabored81 her with a thick leather thong82 in a truly heathenish fashion, instead of taking the broomstick, as does every respectable man, to beat his wife.
The virtuous Frau Mutter has likewise her full share of the day’s work. An old hen to be made into broth83 for a sick grandchild, a piece of cloth to be cut out in the shape of a jacket, or a handkerchief to be hemmed84 on the big sewing-machine, all pass successively into her busy hands; and if she goes for a day’s shopping to the nearest market-town she is positively85 besieged86 by commissions of all sorts. Six china plates of some particular pattern, a coffee-cup to replace the one thrown down by the cat last week, a pound of loaf-sugar, the whitest, finest, sweetest, and cheapest that can be got, or a packet of composition candles. Even weightier matters are sometimes intrusted to her judgment87, and she may have to accept the awful responsibility of selecting a new mirror or a petroleum88 lamp.
Letter-writing is also another important branch of the duties of both pastor and wife. It may be an epistle to some daughter who is in service, or to a soldier son away with his regiment89, a threatening letter to an unconscientious debtor90, or a business transaction with the farmer of another village. In fact, all the raw material of epistolary affection, remonstrance91, counsel, or threat is brought wholesale92 to the parsonage, there to be fashioned into shape, and set forth93 clearly in black upon white.
Altogether the day of a Saxon pastor is a busy and well-filled one, for his doors, from sunrise to sunset, must be open to his parishioners, so that after having “risen with the lark” he is well content further to carry out the proverb by “going to bed with the lamb.”
A great deal of patience and natural tact94 is requisite95 to enable a clergyman to deal intelligently with his folk. His time must always be at their disposal, and he must never appear to be hurried or busy when expected to listen to some long-winded story or complaint. Nothing must be too trifling96 to arouse his interest, and no hour of the day too unreasonable97 to receive a visit; yet, on the whole, the lot of such a village pastor who rightly understands his duties seems to me a very peaceful and enviable one. He is most comfortably situated98 as regards material welfare, and stands sufficiently99 aside from the bustling100 outer world to be spared the annoyances101 and irritations102 of more ambitious careers. The fates of his parishioners, so closely interwoven with his own, are a constant source of interest, and the almost unlimited103 power he enjoys within the confines of his parish makes him feel himself to be indeed the monarch104 of this little kingdom.
One parsonage in particular is engraved105 on my mind as a perfect frame for such Arcadian happiness. An old-fashioned roomy house, with high-pitched roof, it stands within the ring of fortified walls which encircle the church as well. A few wide-spreading lime-trees are picturesquely106 dotted about the turf between the two buildings; and some old moss-grown stones, half sunk in the velvet107 grass where the violets cluster so thick in spring, betray this to be the site of a long-disused burying-place. Up a few steps there is a raised platform with seats arranged against the wall, from which, as from an opera-box, one may overlook the village street and mark the comings and goings of the inhabitants; and a large kitchen-garden, opening through the wall in another direction, contains every fruit and vegetable which a country heart can desire. But the greatest attraction, to my thinking,{79} was a long arcade108 of lilac-bushes, so thickly grown that the branches closed together overhead, only admitting a soft, tremulous, green half-light, and scented109 with every variety of the dear old-fashioned shrub110, from the exquisite111 dwarf112 Persian and snowy white to each possible gradation of lilac pink and pinky lilac. Along this fragrant113 gallery old carved stone benches are placed at intervals114; and hither, as the venerable pastor informed me, he always comes on Saturday evenings in summer to compose his sermon for the morrow. “It is so much easier to think out here,” he said, “among the birds and flowers and the old graves all around. When the air is scented with the breath of violets, and from the open church window comes the sound of the organ, ah, then I feel myself another man, and God teaches me quite other words to say to my people than those I find for myself inside the house!”
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1
clergies
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| （尤指基督教堂内的）牧师，教士（clergy的复数形式） | |
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bribery
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| n.贿络行为，行贿，受贿 | |
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pastor
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| n.牧师，牧人 | |
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industrious
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| adj.勤劳的，刻苦的，奋发的 | |
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contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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laity
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| n.俗人；门外汉 | |
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penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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contingency
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| n.意外事件，可能性 | |
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circumspect
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| adj.慎重的，谨慎的 | |
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woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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undo
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| vt.解开，松开；取消，撤销 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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depose
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| vt.免职；宣誓作证 | |
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justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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scrutinized
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| v.仔细检查，详审( scrutinize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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virtuous
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| adj.有品德的，善良的，贞洁的，有效力的 | |
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thrifty
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| adj.节俭的；兴旺的；健壮的 | |
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benevolent
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| adj.仁慈的，乐善好施的 | |
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consort
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| v.相伴；结交 | |
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considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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frivolous
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| adj.轻薄的；轻率的 | |
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touchingly
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| adv.令人同情地，感人地，动人地 | |
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crook
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| v.使弯曲；n.小偷，骗子，贼；弯曲(处) | |
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harassing
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| v.侵扰，骚扰( harass的现在分词 )；不断攻击（敌人） | |
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neatly
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| adv.整洁地，干净地，灵巧地，熟练地 | |
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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mound
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| n.土墩，堤，小山；v.筑堤，用土堆防卫 | |
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eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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defunct
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| adj.死亡的；已倒闭的 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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errs
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| 犯错误，做错事( err的第三人称单数 ) | |
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resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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orphaned
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| [计][修]孤立 | |
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extolled
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| v.赞颂，赞扬，赞美( extol的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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sarcasm
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| n.讥讽，讽刺，嘲弄，反话 （adj.sarcastic） | |
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traitor
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| n.叛徒，卖国贼 | |
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interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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aspirant
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| n.热望者；adj.渴望的 | |
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gallop
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| v./n.(马或骑马等)飞奔；飞速发展 | |
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leisurely
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| adj.悠闲的；从容的，慢慢的 | |
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nomination
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| n.提名，任命，提名权 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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specified
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| adj.特定的 | |
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enumerated
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| v.列举，枚举，数( enumerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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brewing
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| n. 酿造, 一次酿造的量 动词brew的现在分词形式 | |
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acorns
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| n.橡子，栎实( acorn的名词复数 ) | |
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blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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sonorous
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| adj.响亮的，回响的；adv.圆润低沉地；感人地；n.感人，堂皇 | |
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60
bumper
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| n.(汽车上的)保险杠；adj.特大的，丰盛的 | |
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etiquette
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| n.礼仪，礼节；规矩 | |
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draught
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| n.拉，牵引，拖；一网（饮，吸，阵)；顿服药量，通风；v.起草，设计 | |
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skilfully
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| adv. (美skillfully)熟练地 | |
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catching
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| adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住 | |
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chattels
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| n.动产，奴隶( chattel的名词复数 ) | |
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fattened
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| v.喂肥( fatten的过去式和过去分词 )；养肥（牲畜）；使（钱）增多；使（公司）升值 | |
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ransom
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| n.赎金，赎身；v.赎回，解救 | |
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fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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distressing
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| a.使人痛苦的 | |
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digestion
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| n.消化，吸收 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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lawsuit
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| n.诉讼，控诉 | |
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pending
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| prep.直到，等待…期间；adj.待定的；迫近的 | |
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riddle
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| n.谜，谜语，粗筛；vt.解谜，给…出谜，筛，检查，鉴定，非难，充满于；vi.出谜 | |
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bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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maize
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| n.玉米 | |
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versed
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| adj. 精通，熟练 | |
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castigation
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| n.申斥，强烈反对 | |
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sobbing
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| <主方>Ⅰ adj.湿透的 | |
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belabored
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| v.毒打一顿( belabor的过去式和过去分词 )；责骂；就…作过度的说明；向…唠叨 | |
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thong
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| n.皮带；皮鞭；v.装皮带 | |
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broth
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| n.原(汁)汤(鱼汤、肉汤、菜汤等) | |
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hemmed
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| 缝…的褶边( hem的过去式和过去分词 )； 包围 | |
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positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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petroleum
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| n.原油，石油 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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debtor
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| n.借方，债务人 | |
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remonstrance
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| n抗议，抱怨 | |
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wholesale
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| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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tact
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| n.机敏，圆滑，得体 | |
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requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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unreasonable
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| adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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bustling
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| adj.喧闹的 | |
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101
annoyances
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| n.恼怒( annoyance的名词复数 )；烦恼；打扰；使人烦恼的事 | |
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irritations
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| n.激怒( irritation的名词复数 )；恼怒；生气；令人恼火的事 | |
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unlimited
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| adj.无限的，不受控制的，无条件的 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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engraved
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| v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的过去式和过去分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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picturesquely
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velvet
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| n.丝绒，天鹅绒；adj.丝绒制的，柔软的 | |
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arcade
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| n.拱廊；(一侧或两侧有商店的)通道 | |
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scented
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| adj.有香味的；洒香水的；有气味的v.嗅到(scent的过去分词) | |
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shrub
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| n.灌木，灌木丛 | |
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exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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dwarf
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| n.矮子，侏儒，矮小的动植物；vt.使…矮小 | |
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113
fragrant
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| adj.芬香的，馥郁的，愉快的 | |
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114
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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