CAVELIER DE LA SALLE.
The Youth of La Salle: his Connection with the Jesuits; he goes to Canada; his Character; his Schemes; his Seigniory at La Chine; his Expedition in Search of a Western Passage to India.
Among the burghers of Rouen was the old and rich family of the Caveliers. Though citizens and not nobles, some of their connections held high diplomatic posts and honorable employments at Court. They were destined1 to find a better claim to distinction. In 1643 was born at Rouen Robert Cavelier, better known by the designation of La Salle.[1] His father Jean and his uncle Henri were wealthy merchants, [Pg 8] living more like nobles than like burghers; and the boy received an education answering to the marked traits of intellect and character which he soon began to display. He showed an inclination2 for the exact sciences, and especially for the mathematics, in which he made great proficiency3. At an early age, it is said, he became connected with the Jesuits; and, though doubt has been expressed of the statement, it is probably true.[2]
LA SALLE AND THE JESUITS.
La Salle was always an earnest Catholic; and yet, judging by the qualities which his after-life evinced, he was not very liable to religious enthusiasm. It is nevertheless clear that the Society of Jesus may have had a powerful attraction for his youthful imagination. This great organization, so complicated yet so harmonious5, a mighty6 machine moved from the centre by a single hand, was an image of regulated power, full of fascination7 for a mind like his. But if it was likely that he would be drawn8 into it, it was no less likely that he would soon wish to escape. To find [Pg 9] himself not at the centre of power, but at the circumference9; not the mover, but the moved; the passive instrument of another's will, taught to walk in prescribed paths, to renounce10 his individuality and become a component11 atom of a vast whole,—would have been intolerable to him. Nature had shaped him for other uses than to teach a class of boys on the benches of a Jesuit school. Nor, on his part, was he likely to please his directors; for, self-controlled and self-contained as he was, he was far too intractable a subject to serve their turn. A youth whose calm exterior12 hid an inexhaustible fund of pride; whose inflexible13 purposes, nursed in secret, the confessional and the "manifestation14 of conscience" could hardly drag to the light; whose strong personality would not yield to the shaping hand; and who, by a necessity of his nature, could obey no initiative but his own,—was not after the model that Loyola had commended to his followers15.
La Salle left the Jesuits, parting with them, it is said, on good terms, and with a reputation of excellent acquirements and unimpeachable16 morals. This last is very credible17. The cravings of a deep ambition, the hunger of an insatiable intellect, the intense longing18 for action and achievement, subdued19 in him all other passions; and in his faults the love of pleasure had no part. He had an elder brother in Canada, the Abbé Jean Cavelier, a priest of St. Sulpice. Apparently20, it was this that shaped his destinies. His connection with the Jesuits had deprived him, [Pg 10] under the French law, of the inheritance of his father, who had died not long before. An allowance was made to him of three or (as is elsewhere stated) four hundred livres a year, the capital of which was paid over to him; and with this pittance21 he sailed for Canada, to seek his fortune, in the spring of 1666.[3]
LA SALLE AT MONTREAL.
Next, we find him at Montreal. In another volume, we have seen how an association of enthusiastic devotees had made a settlement at this place.[4] Having in some measure accomplished22 its work, it was now dissolved; and the corporation of priests, styled the Seminary of St. Sulpice, which had taken a prominent part in the enterprise, and, indeed, had been created with a view to it, was now the proprietor23 and the feudal24 lord of Montreal. It was destined to retain its seignorial rights until the abolition25 of the feudal tenures of Canada in our own day, and it still holds vast possessions in the city and island. These worthy26 ecclesiastics27, models of a discreet28 and sober conservatism, were holding a post with which a band of veteran soldiers or warlike frontiersmen would have been better matched. Montreal was perhaps the most dangerous place in Canada. In time [Pg 11] of war, which might have been called the normal condition of the colony, it was exposed by its position to incessant29 inroads of the Iroquois, or Five Nations, of New York; and no man could venture into the forests or the fields without bearing his life in his hand. The savage30 confederates had just received a sharp chastisement31 at the hands of Courcelle, the governor; and the result was a treaty of peace which might at any moment be broken, but which was an inexpressible relief while it lasted.
The priests of St. Sulpice were granting out their lands, on very easy terms, to settlers. They wished to extend a thin line of settlements along the front of their island, to form a sort of outpost, from which an alarm could be given on any descent of the Iroquois. La Salle was the man for such a purpose. Had the priests understood him,—which they evidently did not, for some of them suspected him of levity32, the last foible with which he could be charged,—had they understood him, they would have seen in him a young man in whom the fire of youth glowed not the less ardently33 for the veil of reserve that covered it; who would shrink from no danger, but would not court it in bravado34; and who would cling with an invincible35 tenacity36 of gripe to any purpose which he might espouse37. There is good reason to think that he had come to Canada with purposes already conceived, and that he was ready to avail himself of any stepping-stone which might help to realize them. Queylus, Superior of the Seminary, made him a [Pg 12] generous offer; and he accepted it. This was the gratuitous38 grant of a large tract4 of land at the place now called La Chine, above the great rapids of the same name, and eight or nine miles from Montreal. On one hand, the place was greatly exposed to attack; and, on the other, it was favorably situated39 for the fur-trade. La Salle and his successors became its feudal proprietors40, on the sole condition of delivering to the Seminary, on every change of ownership, a medal of fine silver, weighing one mark.[5] He entered on the improvement of his new domain41 with what means he could command, and began to grant out his land to such settlers as would join him.
Approaching the shore where the city of Montreal now stands, one would have seen a row of small compact dwellings42, extending along a narrow street, parallel to the river, and then, as now, called St. Paul Street. On a hill at the right stood the windmill of the seigniors, built of stone, and pierced with loopholes to serve, in time of need, as a place of defence. On the left, in an angle formed by the junction43 of a rivulet44 with the St. Lawrence, was a square bastioned fort of stone. Here lived the military governor, appointed by the Seminary, and commanding a few soldiers of the regiment45 of Carignan. In front, on the line of the street, were the enclosure and buildings of the Seminary, and, [Pg 13] nearly adjoining them, those of the H?tel-Dieu, or Hospital, both provided for defence in case of an Indian attack. In the hospital enclosure was a small church, opening on the street, and, in the absence of any other, serving for the whole settlement.[6]
Landing, passing the fort, and walking southward along the shore, one would soon have left the rough clearings, and entered the primeval forest. Here, mile after mile, he would have journeyed on in solitude46, when the hoarse47 roar of the rapids, foaming48 in fury on his left, would have reached his listening ear; and at length, after a walk of some three hours, he would have found the rude beginnings of a settlement. It was where the St. Lawrence widens into the broad expanse called the Lake of St. Louis. Here, La Salle had traced out the circuit of a palisaded village, and assigned to each settler half an arpent, or about the third of an acre, within the enclosure, for which he was to render to the young seignior a yearly acknowledgment of three capons, besides six deniers—that is, half a sou—in money. To each was assigned, moreover, sixty arpents of land beyond the limits of the village, with the perpetual rent of half a sou for each arpent. He also set apart a common, two hundred arpents in extent, for the use of the settlers, on condition of the payment [Pg 14] by each of five sous a year. He reserved four hundred and twenty arpents for his own personal domain, and on this he began to clear the ground and erect49 buildings. Similar to this were the beginnings of all the Canadian seigniories formed at this troubled period.[7]
LA CHINE.
That La Salle came to Canada with objects distinctly in view, is probable from the fact that he at once began to study the Indian languages,—and with such success that he is said, within two or three years, to have mastered the Iroquois and seven or eight other languages and dialects.[8] From the shore of his seigniory, he could gaze westward50 over the broad breast of the Lake of St. Louis, bounded by the dim forests of Chateauguay and Beauharnois; but his thoughts flew far beyond, across the wild and lonely world that stretched towards the sunset. Like Champlain, and all the early explorers, he dreamed of a passage to the South Sea, and a new road for commerce to the riches of China and Japan. Indians often came to his secluded51 settlement; and, on one occasion, he was visited by a band of the Seneca Iroquois, not long before the scourge52 of the colony, but now, in virtue53 of the treaty, wearing the semblance54 [Pg 15] of friendship. The visitors spent the winter with him, and told him of a river called the Ohio, rising in their country, and flowing into the sea, but at such a distance that its mouth could only be reached after a journey of eight or nine months. Evidently, the Ohio and the Mississippi are here merged55 into one.[9] In accordance with geographical56 views then prevalent, he conceived that this great river must needs flow into the "Vermilion Sea;" that is, the Gulf57 of California. If so, it would give him what he sought, a western passage to China; while, in any case, the populous58 Indian tribes said to inhabit its banks might be made a source of great commercial profit.
SCHEMES OF DISCOVERY.
La Salle's imagination took fire. His resolution was soon formed; and he descended59 the St. Lawrence to Quebec, to gain the countenance60 of the governor for his intended exploration. Few men were more skilled than he in the art of clear and plausible61 statement. Both the governor Courcelle and the intendant Talon62 were readily won over to his plan; for which, however, they seem to have given him no more substantial aid than that of the governor's letters patent authorizing63 the enterprise.[10] The cost was to be his own; and he had no money, having spent it all on his seigniory. He therefore proposed that the Seminary, [Pg 16] which had given it to him, should buy it back again, with such improvements as he had made. Queylus, the Superior, being favorably disposed towards him, consented, and bought of him the greater part; while La Salle sold the remainder, including the clearings, to one Jean Milot, an iron-monger, for twenty-eight hundred livres.[11] With this he bought four canoes, with the necessary supplies, and hired fourteen men.
Meanwhile, the Seminary itself was preparing a similar enterprise. The Jesuits at this time not only held an ascendency over the other ecclesiastics in Canada, but exercised an inordinate64 influence on the civil government. The Seminary priests of Montreal were jealous of these powerful rivals, and eager to emulate65 their zeal66 in the saving of souls and the conquering of new domains67 for the Faith. Under this impulse, they had, three years before, established a mission at Quinté, on the north shore of Lake Ontario, in charge of two of their number, one of whom was the Abbé Fénelon, elder brother of the celebrated68 Archbishop of Cambray. Another of them, Dollier de Casson, had spent the winter in a hunting-camp of the Nipissings, where an Indian prisoner, captured in the Northwest, told him of populous tribes of that quarter living in heathenish darkness. On this, the Seminary priests resolved to essay their conversion69; and an expedition, to be directed by Dollier, was fitted out to this end. [Pg 17]
DEPARTURE.
He was not ill suited to the purpose. He had been a soldier in his youth, and had fought valiantly70 as an officer of cavalry71 under Turenne. He was a man of great courage; of a tall, commanding person; and of uncommon72 bodily strength, which he had notably73 proved in the campaign of Courcelle against the Iroquois, three years before.[12] On going to Quebec to procure74 the necessary outfit75, he was urged by Courcelle to modify his plans so far as to act in concert with La Salle in exploring the mystery of the great unknown river of the West. Dollier and his brother priests consented. One of them, Galinée, was joined with him as a colleague, because he was skilled in surveying, and could make a map of their route. Three canoes were procured76, and seven hired men completed the party. It was determined77 that La Salle's expedition and that of the Seminary should be combined in one,—an arrangement ill suited to the character of the young explorer, who was unfit for any enterprise of which he was not the undisputed chief.
Midsummer was near, and there was no time to lose. Yet the moment was most unpropitious, for a Seneca chief had lately been murdered by three scoundrel soldiers of the fort of Montreal; and, while they were undergoing their trial, it became known [Pg 18] that three other Frenchmen had treacherously78 put to death several Iroquois of the Oneida tribe, in order to get possession of their furs. The whole colony trembled in expectation of a new outbreak of the war. Happily, the event proved otherwise. The authors of the last murder escaped; but the three soldiers were shot at Montreal, in presence of a considerable number of the Iroquois, who declared themselves satisfied with the atonement; and on this same day, the sixth of July, the adventurers began their voyage.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] The following is the acte de naissance, discovered by Margry in the registres de l'état civil, Paroisse St. Herbland, Rouen: "Le vingt-deuxième jour de novembre, 1643, a été baptisé Robert Cavelier, fils de honorable homme Jean Cavelier et de Catherine Geest; ses parrain et marraine honorables personnes Nicolas Geest et Marguerite Morice."
La Salle's name in full was René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle. La Salle was the name of an estate near Rouen, belonging to the Caveliers. The wealthy French burghers often distinguished79 the various members of their families by designations borrowed from landed estates. Thus, Fran?ois Marie Arouet, son of an ex-notary, received the name of Voltaire, which he made famous.
[2] Margry, after investigations80 at Rouen, is satisfied of its truth (Journal Général de l'Instruction Publique, xxxi. 571.) Family papers of the Caveliers, examined by the Abbé Faillon, and copies of some of which he has sent to me, lead to the same conclusion. We shall find several allusions81 hereafter to La Salle's having in his youth taught in a school, which, in his position, could only have been in connection with some religious community. The doubts alluded82 to have proceeded from the failure of Father Felix Martin, S. J., to find the name of La Salle on the list of novices83. If he had looked for the name of Robert Cavelier, he would probably have found it. The companion of La Salle, Hennepin, is very explicit84 with regard to this connection with the Jesuits, a point on which he had no motive85 for falsehood.
[3] It does not appear what vows86 La Salle had taken. By a recent ordinance87 (1666), persons entering religious orders could not take the final vows before the age of twenty-five. By the family papers above mentioned, it appears, however, that he had brought himself under the operation of the law, which debarred those who, having entered religious orders, afterwards withdrew, from claiming the inheritance of relatives who had died after their entrance.
[4] The Jesuits in North America, chap. xv.
[5] Transport de la Seigneurie de St. Sulpice, cited by Faillon. La Salle called his new domain as above. Two or three years later, it received the name of La Chine, for a reason which will appear.
[6] A detailed88 plan of Montreal at this time is preserved in the Archives de l'Empire, and has been reproduced by Faillon. There is another, a few years later, and still more minute, of which a fac-simile will be found in the Library of the Canadian Parliament.
[7] The above particulars have been unearthed89 by the indefatigable90 Abbé Faillon. Some of La Salle's grants are still preserved in the ancient records of Montreal.
[8] Papiers de Famille. He is said to have made several journeys into the forests, towards the North, in the years 1667 and 1668, and to have satisfied himself that little could be hoped from explorations in that direction.
[9] According to Dollier de Casson, who had good opportunities of knowing, the Iroquois always called the Mississippi the Ohio, while the Algonquins gave it its present name.
[10] Patoulet à Colbert, 11 Nov., 1669.
[12] He was the author of the very curious and valuable Histoire de Montréal, preserved in the Bibliothèque Mazarine, of which a copy is in my possession. The Historical Society of Montreal has recently resolved to print it.
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destined
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inclination
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proficiency
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tract
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harmonious
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| adj.和睦的，调和的，和谐的，协调的 | |
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mighty
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fascination
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drawn
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circumference
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renounce
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component
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exterior
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inflexible
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manifestation
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followers
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unimpeachable
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credible
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longing
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subdued
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apparently
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pittance
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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feudal
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abolition
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worthy
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ecclesiastics
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discreet
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incessant
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savage
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chastisement
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levity
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ardently
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bravado
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invincible
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tenacity
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espouse
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gratuitous
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situated
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proprietors
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domain
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dwellings
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junction
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rivulet
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regiment
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solitude
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hoarse
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foaming
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erect
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westward
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secluded
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scourge
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virtue
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semblance
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merged
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| （使）混合( merge的过去式和过去分词 )； 相融； 融入； 渐渐消失在某物中 | |
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geographical
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gulf
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populous
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descended
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countenance
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plausible
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talon
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authorizing
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inordinate
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| adj.无节制的；过度的 | |
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emulate
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| v.努力赶上或超越，与…竞争；效仿 | |
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zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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domains
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| n.范围( domain的名词复数 )；领域；版图；地产 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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conversion
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| n.转化，转换，转变 | |
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70
valiantly
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| adv.勇敢地，英勇地；雄赳赳 | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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72
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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notably
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| adv.值得注意地，显著地，尤其地，特别地 | |
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procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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outfit
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| n.（为特殊用途的）全套装备，全套服装 | |
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procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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treacherously
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| 背信弃义地； 背叛地； 靠不住地； 危险地 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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80
investigations
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| （正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究 | |
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allusions
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| 暗指，间接提到( allusion的名词复数 ) | |
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alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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novices
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| n.新手( novice的名词复数 )；初学修士（或修女）；（修会等的）初学生；尚未赢过大赛的赛马 | |
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explicit
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| adj.详述的，明确的；坦率的；显然的 | |
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85
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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vows
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| 誓言( vow的名词复数 )； 郑重宣布，许愿 | |
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ordinance
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| n.法令；条令；条例 | |
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detailed
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| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
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unearthed
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| 出土的（考古） | |
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90
indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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cession
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| n.割让，转让 | |
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