In Shoa a girl is reckoned according to the value of her property; and the heiress to a house, a field, and a bedstead, is certain to add a husband to her list before many summers have shone over her head. Marriage is generally concluded by the parties declaring, before witnesses, “upon the life of the king,” that they intend to live happily together, and the property of each being produced, is carefully appraised1. A mule2 or an ass3, a dollar, a shield, and a sheaf of spears on the one side, are noted4 against the lady’s stock of wheat, cotton, and household gear; and the bargain being struck, the effects become joint5 for the time, until some domestic difference results in both taking up their own, and departing to seek a new mate.
Matrimony is, however, occasionally solemnised by the church, in a manner somewhat similar to the observance of more civilised lands; the contracting parties swearing to take each other for life, in wealth or in poverty, in sickness or in health, and afterwards ratifying6 the ceremony by partaking together of the holy sacrament, and by an oath on the despot’s life. But this fast binding7 is not relished8 by the inhabitants of Shoa, and it is of very rare occurrence. Favourite slaves and concubines are respected as much as wedded9 wives. No distinction is made betwixt legitimate10 and illegitimate children; and, to the extent of his means, every subject follows the example set by the monarch11, who, it has been seen, entertains upon his establishment, in addition to his lawful12 spouse13, no fewer than five hundred concubines.
The king resides only for a few weeks at either of his many palaces; and whenever he proceeds to another, is accompanied by all his chief officers, courtiers, and domestics. At each new station a new female establishment is invariably entertained. All conjugal14 affection is lost sight of, and each woman is in turn cast aside in neglect. Few married couples ever live long together without violating their vow15; and the dereliction being held of small account, a beating is the only punishment inflicted16 upon the weaker party. The jewel chastity is here in no repute; and the utmost extent of reparation to be recovered in a court of justice for the most aggravated17 case of seduction is but fivepence sterling18!
Morality is thus at the very lowest ebb19; for there is neither custom nor inducement to be chaste20, and beads21, more precious than fine gold, bear down every barrier of restraint. Honesty and modesty22 both yield to the force of temptation, and pride is seldom offended at living in a state of indolent dependence23 upon others. The soft savage24 requires but little inducement to follow the bent25 of her passions according to the dictates26 of unenlightened nature; and neither scruples27 of conscience nor the rules of the loose society form any obstacle whatever to their entire gratification.
The bulk of the nation is agricultural; but on pain of forfeiting28 eight pieces of salt, value twenty-pence sterling, every Christian29 subject of Shoa is compelled, whenever summoned, to follow his immediate30 governor to the field. A small bribe31 in cloth or honey will sometimes obtain leave of absence, but the peasant is usually ready and anxious for the foray; presenting as it does the chance of capturing a slave, or a flock of sheep, of obtaining honour in the eyes of the despot, and of gratifying his inherent thirst for heathen blood.
The principal men of the country who may not be entrusted32 with government, spend their time in basking33 in the sun, holding idle gossip with their neighbours, lounging about the purlieus of the court, or gambling34 at gébeta or shuntridge, (see Note 1) the management of the house being left to the women, and the direction of the farm to the servants and slaves. Visits are customarily paid early in the morning; and it is reckoned disreputable to enter a stranger’s house after the hour of meals, because the etiquette36 of the country enforcing the presentation of refreshment37, the unseasonable call is ascribed to a desire to obtain it.
Whether in the cabinet or in the field, a great man is constantly surrounded by a numerous band of sycophants38, and never for a moment suffered to be by himself. The custom of the country enjoins39 the practice; the cheapness of provisions favours the support of a large retinue40; and through the lack of manufactories, the population is able to supply an unlimited41 number of idlers, who are willing to pick up a livelihood42 by any means that chance may present. But to the stranger the nuisance is a crying one. No privacy is to be enjoyed, for no retirement43 is ever permitted. A dozen naked savages44 are perpetually by one’s side, restrained by no very correct ideas of order or decorum. Each intruder seizes the first object that comes within his reach, and attacks ears, teeth, and nose, with the most reckless indifference45 to appearance. The confused hum and the half-suppressed chatter46 are far from affording assistance during the hours of mental employment; and at the season of meals, or during the presence of illustrious visitors, the whole establishment, denuded47 to the girdle, crowd into the apartment to satisfy their own curiosity, under pretext48 of doing honour to their lord and master.
On the first introduction of a stranger, an individual is selected from the establishment, and appointed the báldoraba, or “introducer.” He is designed to illustrate49 the agency of the holy Virgin50 and of the saints, between the Redeemer and the sinning mortal. To him and to him alone can a visitor look for admittance into the house; and unless he be present, the monarch and the great man are alike invisible. Courtyards may be thronged51 with attendants, and the doors may seem invitingly52 accessible, but the open sesame is wanting, and the repulsed53 party returns to his home disgusted with the insolence54 received. Time, however, gradually softens55 down the rigidity56 of this most inconvenient57 practice, which is at first so pertinaciously58 observed. Suspicion of evil design gives way on matured acquaintance; and after a certain probation59, there is not much more difficulty experienced in gaining admittance to an Abyssinian hut, than to the lordly halls of the English nobleman.
Respect is paid by prostration60 to the earth in a manner the most degrading and humiliating—by bowing the face among the very dust—by removing the robe in order to expose the body—and on entering the house, by kissing the nearest inanimate object. Every subject, of whatever rank, when admitted to the royal presence, throws himself flat before the footstool, and three times brings his forehead in contact with the ground. All stand with shoulders bare to the girdle before His Majesty61, or any superior; but to equals the corner of the cloth is removed only for a time. Any thing delivered to a domestic must be received with both hands in a cringing62 attitude; and should a present be made, the nearest object, generally the threshold of the door, is invariably saluted63 with the lips.
Amongst persons of rank, presents are frequently interchanged, and the utmost display is attempted on their delivery. Whenever anything was offered to us by our Amhára hosts, the articles were subdivided64 into a multiplicity of minute portions, placed in baskets covered with red cloth, consigned65 to a long train of bearers, and each component66 part of the gift exposed in turn to our view. Wild bulls and unruly he-goats, half as large as a donkey, were sometimes forcibly dragged into our sitting apartment, to the imminent67 danger and frequent pollution of all around. My personal inspection68 and approval was required to cocks and hens, unseemly joints69 of raw beef, loaves of half-baked dough70, pots of rancid butter, sticky jars of honey, or leaky barillés of hydromel, sacks of barley71, bundles of forage72, and coarse overgrown cabbages; and any deviation73 from this established rule was certain to be visited with the most dire35 displeasure.
Meals are taken twice during the day—at noon and after sunset. The doors are first scrupulously74 barred to exclude the evil eye, and a fire is invariably lighted before the Amhára will venture to appease75 his hunger—a superstition76 existing, that without this precaution, devils would enter in the dark, and there would be no blessing77 on the meat. Men and women sit down together, and most affectionately pick out from the common dish the choicest bits, which, at arm’s length, they thrust into each other’s mouth, wiping their fingers on the pancakes which serve as platters, and which are afterwards devoured78 by the domestics. The appearance of the large owlish black face bending over the low wicker table, to receive into the gaping79 jaws80 the proffered81 morsel82 of raw beef, which, from its dimensions, requires considerable strength of finger to be forced into the aperture83, is sufficiently84 ludicrous, and brings to mind a nest of sparrows in the garden hedge expanding their toad-like throats to the whistle of the school-boy. Mastication85 is accompanied by a loud smacking86 of the lips—an indispensable sign of good breeding, which is send to be neglected by none but mendicants, “who eat as if they were ashamed of it;” and sneezing, which is frequent during the operation, is accompanied by an invocation to the Holy Trinity, when every by-stander is expected to exclaim, Mároo! “God bless you!”
Raw flesh forms the grand aliment of life. It is not unfrequently seasoned with the gall87 of the slaughtered88 animal; but a sovereign contempt is entertained towards all who have recourse to a culinary process. The bull is thrown down at the very door of the eating-house; the head having been turned to the eastward89, is, with the crooked90 sword, nearly severed91 from the body, under an invocation to the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost; and no sooner is the breath out of the carcass, than the raw and quivering flesh is handed to the banquet. It is not fair to brand a nation with a foul92 stigma93, resting on a solitary94 fact; but from my own experience I can readily believe all that is related by the great traveller Bruce of the cruelties practised in Northern Abyssinia.
Sour bread, made from teff, barley, and wheat, is eaten with a stimulating95 pottage of onions, red pepper, and salt. Dábo, the most superior description of bread manufactured, is restricted to the wealthier classes; but there are numerous other methods employed in the preparation of grain, descending96 through all the grades of hebest, anbabéro, anabroot, deffo, amasa, debenia, demookta, and kitta; the first four being composed of wheaten flour, and the remainder of teff, gram, juwarree, barley, and peas.
Mead97 formed the beverage98 of the northern nations, and was celebrated99 in song by all their bards100. It was the nectar they expected to quaff101 in heaven from the skulls102 of their enemies, and upon earth it was liberally patronised. In Shoa the despot alone retains the right of preparing the much-prized luxury, which, under the title of tedj, is esteemed103 far too choice for the lip of the plebeian104. Unless brewed105 with the greatest care, it possesses a sweet mawkish106 flavour, particularly disagreeable to the palate of the foreigner; but its powers of intoxication107, which do not appear to be attended with the after-feelings inseparable from the use of other potent108 liquors, extend an irresistible109 attraction to the Amhára of rank, who will never, if the means of inebriation110 be placed within his reach, proceed sober to bed.
The branches of the gesho plant are dried, pulverised, and boiled with water, until a strong bitter decoction is produced, which is poured off and left to cool. Honey and water being added, fermentation takes place on the third day. Chilies111 and pepper are next thrown in, and the mixture is consigned to an earthen vessel112, closely sealed with mud and cow-dung. The strength increases with the age; and the monarch’s cellars are well stored with jars filled thirty years ago, which, little inferior in potency113 to old Cognac, furnish the material for the nightly orgies in the palace.
The tullah, or beer of the country, also possesses intoxicating114 properties, and if swallowed to the requisite115 extent, produces the consummation desired. Barley or juwarree, having been buried until the grain begins to sprout116, is bruised117, and added to the bitter decoction of the gesho. Fermentation ensues on the fourth day, when the liquor is closed in an earthen vessel, and according to the temperature of the hut, becomes ready for use in ten or fifteen more. The capacity of the Abyssinian for this sour beverage, which in aspect resembles soap and water, is truly amazing. In every house gallons are each evening consumed, and serious rioting, if not bloodshed, is too often the result of the festivity.
Rising with the liquor quaffed118, the fiercer passions gradually gain the entire ascendency, and guests seldom return to their homes without witnessing the broil119 and the scuffle, the flashing of swords and the dealing120 of deep cuts and wounds among the drunken combatants. If but a small portion of the grease which is so plentifully121 besmeared over the Christian persons of the Amhára were employed in the fabrication of candles, the long idle evenings might be passed in a more pleasant and profitable manner than in the swilling122 of beer like hogs123, and the consequent brawling124 contentions125 which at present stigmatise their nocturnal meetings.
On ordinary occasions, however, when not engaged in a debauch126, the Abyssinian retires to his bed as soon as the shades of night close in. A bullock’s hide is stretched upon the mud floor, on which, for mutual127 warmth, all the inferior members of the family lie huddled128 together in puris naturalibus. The clothing of the day forming the covering at night, is equitably129 distributed over the whole party; and should the master of the house require sustenance130 during the nocturnal hours, a collop of raw flesh and a horn of ale are presented by a male or female attendant, who starts without apparel from the group of sleepers131, exclaiming Abiet! “My lord!” to the well-known summons from the famished132 gaita.
Coffee, although flourishing wild in many parts of the kingdom, is at all times strictly133 forbidden on pain of exclusion134 from the church; and the priesthood have extended the same penal135 interdiction136 to smoking, “because the Apostle saith, that which cometh out of the mouth of a man defileth him.” One half the year, too, which is reserved for utter idleness, is marked by an exclusion of all meat diet, under the penalty of excommunication. Eggs and butter are then especially forbidden, as also milk, which is styled “the cow’s son.” Nothing whatever is tasted between sunrise and sunset; and even at the appointed time a scanty137 mess of boiled wheat, dried peas, or the leaves of the kail-cabbage, with a little vegetable oil, is alone permitted to those who are unable to obtain fish, of which none are found in any of the upland rivers.
Besides Wednesdays and Fridays throughout the twelve months, which are observed as holydays, the fast of the Apostles continues eighteen days, that of the holy Virgin sixteen, Christmas seven, Nineveh four, and Lent fifty-six. During all these, labouring men are strictly prohibited from every employment, and, as they desire their souls to be saved, are compelled to live like anchorites, to the serious diminution138 of their bodily strength. This is encouraged and promoted by the king; yet there is no system more baneful139 than that of devoting so many precious days to idleness and vice140, and none forming a more fatal obstacle to the amelioration of the people. Where such a waste of time as this is sanctioned by religion, how deeply laid must be the foundation of mental ignorance! Six months out of the twelve devoted141 to listless idleness is indeed an immense source of evil, and God, who has placed men here for useful and worthy142 exertion143, is not likely to reward them for their sloth144. But throughout Abyssinia the evil is in full force. In arts, in industry, and in social as well as in moral existence, her sons are shrouded145 under a dense146 cloud of ignorance. Want of education denies them the relaxation147 of intellectual employment—little amusement varies the dull routine of a life awed148 by the church, by the king, and by the nobles; and an unprofitable existence having been passed in this world, the spirit passes away without any very distinct idea being entertained of what is to happen in the next.
Note 1. Gebeta is a game something allied149 to backgammon, but played with sixty-four balls, stored in twenty cavities on the board.
Shuntridge is, with few deviations150, the Arab game of chess.
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收听单词发音
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1
appraised
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| v.估价( appraise的过去式和过去分词 )；估计；估量；评价 | |
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mule
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| n.骡子，杂种，执拗的人 | |
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ass
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| n.驴；傻瓜，蠢笨的人 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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joint
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| adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合 | |
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6
ratifying
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| v.批准，签认（合约等）( ratify的现在分词 ) | |
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7
binding
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| 有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的 | |
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8
relished
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| v.欣赏( relish的过去式和过去分词 )；从…获得乐趣；渴望 | |
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9
wedded
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| adj.正式结婚的；渴望…的，执著于…的v.嫁，娶，（与…）结婚( wed的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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10
legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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11
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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spouse
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| n.配偶(指夫或妻) | |
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14
conjugal
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| adj.婚姻的，婚姻性的 | |
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vow
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| n.誓(言)，誓约；v.起誓，立誓 | |
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16
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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17
aggravated
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| 使恶化( aggravate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使更严重； 激怒； 使恼火 | |
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18
sterling
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| adj.英币的(纯粹的，货真价实的)；n.英国货币(英镑) | |
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19
ebb
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| vi.衰退，减退；n.处于低潮，处于衰退状态 | |
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20
chaste
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| adj.贞洁的；有道德的；善良的；简朴的 | |
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21
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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22
modesty
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| n.谦逊，虚心，端庄，稳重，羞怯，朴素 | |
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23
dependence
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| n.依靠，依赖；信任，信赖；隶属 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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26
dictates
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| n.命令，规定，要求( dictate的名词复数 )v.大声讲或读( dictate的第三人称单数 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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27
scruples
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| n.良心上的不安( scruple的名词复数 )；顾虑，顾忌v.感到于心不安，有顾忌( scruple的第三人称单数 ) | |
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28
forfeiting
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| （因违反协议、犯规、受罚等）丧失，失去( forfeit的现在分词 ) | |
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29
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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30
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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bribe
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| n.贿赂；v.向…行贿，买通 | |
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32
entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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basking
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| v.晒太阳，取暖( bask的现在分词 )；对…感到乐趣；因他人的功绩而出名；仰仗…的余泽 | |
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34
gambling
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| n.赌博；投机 | |
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35
dire
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| adj.可怕的，悲惨的，阴惨的，极端的 | |
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36
etiquette
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| n.礼仪，礼节；规矩 | |
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37
refreshment
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| n.恢复，精神爽快，提神之事物；（复数）refreshments:点心，茶点 | |
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38
sycophants
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| n.谄媚者，拍马屁者( sycophant的名词复数 ) | |
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39
enjoins
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| v.命令( enjoin的第三人称单数 ) | |
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40
retinue
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| n.侍从；随员 | |
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41
unlimited
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| adj.无限的，不受控制的，无条件的 | |
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42
livelihood
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| n.生计，谋生之道 | |
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43
retirement
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| n.退休，退职 | |
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44
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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45
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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46
chatter
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| vi.／n.喋喋不休；短促尖叫；(牙齿)打战 | |
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47
denuded
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| adj.[医]变光的，裸露的v.使赤裸( denude的过去式和过去分词 )；剥光覆盖物 | |
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48
pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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49
illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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50
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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51
thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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52
invitingly
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| adv. 动人地 | |
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53
repulsed
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| v.击退( repulse的过去式和过去分词 )；驳斥；拒绝 | |
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54
insolence
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| n.傲慢；无礼；厚颜；傲慢的态度 | |
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55
softens
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| （使）变软( soften的第三人称单数 )； 缓解打击； 缓和； 安慰 | |
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56
rigidity
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| adj.钢性，坚硬 | |
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57
inconvenient
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| adj.不方便的，令人感到麻烦的 | |
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58
pertinaciously
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| adv.坚持地；固执地；坚决地；执拗地 | |
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59
probation
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| n.缓刑(期)，(以观后效的)察看；试用(期) | |
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60
prostration
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| n. 平伏, 跪倒, 疲劳 | |
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61
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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62
cringing
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| adj.谄媚，奉承 | |
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63
saluted
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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64
subdivided
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| 再分，细分( subdivide的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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65
consigned
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| v.把…置于（令人不快的境地）( consign的过去式和过去分词 )；把…托付给；把…托人代售；丟弃 | |
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66
component
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| n.组成部分，成分，元件；adj.组成的，合成的 | |
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67
imminent
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| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
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68
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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69
joints
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| 接头( joint的名词复数 )； 关节； 公共场所（尤指价格低廉的饮食和娱乐场所） （非正式）； 一块烤肉 （英式英语） | |
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70
dough
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| n.生面团；钱，现款 | |
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71
barley
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| n.大麦，大麦粒 | |
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72
forage
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| n.(牛马的)饲料，粮草；v.搜寻，翻寻 | |
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73
deviation
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| n.背离，偏离；偏差，偏向；离题 | |
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74
scrupulously
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| adv.一丝不苟地；小心翼翼地，多顾虑地 | |
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75
appease
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| v.安抚，缓和，平息，满足 | |
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76
superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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77
blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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78
devoured
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| 吞没( devour的过去式和过去分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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79
gaping
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| adj.口的；张口的；敞口的；多洞穴的v.目瞪口呆地凝视( gape的现在分词 )；张开，张大 | |
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80
jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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81
proffered
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| v.提供，贡献，提出( proffer的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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82
morsel
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| n.一口，一点点 | |
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83
aperture
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| n.孔，隙，窄的缺口 | |
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84
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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85
mastication
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| n.咀嚼 | |
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86
smacking
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| 活泼的，发出响声的，精力充沛的 | |
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87
gall
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| v.使烦恼，使焦躁，难堪；n.磨难 | |
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88
slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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89
eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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90
crooked
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| adj.弯曲的；不诚实的，狡猾的，不正当的 | |
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91
severed
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| v.切断，断绝( sever的过去式和过去分词 )；断，裂 | |
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92
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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93
stigma
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| n.耻辱，污名；(花的)柱头 | |
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94
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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95
stimulating
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| adj.有启发性的，能激发人思考的 | |
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96
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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97
mead
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| n.蜂蜜酒 | |
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98
beverage
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| n.(水，酒等之外的)饮料 | |
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99
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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100
bards
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| n.诗人( bard的名词复数 ) | |
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101
quaff
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| v.一饮而尽；痛饮 | |
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102
skulls
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| 颅骨( skull的名词复数 )； 脑袋； 脑子； 脑瓜 | |
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103
esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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104
plebeian
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| adj.粗俗的；平民的；n.平民；庶民 | |
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105
brewed
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| 调制( brew的过去式和过去分词 )； 酝酿； 沏（茶）； 煮（咖啡） | |
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106
mawkish
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| adj.多愁善感的的；无味的 | |
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107
intoxication
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| n.wild excitement;drunkenness；poisoning | |
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108
potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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109
irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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110
inebriation
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| n.醉，陶醉 | |
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111
chilies
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| n.红辣椒( chili的名词复数 ) | |
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112
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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113
potency
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| n. 效力，潜能 | |
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114
intoxicating
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| a. 醉人的,使人兴奋的 | |
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115
requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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116
sprout
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| n.芽，萌芽；vt.使发芽，摘去芽；vi.长芽，抽条 | |
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117
bruised
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| [医]青肿的，瘀紫的 | |
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118
quaffed
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| v.痛饮( quaff的过去式和过去分词 )；畅饮；大口大口将…喝干；一饮而尽 | |
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119
broil
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| v.烤，烧，争吵，怒骂；n.烤，烧，争吵，怒骂 | |
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120
dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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121
plentifully
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| adv. 许多地，丰饶地 | |
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122
swilling
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| v.冲洗( swill的现在分词 )；猛喝；大口喝；（使）液体流动 | |
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123
hogs
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| n.（尤指喂肥供食用的）猪( hog的名词复数 )；（供食用的）阉公猪；彻底地做某事；自私的或贪婪的人 | |
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124
brawling
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| n.争吵，喧嚷 | |
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125
contentions
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| n.竞争( contention的名词复数 )；争夺；争论；论点 | |
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126
debauch
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| v.使堕落，放纵 | |
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127
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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128
huddled
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| 挤在一起（huddle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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129
equitably
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| 公平地 | |
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130
sustenance
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| n.食物，粮食；生活资料；生计 | |
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131
sleepers
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| n.卧铺（通常以复数形式出现）；卧车( sleeper的名词复数 )；轨枕；睡觉（呈某种状态）的人；小耳环 | |
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132
famished
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| adj.饥饿的 | |
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133
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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134
exclusion
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| n.拒绝，排除，排斥，远足，远途旅行 | |
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135
penal
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| adj.刑罚的；刑法上的 | |
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136
interdiction
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| n.禁止；封锁 | |
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137
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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138
diminution
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| n.减少；变小 | |
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139
baneful
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| adj.有害的 | |
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140
vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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141
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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142
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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143
exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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144
sloth
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| n.[动]树懒；懒惰，懒散 | |
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145
shrouded
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| v.隐瞒( shroud的过去式和过去分词 )；保密 | |
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146
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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147
relaxation
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| n.松弛，放松；休息；消遣；娱乐 | |
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148
awed
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| adj.充满敬畏的，表示敬畏的v.使敬畏，使惊惧( awe的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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149
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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150
deviations
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| 背离，偏离( deviation的名词复数 )； 离经叛道的行为 | |
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