ISAAC JOGUES.
The Iroquois War ? Jogues ? His Capture ? His Journey to the Mohawks ? Lake George ? The Mohawk Towns ? The Missionary1 Tortured ? Death of Goupil ? Misery2 of Jogues ? The Mohawk "Babylon" ? Fort Orange ? Escape of Jogues ? Manhattan ? The Voyage to France ? Jogues among his Brethren ? He returns to Canada
The waters of the St. Lawrence rolled through a virgin3 wilderness4, where, in the vastness of the lonely woodlands, civilized5 man found a precarious6 harborage at three points only,—at Quebec, at Montreal, and at Three Rivers. Here and in the scattered7 missions was the whole of New France,—a population of some three hundred souls in all. And now, over these miserable8 settlements, rose a war-cloud of frightful9 portent10.
It was thirty-two years since Champlain had first attacked the Iroquois. [1] They had nursed their wrath11 for more than a generation, and at length their hour was come. The Dutch traders at Fort Orange, now Albany, had supplied them 212 with fire-arms. The Mohawks, the most easterly of the Iroquois nations, had, among their seven or eight hundred warriors12, no less than three hundred armed with the arquebuse, a weapon somewhat like the modern carbine. [2] They were masters of the thunderbolts which, in the hands of Champlain, had struck terror into their hearts.
[1] See "Pioneers of France," 318.
[2] Vimont, Relation, 1643, 62. The Mohawks were the Agniés, or Agneronons, of the old French writers.
According to the Journal of New Netherland, a contemporary Dutch document, (see Colonial Documents of New York, I. 179,) the Dutch at Fort Orange had supplied the Mohawks with four hundred guns; the profits of the trade, which was free to the settlers, blinding them to the danger.
We have surveyed in the introductory chapter the character and organization of this ferocious13 people; their confederacy of five nations, bound together by a peculiar14 tie of clanship; their chiefs, half hereditary15, half elective; their government, an oligarchy16 in form and a democracy in spirit; their minds, thoroughly17 savage18, yet marked here and there with traits of a vigorous development. The war which they had long waged with the Hurons was carried on by the Senecas and the other Western nations of their league; while the conduct of hostilities20 against the French and their Indian allies in Lower Canada was left to the Mohawks. In parties of from ten to a hundred or more, they would leave their towns on the River Mohawk, descend21 Lake Champlain and the River Richelieu, lie in ambush22 on the banks of the St. Lawrence, and attack the passing boats or canoes. Sometimes they hovered23 about the fortifications of Quebec and Three Rivers, killing24 stragglers, or luring25 213 armed parties into ambuscades. They followed like hounds on the trail of travellers and hunters; broke in upon unguarded camps at midnight; and lay in wait, for days and weeks, to intercept26 the Huron traders on their yearly descent to Quebec. Had they joined to their ferocious courage the discipline and the military knowledge that belong to civilization, they could easily have blotted27 out New France from the map, and made the banks of the St. Lawrence once more a solitude28; but, though the most formidable of savages29, they were savages only.
In the early morning of the second of August, 1642, [3] twelve Huron canoes were moving slowly along the northern shore of the expansion of the St. Lawrence known as the Lake of St. Peter. There were on board about forty persons, including four Frenchmen, one of them being the Jesuit, Isaac Jogues, whom we have already followed on his missionary journey to the towns of the Tobacco Nation. In the interval30 he had not been idle. During the last autumn, (1641,) he, with Father Charles Raymbault, had passed along the shore of Lake Huron northward31, entered the strait through which Lake Superior discharges itself, pushed on as far as the Sault Sainte Marie, and preached the Faith to two thousand Ojibwas, and other Algonquins there assembled. [4] He was now on his return from a far more perilous32 errand. The Huron mission was in a state of destitution33. There was need 214 of clothing for the priests, of vessels34 for the altars, of bread and wine for the eucharist, of writing materials,—in short, of everything; and, early in the summer of the present year, Jogues had descended36 to Three Rivers and Quebec with the Huron traders, to procure37 the necessary supplies. He had accomplished38 his task, and was on his way back to the mission. With him were a few Huron converts, and among them a noted39 Christian40 chief, Eustache Ahatsistari. Others of the party were in course of instruction for baptism; but the greater part were heathen, whose canoes were deeply laden41 with the proceeds of their bargains with the French fur-traders.
[3] For the date, see Lalemant, Relation des Hurons, 1647, 18.
[4] Lalemant, Relation des Hurons, 1642, 97.
Jogues sat in one of the leading canoes. He was born at Orleans in 1607, and was thirty-five years of age. His oval face and the delicate mould of his features indicated a modest, thoughtful, and refined nature. He was constitutionally timid, with a sensitive conscience and great religious susceptibilities. He was a finished scholar, and might have gained a literary reputation; but he had chosen another career, and one for which he seemed but ill fitted. Physically42, however, he was well matched with his work; for, though his frame was slight, he was so active, that none of the Indians could surpass him in running. [5]
[5] Buteux, Narré de la Prise du Père Jogues, MS.; Mémoire touchant le Père Jogues, MS.
There is a portrait of him prefixed to Mr. Shea's admirable edition in quarto of Jogues's Novum Belgium.
With him were two young men, René Goupil and Guillaume Couture, donnés of the mission,—that 215 is to say, laymen43 who, from a religious motive44 and without pay, had attached themselves to the service of the Jesuits. Goupil had formerly45 entered upon the Jesuit novitiate at Paris, but failing health had obliged him to leave it. As soon as he was able, he came to Canada, offered his services to the Superior of the mission, was employed for a time in the humblest offices, and afterwards became an attendant at the hospital. At length, to his delight, he received permission to go up to the Hurons, where the surgical46 skill which he had acquired was greatly needed; and he was now on his way thither47. [6] His companion, Couture, was a man of intelligence and vigor19, and of a character equally disinterested48. [7] Both were, like Jogues, in the foremost canoes; while the fourth Frenchman was with the unconverted Hurons, in the rear.
[6] Jogues, Notice sur René Goupil.
[7] For an account of him, see Ferland, Notes sur les Registres de N. D. de Québec, 83 (1863).
The twelve canoes had reached the western end of the Lake of St. Peter, where it is filled with innumerable islands. [8] The forest was close on their right, they kept near the shore to avoid the current, and the shallow water before them was covered with a dense49 growth of tall bulrushes. Suddenly the silence was frightfully broken. The war-whoop rose from among the rushes, mingled50 with the reports of guns and the whistling of bullets; and several Iroquois canoes, filled with warriors, pushed out from their concealment51, and bore down upon 216 Jogues and his companions. The Hurons in the rear were seized with a shameful52 panic. They leaped ashore53; left canoes, baggage, and weapons; and fled into the woods. The French and the Christian Hurons made fight for a time; but when they saw another fleet of canoes approaching from the opposite shores or islands, they lost heart, and those escaped who could. Goupil was seized amid triumphant54 yells, as were also several of the Huron converts. Jogues sprang into the bulrushes, and might have escaped; but when he saw Goupil and the neophytes in the clutches of the Iroquois, he had no heart to abandon them, but came out from his hiding-place, and gave himself up to the astonished victors. A few of them had remained to guard the prisoners; the rest were chasing the fugitives55. Jogues mastered his agony, and began to baptize those of the captive converts who needed baptism.
[8] Buteux, Narré de le Prise du Père Jogues, MS. This document leaves no doubt as to the locality.
Couture had eluded56 pursuit; but when he thought of Jogues and of what perhaps awaited him, he resolved to share his fate, and, turning, retraced57 his steps. As he approached, five Iroquois ran forward to meet him; and one of them snapped his gun at his breast, but it missed fire. In his confusion and excitement, Couture fired his own piece, and laid the savage dead. The remaining four sprang upon him, stripped off all his clothing, tore away his finger-nails with their teeth, gnawed58 his fingers with the fury of famished59 dogs, and thrust a sword through one of his hands. Jogues broke from his guards, and, rushing to his friend, 217 threw his arms about his neck. The Iroquois dragged him away, beat him with their fists and war-clubs till he was senseless, and, when he revived, lacerated his fingers with their teeth, as they had done those of Couture. Then they turned upon Goupil, and treated him with the same ferocity. The Huron prisoners were left for the present unharmed. More of them were brought in every moment, till at length the number of captives amounted in all to twenty-two, while three Hurons had been killed in the fight and pursuit. The Iroquois, about seventy in number, now embarked60 with their prey61; but not until they had knocked on the head an old Huron, whom Jogues, with his mangled62 hands, had just baptized, and who refused to leave the place. Then, under a burning sun, they crossed to the spot on which the town of Sorel now stands, at the mouth of the river Richelieu, where they encamped. [9]
[9] The above, with much of what follows, rests on three documents. The first is a long letter, written in Latin, by Jogues, to the Father Provincial63 at Paris. It is dated at Rensselaerswyck (Albany), Aug. 5, 1643, and is preserved in the Societas Jesu Militans of Tanner, and in the Mortes Illustres et Gesta eorum de Societate Jesu, etc., of Alegambe. There is a French translation in Martin's Bressani, and an English translation, by Mr. Shea, in the New York Hist. Coll. of 1857. The second document is an old manuscript, entitled Narré de la Prise du Père Jogues. It was written by the Jesuit Buteux, from the lips of Jogues. Father Martin, S.J., in whose custody64 it was, kindly65 permitted me to have a copy made from it. Besides these, there is a long account in the Relation des Hurons of 1647, and a briefer one in that of 1644. All these narratives67 show the strongest internal evidence of truth, and are perfectly68 concurrent69. They are also supported by statements of escaped Huron prisoners, and by several letters and memoirs70 of the Dutch at Rensselaerswyck.
Their course was southward, up the River Richelieu and Lake Champlain; thence, by way of Lake 218 George, to the Mohawk towns. The pain and fever of their wounds, and the clouds of mosquitoes, which they could not drive off, left the prisoners no peace by day nor sleep by night. On the eighth day, they learned that a large Iroquois war-party, on their way to Canada, were near at hand; and they soon approached their camp, on a small island near the southern end of Lake Champlain. The warriors, two hundred in number, saluted71 their victorious72 countrymen with volleys from their guns; then, armed with clubs and thorny73 sticks, ranged themselves in two lines, between which the captives were compelled to pass up the side of a rocky hill. On the way, they were beaten with such fury, that Jogues, who was last in the line, fell powerless, drenched74 in blood and half dead. As the chief man among the French captives, he fared the worst. His hands were again mangled, and fire applied75 to his body; while the Huron chief, Eustache, was subjected to tortures even more atrocious. When, at night, the exhausted76 sufferers tried to rest, the young warriors came to lacerate their wounds and pull out their hair and beards.
In the morning they resumed their journey. And now the lake narrowed to the semblance77 of a tranquil78 river. Before them was a woody mountain, close on their right a rocky promontory79, and between these flowed a stream, the outlet80 of Lake George. On those rocks, more than a hundred years after, rose the ramparts of Ticonderoga. They landed, shouldered their canoes and baggage, took their way through the woods, passed the spot where 219 the fierce Highlanders and the dauntless regiments81 of England breasted in vain the storm of lead and fire, and soon reached the shore where Abercrombie landed and Lord Howe fell. First of white men, Jogues and his companions gazed on the romantic lake that bears the name, not of its gentle discoverer, but of the dull Hanoverian king. Like a fair Naiad of the wilderness, it slumbered82 between the guardian83 mountains that breathe from crag and forest the stern poetry of war. But all then was solitude; and the clang of trumpets84, the roar of cannon85, and the deadly crack of the rifle had never as yet awakened86 their angry echoes. [10]
[10] Lake George, according to Jogues, was called by the Mohawks "Andiatarocte," or Place where the Lake closes. "Andiataraque" is found on a map of Sanson. Spofford, Gazetteer87 of New York, article "Lake George," says that it was called "Canideri-oit," or Tail of the Lake. Father Martin, in his notes on Bressani, prefixes88 to this name that of "Horicon," but gives no original authority.
I have seen an old Latin map on which the name "Horiconi" is set down as belonging to a neighboring tribe. This seems to be only a misprint for "Horicoui," that is, "Irocoui," or "Iroquois." In an old English map, prefixed to the rare tract89, A Treatise90 of New England, the "Lake of Hierocoyes" is laid down. The name "Horicon," as used by Cooper in his Last of the Mohicans, seems to have no sufficient historical foundation. In 1646, the lake, as we shall see, was named "Lac St. Sacrement."
Again the canoes were launched, and the wild flotilla glided91 on its way,—now in the shadow of the heights, now on the broad expanse, now among the devious92 channels of the narrows, beset93 with woody islets, where the hot air was redolent of the pine, the spruce, and the cedar,—till they neared that tragic94 shore, where, in the following century, New-England rustics95 baffled the soldiers of Dieskau, where Montcalm planted his batteries, where the red cross waved so long amid the smoke, and 220 where at length the summer night was hideous96 with carnage, and an honored name was stained with a memory of blood. [11]
[11] The allusion97 is, of course, to the siege of Fort William Henry in 1757, and the ensuing massacre98 by Montcalm's Indians. Charlevoix, with his usual carelessness, says that Jogues's captors took a circuitous99 route to avoid enemies. In truth, however, they were not in the slightest danger of meeting any; and they followed the route which, before the present century, was the great highway between Canada and New Holland, or New York.
The Iroquois landed at or near the future site of Fort William Henry, left their canoes, and, with their prisoners, began their march for the nearest Mohawk town. Each bore his share of the plunder100. Even Jogues, though his lacerated hands were in a frightful condition and his body covered with bruises101, was forced to stagger on with the rest under a heavy load. He with his fellow-prisoners, and indeed the whole party, were half starved, subsisting102 chiefly on wild berries. They crossed the upper Hudson, and, in thirteen days after leaving the St. Lawrence, neared the wretched goal of their pilgrimage, a palisaded town, standing103 on a hill by the banks of the River Mohawk.
The whoops104 of the victors announced their approach, and the savage hive sent forth105 its swarms106. They thronged107 the side of the hill, the old and the young, each with a stick, or a slender iron rod, bought from the Dutchmen on the Hudson. They ranged themselves in a double line, reaching upward to the entrance of the town; and through this "narrow road of Paradise," as Jogues calls it, the captives were led in single file, Couture in front, after him a half-score of Hurons, then Goupil, then 221 the remaining Hurons, and at last Jogues. As they passed, they were saluted with yells, screeches108, and a tempest of blows. One, heavier than the others, knocked Jogues's breath from his body, and stretched him on the ground; but it was death to lie there, and, regaining109 his feet, he staggered on with the rest. [12] When they reached the town, the blows ceased, and they were all placed on a scaffold, or high platform, in the middle of the place. The three Frenchmen had fared the worst, and were frightfully disfigured. Goupil, especially, was streaming with blood, and livid with bruises from head to foot.
[12] This practice of forcing prisoners to "run the gauntlet" was by no means peculiar to the Iroquois, but was common to many tribes.
They were allowed a few minutes to recover their breath, undisturbed, except by the hootings and gibes110 of the mob below. Then a chief called out, "Come, let us caress111 these Frenchmen!"—and the crowd, knife in hand, began to mount the scaffold. They ordered a Christian Algonquin woman, a prisoner among them, to cut off Jogues's left thumb, which she did; and a thumb of Goupil was also severed112, a clam-shell being used as the instrument, in order to increase the pain. It is needless to specify113 further the tortures to which they were subjected, all designed to cause the greatest possible suffering without endangering life. At night, they were removed from the scaffold, and placed in one of the houses, each stretched on his back, with his limbs extended, and his ankles and wrists bound fast to stakes driven into the earthen 222 floor. The children now profited by the examples of their parents, and amused themselves by placing live coals and red-hot ashes on the naked bodies of the prisoners, who, bound fast, and covered with wounds and bruises which made every movement a torture, were sometimes unable to shake them off.
In the morning, they were again placed on the scaffold, where, during this and the two following days, they remained exposed to the taunts114 of the crowd. Then they were led in triumph to the second Mohawk town, and afterwards to the third, [13] suffering at each a repetition of cruelties, the detail of which would be as monotonous115 as revolting.
[13] The Mohawks had but three towns. The first, and the lowest on the river, was Osseruenon; the second, two miles above, was Andagaron; and the third, Teonontogen: or, as Megapolensis, in his Sketch116 of the Mohawks, writes the names, Asserué, Banagiro, and Thenondiogo. They all seem to have been fortified117 in the Iroquois manner, and their united population was thirty-five hundred, or somewhat more. At a later period, 1720, there were still three towns, named respectively Teahtontaioga, Ganowauga, and Ganeganaga. See the map in Morgan, League of the Iroquois.
In a house in the town of Teonontogen, Jogues was hung by the wrists between two of the upright poles which supported the structure, in such a manner that his feet could not touch the ground; and thus he remained for some fifteen minutes, in extreme torture, until, as he was on the point of swooning, an Indian, with an impulse of pity, cut the cords and released him. While they were in this town, four fresh Huron prisoners, just taken, were brought in, and placed on the scaffold with the rest. Jogues, in the midst of his pain and exhaustion118, took the opportunity to convert them. 223 An ear of green corn was thrown to him for food, and he discovered a few rain-drops clinging to the husks. With these he baptized two of the Hurons. The remaining two received baptism soon after from a brook119 which the prisoners crossed on the way to another town.
Couture, though he had incensed120 the Indians by killing one of their warriors, had gained their admiration121 by his bravery; and, after torturing him most savagely122, they adopted him into one of their families, in place of a dead relative. Thenceforth he was comparatively safe. Jogues and Goupil were less fortunate. Three of the Hurons had been burned to death, and they expected to share their fate. A council was held to pronounce their doom123; but dissensions arose, and no result was reached. They were led back to the first village, where they remained, racked with suspense124 and half dead with exhaustion. Jogues, however, lost no opportunity to baptize dying infants, while Goupil taught children to make the sign of the cross. On one occasion, he made the sign on the forehead of a child, grandson of an Indian in whose lodge125 they lived. The superstition126 of the old savage was aroused. Some Dutchmen had told him that the sign of the cross came from the Devil, and would cause mischief127. He thought that Goupil was bewitching the child; and, resolving to rid himself of so dangerous a guest, applied for aid to two young braves. Jogues and Goupil, clad in their squalid garb128 of tattered129 skins, were soon after walking together in the forest that adjoined the 224 town, consoling themselves with prayer, and mutually exhorting130 each other to suffer patiently for the sake of Christ and the Virgin, when, as they were returning, reciting their rosaries, they met the two young Indians, and read in their sullen131 visages an augury132 of ill. The Indians joined them, and accompanied them to the entrance of the town, where one of the two, suddenly drawing a hatchet133 from beneath his blanket, struck it into the head of Goupil, who fell, murmuring the name of Christ. Jogues dropped on his knees, and, bowing his head in prayer, awaited the blow, when the murderer ordered him to get up and go home. He obeyed but not until he had given absolution to his still breathing friend, and presently saw the lifeless body dragged through the town amid hootings and rejoicings.
Jogues passed a night of anguish135 and desolation, and in the morning, reckless of life, set forth in search of Goupil's remains136. "Where are you going so fast?" demanded the old Indian, his master. "Do you not see those fierce young braves, who are watching to kill you?" Jogues persisted, and the old man asked another Indian to go with him as a protector. The corpse137 had been flung into a neighboring ravine, at the bottom of which ran a torrent138; and here, with the Indian's help, Jogues found it, stripped naked, and gnawed by dogs. He dragged it into the water, and covered it with stones to save it from further mutilation, resolving to return alone on the following day and secretly bury it. But with the night there came 225 a storm; and when, in the gray of the morning, Jogues descended to the brink139 of the stream, he found it a rolling, turbid140 flood, and the body was nowhere to be seen. Had the Indians or the torrent borne it away? Jogues waded141 into the cold current; it was the first of October; he sounded it with his feet and with his stick; he searched the rocks, the thicket142, the forest; but all in vain. Then, crouched143 by the pitiless stream, he mingled his tears with its waters, and, in a voice broken with groans144, chanted the service of the dead. [14]
[14] Jogues in Tanner, Societas Militans, 519; Bressani, 216; Lalemant, Relation, 1647, 25, 26; Buteux, Narré, MS.; Jogues, Notice sur René Goupil.
The Indians, it proved, and not the flood, had robbed him of the remains of his friend. Early in the spring, when the snows were melting in the woods, he was told by Mohawk children that the body was lying, where it had been flung, in a lonely spot lower down the stream. He went to seek it; found the scattered bones, stripped by the foxes and the birds; and, tenderly gathering145 them up, hid them in a hollow tree, hoping that a day might come when he could give them a Christian burial in consecrated146 ground.
After the murder of Goupil, Jogues's life hung by a hair. He lived in hourly expectation of the tomahawk, and would have welcomed it as a boon147. By signs and words, he was warned that his hour was near; but, as he never shunned148 his fate, it fled from him, and each day, with renewed astonishment149, he found himself still among the living.
226 Late in the autumn, a party of the Indians set forth on their yearly deer-hunt, and Jogues was ordered to go with them. Shivering and half famished, he followed them through the chill November forest, and shared their wild bivouac in the depths of the wintry desolation. The game they took was devoted150 to Areskoui, their god, and eaten in his honor. Jogues would not taste the meat offered to a demon151; and thus he starved in the midst of plenty. At night, when the kettle was slung152, and the savage crew made merry around their fire, he crouched in a corner of the hut, gnawed by hunger, and pierced to the bone with cold. They thought his presence unpropitious to their hunting, and the women especially hated him. His demeanor153 at once astonished and incensed his masters. He brought them fire-wood, like a squaw; he did their bidding without a murmur134, and patiently bore their abuse; but when they mocked at his God, and laughed at his devotions, their slave assumed an air and tone of authority, and sternly rebuked154 them. [15]
[15] Lalemant, Relation, 1647, 41.
He would sometimes escape from "this Babylon," as he calls the hut, and wander in the forest, telling his beads155 and repeating passages of Scripture156. In a remote and lonely spot, he cut the bark in the form of a cross from the trunk of a great tree; and here he made his prayers. This living martyr157, half clad in shaggy furs, kneeling on the snow among the icicled rocks and beneath the gloomy pines, bowing in adoration158 before 227 the emblem159 of the faith in which was his only consolation160 and his only hope, is alike a theme for the pen and a subject for the pencil.
The Indians at last grew tired of him, and sent him back to the village. Here he remained till the middle of March, baptizing infants and trying to convert adults. He told them of the sun, moon, planets, and stars. They listened with interest; but when from astronomy he passed to theology, he spent his breath in vain. In March, the old man with whom he lived set forth for his spring fishing, taking with him his squaw, and several children. Jogues also was of the party. They repaired to a lake, perhaps Lake Saratoga, four days distant. Here they subsisted161 for some time on frogs, the entrails of fish, and other garbage. Jogues passed his days in the forest, repeating his prayers, and carving162 the name of Jesus on trees, as a terror to the demons163 of the wilderness. A messenger at length arrived from the town; and on the following day, under the pretence164 that signs of an enemy had been seen, the party broke up their camp, and returned home in hot haste. The messenger had brought tidings that a war-party, which had gone out against the French, had been defeated and destroyed, and that the whole population were clamoring to appease165 their grief by torturing Jogues to death. This was the true cause of the sudden and mysterious return; but when they reached the town, other tidings had arrived. The missing warriors were safe, and on their way home in triumph with a large number of prisoners. Again 228 Jogues's life was spared; but he was forced to witness the torture and butchery of the converts and allies of the French. Existence became unendurable to him, and he longed to die. War-parties were continually going out. Should they be defeated and cut off, he would pay the forfeit166 at the stake; and if they came back, as they usually did, with booty and prisoners, he was doomed167 to see his countrymen and their Indian friends mangled, burned, and devoured168.
Jogues had shown no disposition169 to escape, and great liberty was therefore allowed him. He went from town to town, giving absolution to the Christian captives, and converting and baptizing the heathen. On one occasion, he baptized a woman in the midst of the fire, under pretence of lifting a cup of water to her parched170 lips. There was no lack of objects for his zeal171. A single war-party returned from the Huron country with nearly a hundred prisoners, who were distributed among the Iroquois towns, and the greater part burned. [16] Of the children of the Mohawks and their neighbors, he had baptized, before August, about seventy; insomuch that he began to regard his captivity172 as a Providential interposition for the saving of souls.
[16] The Dutch clergyman, Megapolensis, at this time living at Fort Orange, bears the strongest testimony173 to the ferocity with which his friends, the Mohawks, treated their prisoners. He mentions the same modes of torture which Jogues describes, and is very explicit174 as to cannibalism175. "The common people," he says, "eat the arms, buttocks, and trunk; but the chiefs eat the head and the heart." (Short Sketch of the Mohawk Indians.) This feast was of a religious character.
At the end of July, he went with a party of 229 Indians to a fishing-place on the Hudson, about twenty miles below Fort Orange. While here, he learned that another war-party had lately returned with prisoners, two of whom had been burned to death at Osseruenon. On this, his conscience smote176 him that he had not remained in the town to give the sufferers absolution or baptism; and he begged leave of the old woman who had him in charge to return at the first opportunity. A canoe soon after went up the river with some of the Iroquois, and he was allowed to go in it. When they reached Rensselaerswyck, the Indians landed to trade with the Dutch, and took Jogues with them.
The centre of this rude little settlement was Fort Orange, a miserable structure of logs, standing on a spot now within the limits of the city of Albany. [17] It contained several houses and other buildings; and behind it was a small church, recently erected177, and serving as the abode178 of the pastor179, Dominie Megapolensis, known in our day as the writer of an interesting, though short, account of the Mohawks. Some twenty-five or thirty houses, roughly built of boards and roofed with thatch180, were scattered at intervals181 on or near the borders of the Hudson, above and below the fort. Their inhabitants, about a hundred in number, were for the most part rude Dutch farmers, tenants182 of Van Rensselaer, the patroon, or lord of the manor183. They raised wheat, of which they 230 made beer, and oats, with which they fed their numerous horses. They traded, too, with the Indians, who profited greatly by the competition among them, receiving guns, knives, axes, kettles, cloth, and beads, at moderate rates, in exchange for their furs. [18] The Dutch were on excellent terms with their red neighbors, met them in the forest without the least fear, and sometimes intermarried with them. They had known of Jogues's captivity, and, to their great honor, had made efforts for his release, offering for that purpose goods to a considerable value, but without effect. [19]
[17] The site of the Ph?nix Hotel.—Note by Mr. Shea to Jogues's Novum Belgium.
[18] Jogues, Novum Belgium; Barnes, Settlement of Albany, 50-55; O'Callaghan, New Netherland, Chap. VI.
On the relations of the Mohawks and Dutch, see Megapolensis, Short Sketch of the Mohawk Indians, and portions of the letter of Jogues to his Superior, dated Rensselaerswyck, Aug. 30, 1643.
[19] See a long letter of Arendt Van Curler (Corlaer) to Van Rensselaer, June 16, 1643, in O'Callaghan's New Netherland, Appendix L. "We persuaded them so far," writes Van Curler, "that they promised not to kill them.… The French captives ran screaming after us, and besought184 us to do all in our power to release them out of the hands of the barbarians185."
At Fort Orange Jogues heard startling news. The Indians of the village where he lived were, he was told, enraged186 against him, and determined187 to burn him. About the first of July, a war-party had set out for Canada, and one of the warriors had offered to Jogues to be the bearer of a letter from him to the French commander at Three Rivers, thinking probably to gain some advantage under cover of a parley188. Jogues knew that the French would be on their guard; and he felt it his duty to lose no opportunity of informing them as to the state of affairs among the Iroquois. 231 A Dutchman gave him a piece of paper; and he wrote a letter, in a jargon189 of Latin, French, and Huron, warning his countrymen to be on their guard, as war-parties were constantly going out, and they could hope for no respite190 from attack until late in the autumn. [20] When the Iroquois reached the mouth of the River Richelieu, where a small fort had been built by the French the preceding summer, the messenger asked for a parley, and gave Jogues's letter to the commander of the post, who, after reading it, turned his cannon on the savages. They fled in dismay, leaving behind them their baggage and some of their guns; and, returning home in a fury, charged Jogues with having caused their discomfiture191. Jogues had expected this result, and was prepared to meet it; but several of the principal Dutch settlers, and among them Van Curler, who had made the previous attempt to rescue him, urged that his death was certain, if he returned to the Indian town, and advised him to make his escape. In the Hudson, opposite the settlement, lay a small Dutch vessel35 nearly ready to sail. Van Curler offered him a passage in her to Bordeaux or Rochelle,—representing that the opportunity was too good to be lost, and making light of the prisoner's objection, that a connivance192 in his escape on the part of the Dutch would excite the resentment193 of the Indians against them. Jogues thanked him warmly; but, to his amazement194, asked for a night to consider the matter, and take counsel of God in prayer.
232 He spent the night in great agitation196, tossed by doubt, and full of anxiety lest his self-love should beguile197 him from his duty. [21] Was it not possible that the Indians might spare his life, and that, by a timely drop of water, he might still rescue souls from torturing devils, and eternal fires of perdition? On the other hand, would he not, by remaining to meet a fate almost inevitable198, incur199 the guilt200 of suicide? And even should he escape torture and death, could he hope that the Indians would again permit him to instruct and baptize their prisoners? Of his French companions, one, Goupil, was dead; while Couture had urged Jogues to flight, saying that he would then follow his example, but that, so long as the Father remained a prisoner, he, Couture, would share his fate. Before morning, Jogues had made his decision. God, he thought, would be better pleased should he embrace the opportunity given him. He went to find his Dutch friends, and, with a profusion201 of thanks, accepted their offer. They told him that a boat should be left for him on the shore, and that he must watch his time, and escape in it to the vessel, where he would be safe.
[21] Buteux, Narré, MS.
He and his Indian masters were lodged202 together in a large building, like a barn, belonging to a Dutch farmer. It was a hundred feet long, and had no partition of any kind. At one end the farmer kept his cattle; at the other he slept with his wife, a Mohawk squaw, and his children, while his Indian guests lay on the floor in the middle. [22] As he is 233 described as one of the principal persons of the colony, it is clear that the civilization of Rensselaerswyck was not high.
[22] Buteux, Narré, MS.
In the evening, Jogues, in such a manner as not to excite the suspicion of the Indians, went out to reconnoitre. There was a fence around the house, and, as he was passing it, a large dog belonging to the farmer flew at him, and bit him very severely203 in the leg. The Dutchman, hearing the noise, came out with a light, led Jogues back into the building, and bandaged his wound. He seemed to have some suspicion of the prisoner's design; for, fearful perhaps that his escape might exasperate204 the Indians, he made fast the door in such a manner that it could not readily be opened. Jogues now lay down among the Indians, who, rolled in their blankets, were stretched around him. He was fevered with excitement; and the agitation of his mind, joined to the pain of his wound, kept him awake all night. About dawn, while the Indians were still asleep, a laborer205 in the employ of the farmer came in with a lantern, and Jogues, who spoke206 no Dutch, gave him to understand by signs that he needed his help and guidance. The man was disposed to aid him, silently led the way out, quieted the dogs, and showed him the path to the river. It was more than half a mile distant, and the way was rough and broken. Jogues was greatly exhausted, and his wounded limb gave him such pain that he walked with the utmost difficulty. When he reached the shore, the day was breaking, and he found, to his dismay, that the ebb207 of the 234 tide had left the boat high and dry. He shouted to the vessel, but no one heard him. His desperation gave him strength; and, by working the boat to and fro, he pushed it at length, little by little, into the water, entered it, and rowed to the vessel. The Dutch sailors received him kindly, and hid him in the bottom of the hold, placing a large box over the hatchway.
He remained two days, half stifled208, in this foul209 lurking-place, while the Indians, furious at his escape, ransacked210 the settlement in vain to find him. They came off to the vessel, and so terrified the officers, that Jogues was sent on shore at night, and led to the fort. Here he was hidden in the garret of a house occupied by a miserly old man, to whose charge he was consigned211. Food was sent to him; but, as his host appropriated the larger part to himself, Jogues was nearly starved. There was a compartment212 of his garret, separated from the rest by a partition of boards. Here the old Dutchman, who, like many others of the settlers, carried on a trade with the Mohawks, kept a quantity of goods for that purpose; and hither he often brought his customers. The boards of the partition had shrunk, leaving wide crevices213; and Jogues could plainly see the Indians, as they passed between him and the light. They, on their part, might as easily have seen him, if he had not, when he heard them entering the house, hidden himself behind some barrels in the corner, where he would sometimes remain crouched for hours, in a constrained214 and painful posture215, half suffocated216 235 with heat, and afraid to move a limb. His wounded leg began to show dangerous symptoms; but he was relieved by the care of a Dutch surgeon of the fort. The minister, Megapolensis, also visited him, and did all in his power for the comfort of his Catholic brother, with whom he seems to have been well pleased, and whom he calls "a very learned scholar." [23]
[23] Megapolensis, A Short Sketch of the Mohawk Indians.
When Jogues had remained for six weeks in this hiding-place, his Dutch friends succeeded in satisfying his Indian masters by the payment of a large ransom217. [24] A vessel from Manhattan, now New York, soon after brought up an order from the Director-General, Kieft, that he should be sent to him. Accordingly he was placed in a small vessel, which carried him down the Hudson. The Dutch on board treated him with great kindness; and, to do him honor, named after him one of the islands in the river. At Manhattan he found a dilapidated fort, garrisoned218 by sixty soldiers, and containing a stone church and the Director-General's house, together with storehouses and barracks. Near it were ranges of small houses, occupied chiefly by mechanics and laborers219; while the dwellings220 of the remaining colonists221, numbering in all four or five hundred, were scattered here and there on the island and the neighboring shores. The settlers were of different sects222 and nations, but chiefly Dutch Calvinists. Kieft told his guest that eighteen different languages 236 were spoken at Manhattan. [25] The colonists were in the midst of a bloody223 Indian war, brought on by their own besotted cruelty; and while Jogues was at the fort, some forty of the Dutchmen were killed on the neighboring farms, and many barns and houses burned. [26]
[24] Lettre de Jogues à Lalemant, Rennes, Jan. 6, 1644.—See Relation, 1643, p. 79.—Goods were given the Indians to the value of three hundred livres.
[25] Jogues, Novum Belgium.
[26] This war was with Algonquin tribes of the neighborhood.—See O'Callaghan, New Netherland, I., Chap. III.
The Director-General, with a humanity that was far from usual with him, exchanged Jogues's squalid and savage dress for a suit of Dutch cloth, and gave him passage in a small vessel which was then about to sail. The voyage was rough and tedious; and the passenger slept on deck or on a coil of ropes, suffering greatly from cold, and often drenched by the waves that broke over the vessel's side. At length she reached Falmouth, on the southern coast of England, when all the crew went ashore for a carouse224, leaving Jogues alone on board. A boat presently came alongside with a gang of desperadoes, who boarded her, and rifled her of everything valuable, threatened Jogues with a pistol, and robbed him of his hat and coat. He obtained some assistance from the crew of a French ship in the harbor, and, on the day before Christmas, took passage in a small coal vessel for the neighboring coast of Brittany. In the following afternoon he was set on shore a little to the north of Brest, and, seeing a peasant's cottage not far off, he approached it, and asked the way to the nearest church. The peasant and his wife, as the narrative66 gravely tells us, mistook 237 him, by reason of his modest deportment, for some poor, but pious225 Irishman, and asked him to share their supper, after finishing his devotions, an invitation which Jogues, half famished as he was, gladly accepted. He reached the church in time for the evening mass, and with an unutterable joy knelt before the altar, and renewed the communion of which he had been deprived so long. When he returned to the cottage, the attention of his hosts was at once attracted to his mutilated and distorted hands. They asked with amazement how he could have received such injuries; and when they heard the story of his tortures, their surprise and veneration226 knew no bounds. Two young girls, their daughters, begged him to accept all they had to give,—a handful of sous; while the peasant made known the character of his new guest to his neighbors. A trader from Rennes brought a horse to the door, and offered the use of it to Jogues, to carry him to the Jesuit college in that town. He gratefully accepted it; and, on the morning of the fifth of January, 1644, reached his destination.
He dismounted, and knocked at the door of the college. The porter opened it, and saw a man wearing on his head an old woollen nightcap, and in an attire227 little better than that of a beggar. Jogues asked to see the Rector; but the porter answered, coldly, that the Rector was busied in the Sacristy. Jogues begged him to say that a man was at the door with news from Canada. The missions of Canada were at this time an object of primal228 interest to the Jesuits, and above all to the 238 Jesuits of France. A letter from Jogues, written during his captivity, had already reached France, as had also the Jesuit Relation of 1643, which contained a long account of his capture; and he had no doubt been an engrossing229 theme of conversation in every house of the French Jesuits. The Father Rector was putting on his vestments to say mass; but when he heard that a poor man from Canada had asked for him at the door, he postponed230 the service, and went to meet him. Jogues, without discovering himself, gave him a letter from the Dutch Director-General attesting231 his character. The Rector, without reading it, began to question him as to the affairs of Canada, and at length asked him if he knew Father Jogues.
"I knew him very well," was the reply.
"The Iroquois have taken him," pursued the Rector. "Is he dead? Have they murdered him?"
"No," answered Jogues; "he is alive and at liberty, and I am he." And he fell on his knees to ask his Superior's blessing232.
That night was a night of jubilation233 and thanksgiving in the college of Rennes. [27]
[27] For Jogues's arrival in Brittany, see Lettre de Jogues à Lalemant, Rennes, Jan. 6, 1644; Lettre de Jogues à———, Rennes, Jan. 5, 1644, (in Relation, 1643,) and the long account in the Relation of 1647.
Jogues became a centre of curiosity and reverence234. He was summoned to Paris. The Queen, Anne of Austria, wished to see him; and when the persecuted235 slave of the Mohawks was conducted into her presence, she kissed his mutilated hands, while the ladies of the Court thronged around to 239 do him homage236. We are told, and no doubt with truth, that these honors were unwelcome to the modest and single-hearted missionary, who thought only of returning to his work of converting the Indians. A priest with any deformity of body is debarred from saying mass. The teeth and knives of the Iroquois had inflicted237 an injury worse than the torturers imagined, for they had robbed Jogues of the privilege which was the chief consolation of his life; but the Pope, by a special dispensation, restored it to him, and with the opening spring he sailed again for Canada.
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missionary
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| adj.教会的，传教(士)的；n.传教士 | |
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misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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precarious
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| adj.不安定的，靠不住的；根据不足的 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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portent
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| n.预兆；恶兆；怪事 | |
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wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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oligarchy
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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ambush
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| n.埋伏(地点)；伏兵；v.埋伏；伏击 | |
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hovered
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| 鸟( hover的过去式和过去分词 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫 | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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luring
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| 吸引，引诱（lure的现在分词形式） | |
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intercept
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| vt.拦截，截住，截击 | |
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blotted
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| 涂污( blot的过去式和过去分词 )； （用吸墨纸）吸干 | |
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solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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destitution
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| n.穷困，缺乏，贫穷 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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laymen
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| 门外汉，外行人( layman的名词复数 )； 普通教徒（有别于神职人员） | |
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motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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surgical
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| adj.外科的，外科医生的，手术上的 | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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disinterested
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| adj.不关心的，不感兴趣的 | |
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dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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concealment
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| n.隐藏, 掩盖，隐瞒 | |
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shameful
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| adj.可耻的，不道德的 | |
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ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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eluded
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| v.（尤指机敏地）避开( elude的过去式和过去分词 )；逃避；躲避；使达不到 | |
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retraced
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| v.折回( retrace的过去式和过去分词 )；回忆；回顾；追溯 | |
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gnawed
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| 咬( gnaw的过去式和过去分词 )； （长时间） 折磨某人； （使）苦恼； （长时间）危害某事物 | |
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famished
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embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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mangled
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| vt.乱砍（mangle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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provincial
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| adj.省的，地方的；n．外省人，乡下人 | |
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custody
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| n.监护，照看，羁押，拘留 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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narratives
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| 记叙文( narrative的名词复数 )； 故事； 叙述； 叙述部分 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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concurrent
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| adj.同时发生的，一致的 | |
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memoirs
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| n.回忆录；回忆录传( mem,自oir的名词复数) | |
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saluted
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victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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thorny
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| adj.多刺的，棘手的 | |
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drenched
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| adj.湿透的；充满的v.使湿透( drench的过去式和过去分词 )；在某人（某物）上大量使用（某液体） | |
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75
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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76
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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77
semblance
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| n.外貌，外表 | |
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78
tranquil
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| adj. 安静的, 宁静的, 稳定的, 不变的 | |
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79
promontory
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| n.海角；岬 | |
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80
outlet
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| n.出口/路；销路；批发商店；通风口；发泄 | |
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81
regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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82
slumbered
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| 微睡，睡眠（slumber的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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83
guardian
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| n.监护人；守卫者，保护者 | |
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84
trumpets
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| 喇叭( trumpet的名词复数 )； 小号； 喇叭形物； （尤指）绽开的水仙花 | |
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85
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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86
awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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87
gazetteer
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| n.地名索引 | |
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88
prefixes
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| n.前缀( prefix的名词复数 )；人名前的称谓；前置代号（置于前面的单词或字母、数字） | |
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89
tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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90
treatise
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| n.专著；(专题)论文 | |
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91
glided
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| v.滑动( glide的过去式和过去分词 )；掠过；（鸟或飞机 ） 滑翔 | |
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92
devious
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| adj.不坦率的，狡猾的；迂回的，曲折的 | |
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93
beset
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| v.镶嵌；困扰，包围 | |
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94
tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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95
rustics
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| n.有农村或村民特色的( rustic的名词复数 )；粗野的；不雅的；用粗糙的木材或树枝制作的 | |
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96
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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97
allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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98
massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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99
circuitous
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| adj.迂回的路的，迂曲的，绕行的 | |
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100
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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101
bruises
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| n.瘀伤，伤痕，擦伤( bruise的名词复数 ) | |
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102
subsisting
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| v.（靠很少的钱或食物）维持生活，生存下去( subsist的现在分词 ) | |
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103
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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104
whoops
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| int.呼喊声 | |
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105
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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106
swarms
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| 蜂群，一大群( swarm的名词复数 ) | |
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107
thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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108
screeches
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| n.尖锐的声音( screech的名词复数 )v.发出尖叫声( screech的第三人称单数 )；发出粗而刺耳的声音；高叫 | |
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109
regaining
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| 复得( regain的现在分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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110
gibes
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| vi.嘲笑，嘲弄（gibe的第三人称单数形式） | |
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111
caress
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| vt./n.爱抚，抚摸 | |
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112
severed
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| v.切断，断绝( sever的过去式和过去分词 )；断，裂 | |
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113
specify
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| vt.指定，详细说明 | |
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114
taunts
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| 嘲弄的言语，嘲笑，奚落( taunt的名词复数 ) | |
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115
monotonous
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| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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116
sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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117
fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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118
exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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119
brook
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| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
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120
incensed
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| 盛怒的 | |
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121
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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122
savagely
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| adv. 野蛮地，残酷地 | |
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123
doom
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| n.厄运，劫数；v.注定，命定 | |
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124
suspense
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| n.（对可能发生的事）紧张感，担心，挂虑 | |
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125
lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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126
superstition
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| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
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127
mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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128
garb
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| n.服装，装束 | |
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129
tattered
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| adj.破旧的，衣衫破的 | |
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130
exhorting
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| v.劝告，劝说( exhort的现在分词 ) | |
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131
sullen
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| adj.愠怒的，闷闷不乐的，(天气等)阴沉的 | |
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132
augury
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| n.预言，征兆，占卦 | |
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133
hatchet
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| n.短柄小斧；v.扼杀 | |
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134
murmur
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| n.低语，低声的怨言；v.低语，低声而言 | |
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135
anguish
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| n.(尤指心灵上的)极度痛苦，烦恼 | |
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136
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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137
corpse
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| n.尸体，死尸 | |
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138
torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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139
brink
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| n.(悬崖、河流等的)边缘，边沿 | |
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140
turbid
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| adj.混浊的，泥水的，浓的 | |
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141
waded
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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142
thicket
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| n.灌木丛，树林 | |
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143
crouched
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| v.屈膝，蹲伏( crouch的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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144
groans
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| n.呻吟，叹息( groan的名词复数 )；呻吟般的声音v.呻吟( groan的第三人称单数 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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145
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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146
consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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147
boon
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| n.恩赐，恩物，恩惠 | |
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148
shunned
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| v.避开，回避，避免( shun的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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149
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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150
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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151
demon
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| n.魔鬼，恶魔 | |
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152
slung
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| 抛( sling的过去式和过去分词 )； 吊挂； 遣送； 押往 | |
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153
demeanor
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| n.行为；风度 | |
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154
rebuked
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| 责难或指责( rebuke的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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155
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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156
scripture
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| n.经文，圣书，手稿；Scripture:(常用复数)《圣经》，《圣经》中的一段 | |
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157
martyr
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| n.烈士，殉难者；vt.杀害，折磨，牺牲 | |
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158
adoration
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| n.爱慕，崇拜 | |
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159
emblem
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| n.象征，标志；徽章 | |
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160
consolation
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| n.安慰，慰问 | |
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161
subsisted
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| v.（靠很少的钱或食物）维持生活，生存下去( subsist的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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162
carving
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| n.雕刻品，雕花 | |
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163
demons
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| n.恶人( demon的名词复数 )；恶魔；精力过人的人；邪念 | |
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164
pretence
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| n.假装，作假；借口，口实；虚伪；虚饰 | |
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165
appease
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| v.安抚，缓和，平息，满足 | |
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166
forfeit
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| vt.丧失；n.罚金，罚款，没收物 | |
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167
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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168
devoured
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| 吞没( devour的过去式和过去分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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169
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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170
parched
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| adj.焦干的；极渴的；v.（使）焦干 | |
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171
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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172
captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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173
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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174
explicit
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| adj.详述的，明确的；坦率的；显然的 | |
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175
cannibalism
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| n.同类相食；吃人肉 | |
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176
smote
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| v.猛打，重击，打击( smite的过去式 ) | |
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177
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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178
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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179
pastor
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| n.牧师，牧人 | |
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180
thatch
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| vt.用茅草覆盖…的顶部；n.茅草(屋) | |
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181
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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182
tenants
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| n.房客( tenant的名词复数 )；佃户；占用者；占有者 | |
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183
manor
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| n.庄园，领地 | |
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184
besought
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| v.恳求，乞求（某事物）( beseech的过去式和过去分词 )；(beseech的过去式与过去分词) | |
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185
barbarians
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| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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186
enraged
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| 使暴怒( enrage的过去式和过去分词 )； 歜； 激愤 | |
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187
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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188
parley
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| n.谈判 | |
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189
jargon
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| n.术语，行话 | |
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190
respite
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| n.休息，中止，暂缓 | |
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191
discomfiture
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| n.崩溃；大败；挫败；困惑 | |
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192
connivance
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| n.纵容；默许 | |
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193
resentment
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| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
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194
amazement
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| n.惊奇，惊讶 | |
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195
rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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196
agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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197
beguile
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| vt.欺骗，消遣 | |
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198
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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199
incur
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| vt.招致，蒙受，遭遇 | |
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200
guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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201
profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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202
lodged
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|
| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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203
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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204
exasperate
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| v.激怒，使（疾病）加剧，使恶化 | |
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205
laborer
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| n.劳动者，劳工 | |
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206
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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207
ebb
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| vi.衰退，减退；n.处于低潮，处于衰退状态 | |
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stifled
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| （使）窒息， （使）窒闷( stifle的过去式和过去分词 )； 镇压，遏制； 堵 | |
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foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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ransacked
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| v.彻底搜查( ransack的过去式和过去分词 )；抢劫，掠夺 | |
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211
consigned
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| v.把…置于（令人不快的境地）( consign的过去式和过去分词 )；把…托付给；把…托人代售；丟弃 | |
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compartment
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| n.卧车包房，隔间；分隔的空间 | |
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crevices
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| n.（尤指岩石的）裂缝，缺口( crevice的名词复数 ) | |
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constrained
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| adj.束缚的,节制的 | |
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posture
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| n.姿势，姿态，心态，态度；v.作出某种姿势 | |
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suffocated
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| （使某人）窒息而死( suffocate的过去式和过去分词 )； （将某人）闷死； 让人感觉闷热； 憋气 | |
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ransom
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| n.赎金，赎身；v.赎回，解救 | |
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garrisoned
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| 卫戍部队守备( garrison的过去式和过去分词 )； 派部队驻防 | |
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laborers
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| n.体力劳动者，工人( laborer的名词复数 )；（熟练工人的）辅助工 | |
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dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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sects
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| n.宗派，教派( sect的名词复数 ) | |
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bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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carouse
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| v.狂欢；痛饮；n.狂饮的宴会 | |
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pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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226
veneration
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| n.尊敬，崇拜 | |
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227
attire
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| v.穿衣，装扮[同]array；n.衣着；盛装 | |
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primal
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| adj.原始的；最重要的 | |
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engrossing
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| adj.使人全神贯注的，引人入胜的v.使全神贯注( engross的现在分词 ) | |
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postponed
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| vt.& vi.延期，缓办，（使）延迟vt.把…放在次要地位；[语]把…放在后面（或句尾）vi.（疟疾等）延缓发作（或复发） | |
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231
attesting
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| v.证明( attest的现在分词 )；证实；声称…属实；使宣誓 | |
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blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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jubilation
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| n.欢庆，喜悦 | |
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reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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235
persecuted
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| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的过去式和过去分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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236
homage
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| n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬 | |
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237
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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