THE DISCOVERY OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
Joliet sent to find the Mississippi. Marquette.—Departure.—Green Bay.—The Wisconsin.—The Mississippi.—Indians.—Manitous.—The Arkansas.—The Illinois.—Joliet's Misfortune.—Marquette at Chicago: his Illness; his Death.
If Talon2 had remained in the colony, Frontenac would infallibly have quarrelled with him; but he was too clear-sighted not to approve his plans for the discovery and occupation of the interior. Before sailing for France, Talon recommended Joliet as a suitable agent for the discovery of the Mississippi, and the governor accepted his counsel.[46]
Louis Joliet was the son of a wagon-maker in the service of the Company of the Hundred Associates,[47] then owners of Canada. He was born at Quebec in 1645, and was educated by the Jesuits. When still very young, he resolved to be a priest. He received the tonsure3 and the minor4 orders at the age of seventeen. [Pg 58] Four years after, he is mentioned with especial honor for the part he bore in the disputes in philosophy, at which the dignitaries of the colony were present, and in which the intendant himself took part.[48] Not long after, he renounced5 his clerical vocation6, and turned fur-trader. Talon sent him, with one Péré, to explore the copper-mines of Lake Superior; and it was on his return from this expedition that he met La Salle and the Sulpitians near the head of Lake Ontario.[49]
In what we know of Joliet, there is nothing that reveals any salient or distinctive7 trait of character, any especial breadth of view or boldness of design. He appears to have been simply a merchant, intelligent, well educated, courageous8, hardy9, and enterprising. Though he had renounced the priesthood, he retained his partiality for the Jesuits; and it is more than probable that their influence had aided not a little to determine Talon's choice. One of their [Pg 59] number, Jacques Marquette, was chosen to accompany him.
MARQUETTE.
He passed up the lakes to Michilimackinac, and found his destined10 companion at Point St. Ignace, on the north side of the strait, where, in his palisaded mission-house and chapel11, he had labored12 for two years past to instruct the Huron refugees from St. Esprit, and a band of Ottawas who had joined them. Marquette was born in 1637, of an old and honorable family at Laon, in the north of France, and was now thirty-five years of age. When about seventeen, he had joined the Jesuits, evidently from motives14 purely15 religious; and in 1666 he was sent to the missions of Canada. At first, he was destined to the station of Tadoussac; and to prepare himself for it, he studied the Montagnais language under Gabriel Druilletes. But his destination was changed, and he was sent to the Upper Lakes in 1668, where he had since remained. His talents as a linguist16 must have been great; for within a few years he learned to speak with ease six Indian languages. The traits of his character are unmistakable. He was of the brotherhood17 of the early Canadian missionaries18, and the true counterpart of Garnier or Jogues. He was a devout19 votary20 of the Virgin21 Mary, who, imaged to his mind in shapes of the most transcendent loveliness with which the pencil of human genius has ever informed the canvas, was to him the object of an adoration22 not unmingled with a sentiment of chivalrous23 devotion. The longings24 of a sensitive heart, [Pg 60] divorced from earth, sought solace25 in the skies. A subtile element of romance was blended with the fervor26 of his worship, and hung like an illumined cloud over the harsh and hard realities of his daily lot. Kindled27 by the smile of his celestial28 mistress, his gentle and noble nature knew no fear. For her he burned to dare and to suffer, discover new lands and conquer new realms to her sway.
He begins the journal of his voyage thus: "The day of the Immaculate Conception of the Holy Virgin; whom I had continually invoked29 since I came to this country of the Ottawas to obtain from God the favor of being enabled to visit the nations on the river Mississippi,—this very day was precisely30 that on which M. Joliet arrived with orders from Count Frontenac, our governor, and from M. Talon, our intendant, to go with me on this discovery. I was all the more delighted at this good news, because I saw my plans about to be accomplished31, and found myself in the happy necessity of exposing my life for the salvation32 of all these tribes,—and especially of the Illinois, who, when I was at Point St. Esprit, had begged me very earnestly to bring the word of God among them."
DEPARTURE.
The outfit33 of the travellers was very simple. They provided themselves with two birch canoes, and a supply of smoked meat and Indian corn; embarked34 with five men, and began their voyage on the seventeenth of May. They had obtained all possible information from the Indians, and had made, by means [Pg 61] of it, a species of map of their intended route. "Above all," writes Marquette, "I placed our voyage under the protection of the Holy Virgin Immaculate, promising35 that if she granted us the favor of discovering the great river, I would give it the name of the Conception."[50] Their course was westward36; and, plying37 their paddles, they passed the Straits of Michilimackinac, and coasted the northern shores of Lake Michigan, landing at evening to build their camp-fire at the edge of the forest, and draw up their canoes on the strand38. They soon reached the river Menomonie, and ascended39 it to the village of the Menomonies, or Wild-rice Indians.[51] When they told them the object of their voyage, they were filled with astonishment40, and used their best ingenuity41 to dissuade42 them. The banks of the Mississippi, they said, were inhabited by ferocious43 tribes, who put every stranger to death, tomahawking all new-comers without cause or provocation44. They added that there was a demon45 in a certain part of the river, whose roar could be heard at a great distance, and who would engulf46 them in the abyss where he dwelt; that its waters were full of frightful48 monsters, who would devour49 them and their canoe; and, finally, that the [Pg 62] heat was so great that they would perish inevitably50. Marquette set their counsel at naught51, gave them a few words of instruction in the mysteries of the Faith, taught them a prayer, and bade them farewell.
The travellers next reached the mission at the head of Green Bay; entered Fox River; with difficulty and labor13 dragged their canoes up the long and tumultuous rapids; crossed Lake Winnebago; and followed the quiet windings52 of the river beyond, where they glided53 through an endless growth of wild rice, and scared the innumerable birds that fed upon it. On either hand rolled the prairie, dotted with groves54 and trees, browsing55 elk56 and deer.[52] On the seventh of June, they reached the Mascoutins and Miamis, who, since the visit of Dablon and Allouez, had been joined by the Kickapoos. Marquette, who had an eye for natural beauty, was delighted with the situation of the town, which he describes as standing57 on the crown of a hill; while, all around, the prairie stretched beyond the sight, interspersed58 with groves and belts of tall forest. But he was still more delighted when he saw a cross planted in the midst of the place. The Indians had decorated it with a number of dressed deer-skins, red girdles, and bows and arrows, which they had hung upon it as an offering to the Great Manitou of the French; a sight by which Marquette says he was "extremely consoled."
[Pg 63]
THE WISCONSIN RIVER.
The travellers had no sooner reached the town than they called the chiefs and elders to a council. Joliet told them that the governor of Canada had sent him to discover new countries, and that God had sent his companion to teach the true faith to the inhabitants; and he prayed for guides to show them the way to the waters of the Wisconsin. The council readily consented; and on the tenth of June the Frenchmen embarked again, with two Indians to conduct them. All the town came down to the shore to see their departure. Here were the Miamis, with long locks of hair dangling59 over each ear, after a fashion which Marquette thought very becoming; and here, too, the Mascoutins and the Kickapoos, whom he describes as mere60 boors61 in comparison with their Miami townsmen. All stared alike at the seven adventurers, marvelling62 that men could be found to risk an enterprise so hazardous63.
The river twisted among lakes and marshes65 choked with wild rice; and, but for their guides, they could scarcely have followed the perplexed66 and narrow channel. It brought them at last to the portage, where, after carrying their canoes a mile and a half over the prairie and through the marsh64, they launched them on the Wisconsin, bade farewell to the waters that flowed to the St. Lawrence, and committed themselves to the current that was to bear them they knew not whither,—perhaps to the Gulf47 of Mexico, perhaps to the South Sea or the Gulf of California. They glided calmly down the tranquil67 stream, by [Pg 64] islands choked with trees and matted with entangling68 grape-vines; by forests, groves, and prairies, the parks and pleasure-grounds of a prodigal69 Nature; by thickets70 and marshes and broad bare sand-bars; under the shadowing trees, between whose tops looked down from afar the bold brow of some woody bluff71. At night, the bivouac,—the canoes inverted72 on the bank, the flickering73 fire, the meal of bison-flesh or venison, the evening pipes, and slumber74 beneath the stars; and when in the morning they embarked again, the mist hung on the river like a bridal veil, then melted before the sun, till the glassy water and the languid woods basked75 breathless in the sultry glare.[53]
THE MISSISSIPPI.
On the seventeenth of June they saw on their right the broad meadows, bounded in the distance by rugged76 hills, where now stand the town and fort of Prairie du Chien. Before them a wide and rapid current coursed athwart their way, by the foot of lofty heights wrapped thick in forests. They had found what they sought, and "with a joy," writes Marquette, "which I cannot express," they steered77 forth78 their canoes on the eddies79 of the Mississippi.
Turning southward, they paddled down the stream, through a solitude80 unrelieved by the faintest trace of man. A large fish, apparently81 one of the huge cat-fish of the Mississippi, blundered against Marquette's canoe, with a force which seems to have startled him; and once, as they drew in their net, they caught [Pg 65] a "spade-fish," whose eccentric appearance greatly astonished them. At length the buffalo82 began to appear, grazing in herds83 on the great prairies which then bordered the river; and Marquette describes the fierce and stupid look of the old bulls, as they stared at the intruders through the tangled84 mane which nearly blinded them.
THE ILLINOIS INDIANS.
They advanced with extreme caution, landed at night, and made a fire to cook their evening meal; then extinguished it, embarked again, paddled some way farther, and anchored in the stream, keeping a man on the watch till morning. They had journeyed more than a fortnight without meeting a human being, when, on the twenty-fifth, they discovered footprints of men in the mud of the western bank, and a well-trodden path that led to the adjacent prairie. Joliet and Marquette resolved to follow it; and leaving the canoes in charge of their men, they set out on their hazardous adventure. The day was fair, and they walked two leagues in silence, following the path through the forest and across the sunny prairie, till they discovered an Indian village on the banks of a river, and two others on a hill half a league distant.[54] Now, with beating hearts, they invoked the aid of Heaven, and, again advancing, came so near, without being seen, that they could [Pg 66] hear the voices of the Indians among the wigwams. Then they stood forth in full view, and shouted to attract attention. There was great commotion85 in the village. The inmates86 swarmed87 out of their huts, and four of their chief men presently came forward to meet the strangers, advancing very deliberately89, and holding up toward the sun two calumets, or peace-pipes, decorated with feathers. They stopped abruptly90 before the two Frenchmen, and stood gazing at them without speaking a word. Marquette was much relieved on seeing that they wore French cloth, whence he judged that they must be friends and allies. He broke the silence, and asked them who they were; whereupon they answered that they were Illinois, and offered the pipe; which having been duly smoked, they all went together to the village. Here the chief received the travellers after a singular fashion, meant to do them honor. He stood stark91 naked at the door of a large wigwam, holding up both hands as if to shield his eyes. "Frenchmen, how bright the sun shines when you come to visit us! All our village awaits you; and you shall enter our wigwams in peace." So saying, he led them into his own, which was crowded to suffocation92 with savages93, staring at their guests in silence. Having smoked with the chiefs and old men, they were invited to visit the great chief of all the Illinois, at one of the villages they had seen in the distance; and thither95 they proceeded, followed by a throng96 of warriors97, squaws, and children. On [Pg 67] arriving, they were forced to smoke again, and listen to a speech of welcome from the great chief, who delivered it standing between two old men, naked like himself. His lodge98 was crowded with the dignitaries of the tribe, whom Marquette addressed in Algonquin, announcing himself as a messenger sent by the God who had made them, and whom it behooves99 them to recognize and obey. He added a few words touching100 the power and glory of Count Frontenac, and concluded by asking information concerning the Mississippi, and the tribes along its banks, whom he was on his way to visit. The chief replied with a speech of compliment; assuring his guests that their presence added flavor to his tobacco, made the river more calm, the sky more serene102, and the earth more beautiful. In conclusion, he gave them a young slave and a calumet, begging them at the same time to abandon their purpose of descending103 the Mississippi.
A feast of four courses now followed. First, a wooden bowl full of a porridge of Indian meal boiled with grease was set before the guests; and the master of ceremonies fed them in turn, like infants, with a large spoon. Then appeared a platter of fish; and the same functionary104, carefully removing the bones with his fingers, and blowing on the morsels105 to cool them, placed them in the mouths of the two Frenchmen. A large dog, killed and cooked for the occasion, was next placed before them; but, failing to tempt106 their fastidious appetites, was supplanted107 by a [Pg 68] dish of fat buffalo-meat, which concluded the entertainment. The crowd having dispersed108, buffalo-robes were spread on the ground, and Marquette and Joliet spent the night on the scene of the late festivity. In the morning, the chief, with some six hundred of his tribesmen, escorted them to their canoes, and bade them, after their stolid109 fashion, a friendly farewell.
A REAL DANGER.
Again they were on their way, slowly drifting down the great river. They passed the mouth of the Illinois, and glided beneath that line of rocks on the eastern side, cut into fantastic forms by the elements, and marked as "The Ruined Castles" on some of the early French maps. Presently they beheld110 a sight which reminded them that the Devil was still lord paramount111 of this wilderness112. On the flat face of a high rock were painted, in red, black, and green, a pair of monsters, each "as large as a calf113, with horns like a deer, red eyes, a beard like a tiger, and a frightful expression of countenance114. The face is something like that of a man, the body covered with scales; and the tail so long that it passes entirely115 round the body, over the head and between the legs, ending like that of a fish." Such is the account which the worthy116 Jesuit gives of these manitous, or Indian gods.[55] He confesses that at first they frightened [Pg 69] him; and his imagination and that of his credulous117 companions was so wrought118 upon by these unhallowed efforts of Indian art, that they continued for a long time to talk of them as they plied101 their paddles. They were thus engaged, when they were suddenly aroused by a real danger. A torrent119 of yellow mud rushed furiously athwart the calm blue current of the Mississippi, boiling and surging, and sweeping120 in its course logs, branches, and uprooted121 trees. They had reached the mouth of the Missouri, where that savage94 river, descending from its mad career through a vast unknown of barbarism, poured its turbid122 floods into the bosom123 of its gentler sister. Their light canoes whirled on the miry vortex like dry leaves on an angry brook124. "I never," writes Marquette, "saw anything more terrific;" but they escaped with their fright, and held their way down the turbulent and swollen125 current of the now united rivers.[56] They passed the lonely forest that covered [Pg 70] the site of the destined city of St. Louis, and, a few days later, saw on their left the mouth of the stream to which the Iroquois had given the well-merited name of Ohio, or the "Beautiful River."[57] Soon they began to see the marshy126 shores buried in a dense127 growth of the cane128, with its tall straight stems and feathery light-green foliage129. The sun glowed through the hazy130 air with a languid stifling131 heat, and by day and night mosquitoes in myriads132 left them no peace. They floated slowly down the current, crouched133 in the shade of the sails which they had spread as awnings134, when suddenly they saw Indians on the east bank. The surprise was mutual135, and each party was as much frightened as the other. Marquette hastened to display the calumet which the Illinois had given him by way of passport; and the Indians, recognizing the pacific symbol, replied with an invitation to land. Evidently, they were in communication with Europeans, for they were armed with guns, knives, and hatchets136, wore garments of cloth, and carried their gunpowder137 in small bottles of thick glass. They feasted the Frenchmen with buffalo-meat, bear's oil, and white plums; and gave them a variety of doubtful information, [Pg 71] including the agreeable but delusive138 assurance that they would reach the mouth of the river in ten days. It was, in fact, more than a thousand miles distant.
THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI.
They resumed their course, and again floated down the interminable monotony of river, marsh, and forest. Day after day passed on in solitude, and they had paddled some three hundred miles since their meeting with the Indians, when, as they neared the mouth of the Arkansas, they saw a cluster of wigwams on the west bank. Their inmates were all astir, yelling the war-whoop, snatching their weapons, and running to the shore to meet the strangers, who, on their part, called for succor139 to the Virgin. In truth, they had need of her aid; for several large wooden canoes, filled with savages, were putting out from the shore, above and below them, to cut off their retreat, while a swarm88 of headlong young warriors waded140 into the water to attack them. The current proved too strong; and, failing to reach the canoes of the Frenchmen, one of them threw his war-club, which flew over the heads of the startled travellers. Meanwhile, Marquette had not ceased to hold up his calumet, to which the excited crowd gave no heed141, but strung their bows and notched142 their arrows for immediate143 action; when at length the elders of the village arrived, saw the peace-pipe, restrained the ardor144 of the youth, and urged the Frenchmen to come ashore145. Marquette and his companions complied, trembling, and found a better reception than [Pg 72] they had reason to expect. One of the Indians spoke146 a little Illinois, and served as interpreter; a friendly conference was followed by a feast of sagamite and fish; and the travellers, not without sore misgivings147, spent the night in the lodges148 of their entertainers.[58]
THE ARKANSAS.
Early in the morning, they embarked again, and proceeded to a village of the Arkansas tribe, about eight leagues below. Notice of their coming was sent before them by their late hosts; and as they drew near they were met by a canoe, in the prow149 of which stood a naked personage, holding a calumet, singing, and making gestures of friendship. On reaching the village, which was on the east side,[59] opposite the mouth of the river Arkansas, they were conducted to a sort of scaffold, before the lodge of the war-chief. The space beneath had been prepared for their reception, the ground being neatly150 covered with rush mats. On these they were seated; the warriors sat around them in a semi-circle; then the elders of the tribe; and then the promiscuous151 crowd of villagers, standing, and staring over the heads of the more dignified152 members of the assembly. All the men were naked; but, to compensate153 for the lack of clothing, they wore strings154 of beads155 in their noses and ears. The women were clothed in shabby skins, and wore their hair clumped156 in a mass behind each [Pg 73] ear. By good luck, there was a young Indian in the village, who had an excellent knowledge of Illinois; and through him Marquette endeavored to explain the mysteries of Christianity, and to gain information concerning the river below. To this end he gave his auditors157 the presents indispensable on such occasions, but received very little in return. They told him that the Mississippi was infested158 by hostile Indians, armed with guns procured159 from white men; and that they, the Arkansas, stood in such fear of them that they dared not hunt the buffalo, but were forced to live on Indian corn, of which they raised three crops a year.
During the speeches on either side, food was brought in without ceasing,—sometimes a platter of sagamite or mush; sometimes of corn boiled whole; sometimes a roasted dog. The villagers had large earthen pots and platters, made by themselves with tolerable skill, as well as hatchets, knives, and beads, gained by traffic with the Illinois and other tribes in contact with the French or Spaniards. All day there was feasting without respite160, after the merciless practice of Indian hospitality; but at night some of their entertainers proposed to kill and plunder161 them,—a scheme which was defeated by the vigilance of the chief, who visited their quarters, and danced the calumet dance to reassure162 his guests.
The travellers now held counsel as to what course they should take. They had gone far enough, as they thought, to establish one important point,—that [Pg 74] the Mississippi discharged its waters, not into the Atlantic or sea of Virginia, nor into the Gulf of California or Vermilion Sea, but into the Gulf of Mexico. They thought themselves nearer to its mouth than they actually were, the distance being still about seven hundred miles; and they feared that if they went farther they might be killed by Indians or captured by Spaniards, whereby the results of their discovery would be lost. Therefore they resolved to return to Canada, and report what they had seen.
They left the Arkansas village, and began their homeward voyage on the seventeenth of July. It was no easy task to urge their way upward, in the heat of midsummer, against the current of the dark and gloomy stream, toiling163 all day under the parching164 sun, and sleeping at night in the exhalations of the unwholesome shore, or in the narrow confines of their birchen vessels165, anchored on the river. Marquette was attacked with dysentery. Languid and well-nigh spent, he invoked his celestial mistress, as day after day, and week after week, they won their slow way northward167. At length, they reached the Illinois, and, entering its mouth, followed its course, charmed, as they went, with its placid168 waters, its shady forests, and its rich plains, grazed by the bison and the deer. They stopped at a spot soon to be made famous in the annals of western discovery. This was a village of the Illinois, then called "Kaskaskia;" a name afterwards transferred to [Pg 75] another locality.[60] A chief, with a band of young warriors, offered to guide them to the Lake of the Illinois; that is to say, Lake Michigan. Thither they repaired; and, coasting its shores, reached Green Bay at the end of September, after an absence of about four months, during which they had paddled their canoes somewhat more than two thousand five hundred miles.[61]
RETURN TO CANADA.
Marquette remained to recruit his exhausted169 strength; but Joliet descended170 to Quebec, to bear the report of his discovery to Count Frontenac. Fortune had wonderfully favored him on his long and perilous172 journey; but now she abandoned him on the very threshold of home. At the foot of the rapids of La Chine, and immediately above Montreal, [Pg 76] his canoe was overset, two of his men and an Indian boy were drowned, all his papers were lost, and he himself narrowly escaped.[62] In a letter to Frontenac, he speaks of the accident as follows: "I had escaped every peril171 from the Indians; I had passed forty-two rapids; and was on the point of disembarking, full of joy at the success of so long and difficult an enterprise, when my canoe capsized, after all the danger seemed over. I lost two men and my box of papers, within sight of the first French settlements, which I had left almost two years before. Nothing remains173 to me but my life, and the ardent174 desire to employ it on any service which you may please to direct."[63]
[Pg 77]
MARQUETTE'S MISSION.
Marquette spent the winter and the following summer at the mission of Green Bay, still suffering from his malady175. In the autumn, however, it abated176; and he was permitted by his Superior to attempt the execution of a plan to which he was devotedly177 attached,—the founding, at the principal town of the Illinois, of a mission to be called the "Immaculate Conception," a name which he had already given to the river Mississippi. He set out on this errand on the twenty-fifth of October, accompanied by two men, named Pierre and Jacques, one of whom had been with him on his great journey of discovery. A band of Pottawattamies and another band of Illinois also joined him. The united parties—ten canoes in all—followed the east shore of Green Bay as far as the inlet then called "Sturgeon Cove," from the head of which they crossed by a difficult portage through the forest to the shore of Lake Michigan. November had come. The bright hues179 of the autumn foliage were changed to rusty180 brown. The shore was desolate181, and the lake was stormy. They were more [Pg 78] than a month in coasting its western border, when at length they reached the river Chicago, entered it, and ascended about two leagues. Marquette's disease had lately returned, and hemorrhage now ensued. He told his two companions that this journey would be his last. In the condition in which he was, it was impossible to go farther. The two men built a log hut by the river, and here they prepared to spend the winter; while Marquette, feeble as he was, began the spiritual exercises of Saint Ignatius, and confessed his two companions twice a week.
Meadow, marsh, and forest were sheeted with snow, but game was abundant. Pierre and Jacques killed buffalo and deer, and shot wild turkeys close to their hut. There was an encampment of Illinois within two days' journey; and other Indians, passing by this well-known thoroughfare, occasionally visited them, treating the exiles kindly182, and sometimes bringing them game and Indian corn. Eighteen leagues distant was the camp of two adventurous183 French traders,—one of them, a noted184 coureur de bois, nicknamed La Taupine;[64] and the other, a self-styled surgeon. They also visited Marquette, and befriended him to the best of their power.
THE MISSION AT KASKASKIA.
Urged by a burning desire to lay, before he died, the foundation of his new mission of the Immaculate Conception, Marquette begged his two followers185 to [Pg 79] join him in a novena, or nine days' devotion to the Virgin. In consequence of this, as he believed, his disease relented; he began to regain186 strength, and in March was able to resume the journey. On the thirtieth of the month, they left their hut, which had been inundated187 by a sudden rise of the river, and carried their canoe through mud and water over the portage which led to the Des Plaines. Marquette knew the way, for he had passed by this route on his return from the Mississippi. Amid the rains of opening spring, they floated down the swollen current of the Des Plaines, by naked woods and spongy, saturated188 prairies, till they reached its junction189 with the main stream of the Illinois, which they descended to their destination, the Indian town which Marquette calls "Kaskaskia." Here, as we are told, he was received "like an angel from Heaven." He passed from wigwam to wigwam, telling the listening crowds of God and the Virgin, Paradise and Hell, angels and demons190; and, when he thought their minds prepared, he summoned them all to a grand council.
It took place near the town, on the great meadow which lies between the river and the modern village of Utica. Here five hundred chiefs and old men were seated in a ring; behind stood fifteen hundred youths and warriors, and behind these again all the women and children of the village. Marquette, standing in the midst, displayed four large pictures of the Virgin; harangued191 the assembly on the mysteries of the Faith, and exhorted192 them to adopt it. [Pg 80] The temper of his auditory met his utmost wishes. They begged him to stay among them and continue his instructions; but his life was fast ebbing193 away, and it behooved194 him to depart.
BURIAL OF MARQUETTE.
A few days after Easter he left the village, escorted by a crowd of Indians, who followed him as far as Lake Michigan. Here he embarked with his two companions. Their destination was Michilimackinac, and their course lay along the eastern borders of the lake. As, in the freshness of advancing spring, Pierre and Jacques urged their canoe along that lonely and savage shore, the priest lay with dimmed sight and prostrated195 strength, communing with the Virgin and the angels. On the nineteenth of May, he felt that his hour was near; and, as they passed the mouth of a small river, he requested his companions to land. They complied, built a shed of bark on a rising ground near the bank, and carried thither the dying Jesuit. With perfect cheerfulness and composure, he gave directions for his burial, asked their forgiveness for the trouble he had caused them, administered to them the sacrament of penitence196, and thanked God that he was permitted to die in the wilderness, a missionary197 of the Faith and a member of the Jesuit brotherhood. At night, seeing that they were fatigued198, he told them to take rest, saying that he would call them when he felt his time approaching. Two or three hours after, they heard a feeble voice, and, hastening to his side, found him at the point of death. He expired calmly, murmuring [Pg 81] the names of Jesus and Mary, with his eyes fixed199 on the crucifix which one of his followers held before him. They dug a grave beside the hut, and here they buried him according to the directions which he had given them; then, re-embarking, they made their way to Michilimackinac, to bear the tidings to the priests at the mission of St. Ignace.[65]
In the winter of 1676, a party of Kiskakon Ottawas were hunting on Lake Michigan; and when, in the following spring, they prepared to return home, they bethought them, in accordance with an Indian custom, of taking with them the bones of Marquette, who had been their instructor200 at the mission of St. Esprit. They repaired to the spot, found the grave, opened it, washed and dried the bones and placed them carefully in a box of birch-bark. Then, in a procession of thirty canoes, they bore it, singing their funeral songs, to St. Ignace of Michilimackinac. As they approached, priests, Indians, and traders all thronged201 to the shore. The relics202 of Marquette were received with solemn ceremony, and buried beneath the floor of the little chapel of the mission.[66]
[Pg 82]
FOOTNOTES:
[46] Lettre de Frontenac au Ministre, 2 Nov., 1672; Ibid., 14 Nov., 1674.
[47] See "The Jesuits in North America."
[48] "Le 2 Juillet (1666) les premières disputes de philosophie se font dans la congrégation avec succès. Toutes les puissances s'y trouvent; M. l'Intendant entr'autres y a argumenté très-bien. M. Jolliet et Pierre Francheville y ont très-bien répondu de toute la logique."—Journal des Jésuites.
[49] Nothing was known of Joliet till Shea investigated his history. Ferland, in his Notes sur les Registres de Notre-Dame de Québec; Faillon, in his Colonie Fran?aise en Canada; and Margry, in a series of papers in the Journal Général de l'Instruction Publique,—have thrown much new light on his life. From journals of a voyage made by him at a later period to the coast of Labrador, given in substance by Margry, he seems to have been a man of close and intelligent observation. His mathematical acquirements appear to have been very considerable.
[50] The doctrine203 of the Immaculate Conception, sanctioned in our own time by the Pope, was always a favorite tenet of the Jesuits; and Marquette was especially devoted178 to it.
[51] The Malhoumines, Malouminek, Oumalouminek, or Nation des Folles-Avoines, of early French writers. The folle-avoine, wild oats or "wild rice" (Zizania aquatica), was their ordinary food, as also of other tribes of this region.
[52] Dablon, on his journey with Allouez in 1670, was delighted with the aspect of the country and the abundance of game along this river. Carver, a century later, speaks to the same effect, saying that the birds rose up in clouds from the wild-rice marshes.
[53] The above traits of the scenery of the Wisconsin are taken from personal observation of the river during midsummer.
[54] The Indian villages, under the names of Peouaria (Peoria) and Moingouena, are represented in Marquette's map upon a river corresponding in position with the Des Moines; though the distance from the Wisconsin, as given by him, would indicate a river farther north.
[55] The rock where these figures were painted is immediately above the city of Alton. The tradition of their existence remains, though they are entirely effaced204 by time. In 1867, when I passed the place, a part of the rock had been quarried205 away, and, instead of Marquette's monsters, it bore a huge advertisement of "Plantation206 Bitters." Some years ago, certain persons, with more zeal207 than knowledge, proposed to restore the figures, after conceptions of their own; but the idea was abandoned.
Marquette made a drawing of the two monsters, but it is lost. I have, however, a fac-simile of a map made a few years later, by order of the Intendant Duchesneau, which is decorated with the portrait of one of them, answering to Marquette's description, and probably copied from his drawing. St. Cosme, who saw them in 1699, says that they were even then almost effaced. Douay and Joutel also speak of them,—the former, bitterly hostile to his Jesuit contemporaries, charging Marquette with exaggeration in his account of them. Joutel could see nothing terrifying in their appearance; but he says that his Indians made sacrifices to them as they passed.
[56] The Missouri is called "Pekitanou?" by Marquette. It also bears, on early French maps, the names of "Rivière des Osages," and "Rivière des Emissourites," or "Oumessourits." On Marquette's map, a tribe of this name is placed near its banks, just above the Osages. Judging by the course of the Mississippi that it discharged into the Gulf of Mexico, he conceived the hope of one day reaching the South Sea by way of the Missouri.
[57] Called, on Marquette's map, "Ouabouskiaou." On some of the earliest maps, it is called "Ouabache" (Wabash).
[58] This village, called "Mitchigamea," is represented on several contemporary maps.
[59] A few years later, the Arkansas were all on the west side.
[60] Marquette says that it consisted at this time of seventy-four lodges. These, like the Huron and Iroquois lodges, contained each several fires and several families. This village was about seven miles below the site of the present town of Ottawa.
[61] The journal of Marquette, first published in an imperfect form by Thevenot, in 1681, has been reprinted by Mr. Lenox, under the direction of Mr. Shea, from the manuscript preserved in the archives of the Canadian Jesuits. It will also be found in Shea's Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley, and the Relations Inédites of Martin. The true map of Marquette accompanies all these publications. The map published by Thevenot and reproduced by Bancroft is not Marquette's. The original of this, of which I have a fac-simile, bears the title Carte de la Nouvelle Découverte que les Pères Jésuites ont faite en l'année 1672, et continuée par1 le Père Jacques Marquette, etc. The return route of the expedition is incorrectly laid down on it. A manuscript map of the Jesuit Raffeix, preserved in the Bibliothèque Impériale, is more accurate in this particular. I have also another contemporary manuscript map, indicating the various Jesuit stations in the West at this time, and representing the Mississippi, as discovered by Marquette. For these and other maps, see Appendix.
[62] Lettre de Frontenac au Ministre, Québec, 14 Nov., 1674.
[63] This letter is appended to Joliet's smaller map of his discoveries. See Appendix. Compare Détails sur le Voyage de Louis Joliet and Relation de la Descouverte de plusieurs Pays situez au midi de la Nouvelle France, faite en 1673 (Margry, i. 259). These are oral accounts given by Joliet after the loss of his papers. Also, Lettre de Joliet, Oct. 10, 1674 (Harrisse). On the seventh of October, 1675, Joliet married Claire Bissot, daughter of a wealthy Canadian merchant, engaged in trade with the northern Indians. This drew Joliet's attention to Hudson's Bay; and he made a journey thither in 1679, by way of the Saguenay. He found three English forts on the bay, occupied by about sixty men, who had also an armed vessel166 of twelve guns and several small trading-craft. The English held out great inducements to Joliet to join them; but he declined, and returned to Quebec, where he reported that unless these formidable rivals were dispossessed, the trade of Canada would be ruined. In consequence of this report, some of the principal merchants of the colony formed a company to compete with the English in the trade of Hudson's Bay. In the year of this journey, Joliet received a grant of the islands of Mignan; and in the following year, 1652, he received another grant, of the great island of Anticosti in the lower St. Lawrence. In 1681 he was established here, with his wife and six servants. He was engaged in fisheries; and, being a skilful208 navigator and surveyor, he made about this time a chart of the St. Lawrence. In 1690, Sir William Phips, on his way with an English fleet to attack Quebec, made a descent on Joliet's establishment, burnt his buildings, and took prisoners his wife and his mother-in-law. In 1694 Joliet explored the coasts of Labrador, under the auspices209 of a company formed for the whale and seal fishery. On his return, Frontenac made him royal pilot for the St. Lawrence; and at about the same time he received the appointment of hydrographer at Quebec. He died, apparently poor, in 1699 or 1700, and was buried on one of the islands of Mignan. The discovery of the above facts is due in great part to the researches of Margry.
[64] Pierre Moreau, alias210 La Taupine, was afterwards bitterly complained of by the Intendant Duchesneau, for acting211 as the governor's agent in illicit212 trade with the Indians.
[65] The contemporary Relation tells us that a miracle took place at the burial of Marquette. One of the two Frenchmen, overcome with grief and colic, bethought him of applying a little earth from the grave to the seat of pain. This at once restored him to health and cheerfulness.
[66] For Marquette's death, see the contemporary Relation, published by Shea, Lenox, and Martin, with the accompanying Lettre et Journal. The river where he died is a small stream in the west of Michigan, some distance south of the promontory213 called the "Sleeping Bear." It long bore his name, which is now borne by a larger neighboring stream, Charlevoix's account of Marquette's death is derived214 from tradition, and is not supported by the contemporary narrative215. In 1877, human bones, with fragments of birch-bark, were found buried on the supposed site of the Jesuit chapel at Point St. Ignace.
In 1847, the missionary of the Algonquins at the Lake of Two Mountains, above Montreal, wrote down a tradition of the death of Marquette, from the lips of an old Indian woman, born in 1777, at Michilimackinac. Her ancestress had been baptized by the subject of the story. The tradition has a resemblance to that related as fact by Charlevoix. The old squaw said that the Jesuit was returning, very ill, to Michilimackinac, when a storm forced him and his two men to land near a little river. Here he told them that he should die, and directed them to ring a bell over his grave and plant a cross. They all remained four days at the spot; and, though without food, the men felt no hunger. On the night of the fourth day he died, and the men buried him as he had directed. On waking in the morning, they saw a sack of Indian corn, a quantity of bacon, and some biscuit, miraculously216 sent to them, in accordance with the promise of Marquette, who had told them that they should have food enough for their journey to Michilimackinac. At the same instant, the stream began to rise, and in a few moments encircled the grave of the Jesuit, which formed, thenceforth, an islet in the waters. The tradition adds, that an Indian battle afterwards took place on the banks of this stream, between Christians217 and infidels; and that the former gained the victory, in consequence of invoking218 the name of Marquette. This story bears the attestation219 of the priest of the Two Mountains that it is a literal translation of the tradition, as recounted by the old woman.
It has been asserted that the Illinois country was visited by two priests, some time before the visit of Marquette. This assertion was first made by M. Noiseux, late Grand Vicar of Quebec, who gives no authority for it. Not the slightest indication of any such visit appears in any contemporary document or map, thus far discovered. The contemporary writers, down to the time of Marquette and La Salle, all speak of the Illinois as an unknown country. The entire groundlessness of Noiseux's assertion is shown by Shea, in a paper in the "Weekly Herald," of New York, April 21, 1855.
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par
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| n.标准，票面价值，平均数量；adj.票面的，平常的，标准的 | |
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talon
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| n.爪；（如爪般的）手指；爪状物 | |
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tonsure
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| n.削发；v.剃 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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renounced
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| v.声明放弃( renounce的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布放弃；宣布与…决裂；宣布摒弃 | |
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vocation
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| n.职业，行业 | |
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distinctive
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| adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的 | |
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courageous
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| adj.勇敢的，有胆量的 | |
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hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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labored
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| adj.吃力的，谨慎的v.努力争取(for)( labor的过去式和过去分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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linguist
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| n.语言学家；精通数种外国语言者 | |
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brotherhood
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| n.兄弟般的关系，手中情谊 | |
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missionaries
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| n.传教士( missionary的名词复数 ) | |
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devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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votary
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| n.崇拜者；爱好者；adj.誓约的，立誓任圣职的 | |
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virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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adoration
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| n.爱慕，崇拜 | |
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chivalrous
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| adj.武士精神的；对女人彬彬有礼的 | |
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longings
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| 渴望，盼望( longing的名词复数 ) | |
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solace
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| n.安慰；v.使快乐；vt.安慰(物)，缓和 | |
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fervor
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| n.热诚；热心；炽热 | |
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kindled
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的过去式和过去分词 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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celestial
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| adj.天体的；天上的 | |
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invoked
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| v.援引( invoke的过去式和过去分词 )；行使（权利等）；祈求救助；恳求 | |
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precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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salvation
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| n.（尤指基督）救世，超度，拯救，解困 | |
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outfit
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| n.（为特殊用途的）全套装备，全套服装 | |
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embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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plying
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的现在分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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strand
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| vt.使（船）搁浅，使（某人）困于（某地） | |
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ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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dissuade
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| v.劝阻，阻止 | |
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ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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provocation
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| n.激怒，刺激，挑拨，挑衅的事物，激怒的原因 | |
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demon
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| n.魔鬼，恶魔 | |
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engulf
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| vt.吞没，吞食 | |
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gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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devour
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| v.吞没；贪婪地注视或谛听，贪读；使着迷 | |
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inevitably
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| adv.不可避免地；必然发生地 | |
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naught
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| n.无，零 [=nought] | |
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windings
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| （道路、河流等）蜿蜒的，弯曲的( winding的名词复数 )； 缠绕( wind的现在分词 )； 卷绕； 转动（把手） | |
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53
glided
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| v.滑动( glide的过去式和过去分词 )；掠过；（鸟或飞机 ） 滑翔 | |
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groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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browsing
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| v.吃草( browse的现在分词 )；随意翻阅；（在商店里）随便看看；（在计算机上）浏览信息 | |
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elk
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| n.麋鹿 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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interspersed
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| adj.[医]散开的；点缀的v.intersperse的过去式和过去分词 | |
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dangling
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| 悬吊着( dangle的现在分词 )； 摆动不定； 用某事物诱惑…； 吊胃口 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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boors
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| n.农民( boor的名词复数 )；乡下佬；没礼貌的人；粗野的人 | |
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marvelling
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| v.惊奇，对…感到惊奇( marvel的现在分词 ) | |
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63
hazardous
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| adj.(有)危险的，冒险的；碰运气的 | |
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marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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marshes
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| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
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perplexed
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| adj.不知所措的 | |
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tranquil
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| adj. 安静的, 宁静的, 稳定的, 不变的 | |
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68
entangling
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| v.使某人（某物/自己）缠绕，纠缠于（某物中），使某人（自己）陷入（困难或复杂的环境中）( entangle的现在分词 ) | |
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prodigal
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| adj.浪费的，挥霍的，放荡的 | |
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70
thickets
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| n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 )；丛状物 | |
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71
bluff
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| v.虚张声势，用假象骗人；n.虚张声势，欺骗 | |
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inverted
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| adj.反向的，倒转的v.使倒置，使反转( invert的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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73
flickering
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| adj.闪烁的，摇曳的，一闪一闪的 | |
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slumber
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| n.睡眠，沉睡状态 | |
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basked
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| v.晒太阳，取暖( bask的过去式和过去分词 )；对…感到乐趣；因他人的功绩而出名；仰仗…的余泽 | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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77
steered
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| v.驾驶( steer的过去式和过去分词 )；操纵；控制；引导 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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eddies
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| （水、烟等的）漩涡，涡流( eddy的名词复数 ) | |
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80
solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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83
herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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tangled
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| adj. 纠缠的，紊乱的 动词tangle的过去式和过去分词 | |
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85
commotion
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| n.骚动，动乱 | |
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86
inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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87
swarmed
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| 密集( swarm的过去式和过去分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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88
swarm
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| n.(昆虫)等一大群；vi.成群飞舞；蜂拥而入 | |
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deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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90
abruptly
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| adv.突然地，出其不意地 | |
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91
stark
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| adj.荒凉的；严酷的；完全的；adv.完全地 | |
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92
suffocation
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| n.窒息 | |
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93
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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94
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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95
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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96
throng
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| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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97
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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98
lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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99
behooves
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| n.利益，好处( behoof的名词复数 )v.适宜( behoove的第三人称单数 ) | |
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100
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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101
plied
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| v.使用（工具）( ply的过去式和过去分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
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102
serene
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| adj. 安详的，宁静的，平静的 | |
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103
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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104
functionary
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| n.官员；公职人员 | |
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105
morsels
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| n.一口( morsel的名词复数 )；（尤指食物）小块，碎屑 | |
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106
tempt
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| vt.引诱，勾引，吸引，引起…的兴趣 | |
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107
supplanted
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| 把…排挤掉，取代( supplant的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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108
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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109
stolid
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| adj.无动于衷的，感情麻木的 | |
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110
beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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111
paramount
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| a.最重要的，最高权力的 | |
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112
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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113
calf
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| n.小牛，犊，幼仔，小牛皮 | |
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114
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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115
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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116
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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117
credulous
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| adj.轻信的，易信的 | |
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118
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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119
torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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120
sweeping
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| adj.范围广大的，一扫无遗的 | |
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121
uprooted
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|
| v.把（某物）连根拔起( uproot的过去式和过去分词 )；根除；赶走；把…赶出家园 | |
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122
turbid
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| adj.混浊的，泥水的，浓的 | |
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123
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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124
brook
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| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
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125
swollen
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| adj.肿大的，水涨的；v.使变大，肿胀 | |
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126
marshy
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| adj.沼泽的 | |
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127
dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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128
cane
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| n.手杖，细长的茎，藤条；v.以杖击，以藤编制的 | |
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129
foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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130
hazy
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| adj.有薄雾的，朦胧的；不肯定的，模糊的 | |
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131
stifling
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| a.令人窒息的 | |
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132
myriads
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| n.无数，极大数量( myriad的名词复数 ) | |
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133
crouched
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| v.屈膝，蹲伏( crouch的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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134
awnings
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| 篷帐布 | |
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135
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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136
hatchets
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| n.短柄小斧( hatchet的名词复数 )；恶毒攻击；诽谤；休战 | |
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137
gunpowder
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| n.火药 | |
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138
delusive
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| adj.欺骗的，妄想的 | |
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139
succor
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| n.援助，帮助；v.给予帮助 | |
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140
waded
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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141
heed
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| v.注意，留意；n.注意，留心 | |
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142
notched
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| a.有凹口的，有缺口的 | |
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143
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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144
ardor
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| n.热情，狂热 | |
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145
ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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146
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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147
misgivings
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| n.疑虑，担忧，害怕；疑虑，担心，恐惧( misgiving的名词复数 )；疑惧 | |
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148
lodges
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| v.存放( lodge的第三人称单数 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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149
prow
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| n.(飞机)机头，船头 | |
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150
neatly
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|
| adv.整洁地，干净地，灵巧地，熟练地 | |
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151
promiscuous
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| adj.杂乱的，随便的 | |
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152
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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153
compensate
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|
| vt.补偿，赔偿；酬报 vi.弥补；补偿；抵消 | |
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154
strings
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| n.弦 | |
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155
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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156
clumped
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| adj.[医]成群的v.（树、灌木、植物等的）丛、簇( clump的过去式和过去分词 )；（土、泥等）团；块；笨重的脚步声 | |
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157
auditors
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| n.审计员，稽核员( auditor的名词复数 )；（大学课程的）旁听生 | |
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158
infested
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|
| adj.为患的，大批滋生的（常与with搭配）v.害虫、野兽大批出没于( infest的过去式和过去分词 )；遍布于 | |
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159
procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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160
respite
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| n.休息，中止，暂缓 | |
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161
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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162
reassure
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| v.使放心，使消除疑虑 | |
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163
toiling
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的现在分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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164
parching
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| adj.烘烤似的，焦干似的v.（使）焦干， （使）干透( parch的现在分词 )；使（某人）极口渴 | |
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165
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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166
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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167
northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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168
placid
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| adj.安静的，平和的 | |
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169
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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170
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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171
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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172
perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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173
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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174
ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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175
malady
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| n.病，疾病(通常做比喻) | |
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176
abated
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| 减少( abate的过去式和过去分词 )； 减去； 降价； 撤消（诉讼） | |
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177
devotedly
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| 专心地； 恩爱地； 忠实地； 一心一意地 | |
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178
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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179
hues
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| 色彩( hue的名词复数 )； 色调； 信仰； 观点 | |
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180
rusty
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| adj.生锈的；锈色的；荒废了的 | |
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181
desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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182
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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183
adventurous
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| adj.爱冒险的；惊心动魄的，惊险的，刺激的 | |
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184
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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185
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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186
regain
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| vt.重新获得，收复，恢复 | |
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187
inundated
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| v.淹没( inundate的过去式和过去分词 )；（洪水般地）涌来；充满；给予或交予（太多事物）使难以应付 | |
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188
saturated
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| a.饱和的，充满的 | |
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189
junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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190
demons
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| n.恶人( demon的名词复数 )；恶魔；精力过人的人；邪念 | |
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191
harangued
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| v.高谈阔论( harangue的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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192
exhorted
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| v.劝告，劝说( exhort的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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193
ebbing
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| （指潮水）退( ebb的现在分词 )； 落； 减少； 衰落 | |
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194
behooved
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| v.适宜( behoove的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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195
prostrated
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| v.使俯伏，使拜倒( prostrate的过去式和过去分词 )；（指疾病、天气等）使某人无能为力 | |
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196
penitence
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| n.忏悔，赎罪；悔过 | |
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197
missionary
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| adj.教会的，传教(士)的；n.传教士 | |
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198
fatigued
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| adj. 疲乏的 | |
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199
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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200
instructor
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| n.指导者，教员，教练 | |
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201
thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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202
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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203
doctrine
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| n.教义；主义；学说 | |
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204
effaced
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| v.擦掉( efface的过去式和过去分词 )；抹去；超越；使黯然失色 | |
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205
quarried
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| v.从采石场采得( quarry的过去式和过去分词 )；从（书本等中）努力发掘（资料等）；在采石场采石 | |
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206
plantation
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| n.种植园，大农场 | |
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207
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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208
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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209
auspices
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| n.资助，赞助 | |
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210
alias
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| n.化名；别名；adv.又名 | |
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211
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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212
illicit
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| adj.非法的，禁止的，不正当的 | |
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213
promontory
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| n.海角；岬 | |
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214
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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215
narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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216
miraculously
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| ad.奇迹般地 | |
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217
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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218
invoking
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| v.援引( invoke的现在分词 )；行使（权利等）；祈求救助；恳求 | |
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219
attestation
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| n.证词 | |
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