So Theramenes met his death; and, now that this obstacle was removed, the Thirty, feeling that they had it in their power to play the tyrant1 without fear, issued an order forbidding all, whose names were not on the list, to set foot within the city. Retirement3 in the country districts was no protection, thither4 the prosecutor5 followed them, and thence dragged them, that their farms and properties might fall to the possession of the Thirty and their friends. Even Piraeus was not safe; of those who sought refuge there, many were driven forth6 in similar fashion, until Megara and Thebes overflowed7 with the crowd of refugees.
Presently Thrasybulus, with about seventy followers8, sallied out from Thebes, and made himself master of the fortress10 of Phyle.103 The weather was brilliant, and the Thirty marched out of the city to repel11 the invader12; with them were the Three Thousand and the Knights13. When they reached the place, some of the young men, in the foolhardiness of youth, made a dash at the fortress, but without effect; all they got was wounds, and so retired14. The intention of the Thirty now was to blockade the place; by shutting off all the avenues of supplies, they thought to force the garrison15 to capitulate. But this project was interrupted by a steady downfall of snow that night and the following day. Baffled by this all-pervading enemy they beat a retreat to the city, but not without the sacrifice of many of their camp-followers, who fell a prey17 to the men in Phyle. The next anxiety of the government in Athens was to secure the farms and country houses against the plunderings and forays to which they would be exposed, if there were no armed force to protect them. With this object a protecting force was despatched to the “boundary estates,”104 about two miles south of Phyle. This corps20 consisted of the Lacedaemonian guards, or nearly all of them, and two divisions of horse.105 They encamped in a wild and broken district, and the round of their duties commenced.
But by this time the small garrison above them had increased tenfold, until there were now something like seven hundred men collected in Phyle; and with these Thrasybulus one night descended21. When he was not quite half a mile from the enemy’s encampment he grounded arms, and a deep silence was maintained until it drew towards day. In a little while the men opposite, one by one, were getting to their legs or leaving the camp for necessary purposes, while a suppressed din2 and murmur23 arose, caused by the grooms24 currying25 and combing their horses. This was the moment for Thrasybulus and his men to snatch up their arms and make a dash at the enemy’s position. Some they felled on the spot; and routing the whole body, pursued them six or seven furlongs, killing26 one hundred and twenty hoplites and more. Of the cavalry27, Nicostratus, “the beautiful,” as men called him, and two others besides were slain28; they were caught while still in their beds. Returning from the pursuit, the victors set up a trophy29, got together all the arms they had taken, besides baggage, and retired again to Phyle. A reinforcement of horse sent from the city could not discover the vestige30 of a foe31; but waited on the scene of battle until the bodies of the slain had been picked up by their relatives, when they withdrew again to the city.
After this the Thirty, who had begun to realise the insecurity of their position, were anxious to appropriate Eleusis, so that an asylum32 might be ready for them against the day of need. With this view an order was issued to the Knights; and Critias, with the rest of the Thirty, visited Eleusis. There they held a review of the Eleusians in the presence of the Knights;106 and, on the pretext33 of wishing to discover how many they were, and how large a garrison they would further require, they ordered the townsfolk to enter their names. As each man did so he had to retire by a postern leading to the sea. But on the sea-beach this side there were lines of cavalry drawn34 up in waiting, and as each man appeared he was handcuffed by the satellites of the Thirty. When all had so been seized and secured, they gave orders to Lysimachus, the commander of the cavalry, to take them off to the city and deliver them over to the Eleven. Next day they summoned the heavy armed who were on the list, and the rest of the Knights107 to the Odeum, and Critias rose and addressed them. He said: “Sirs, the constitution, the lines of which we are laying down, is a work undertaken in your interests no less than ours; it is incumbent35 on you therefore to participate in its dangers, even as you will partake of its honours. We expect you therefore, in reference to these Eleusians here, who have been seized and secured, to vote their condemnation36, so that our hopes and fears may be identical.” Then, pointing to a particular spot, he said peremptorily37, “You will please deposit your votes there within sight of all.” It must be understood that the Laconian guards were present at the time, and armed to the teeth, and filling one-half of the Odeum. As to the proceedings38 themselves, they found acceptance with those members of the State, besides the Thirty, who could be satisfied with a simple policy of self-aggrandisement.
But now Thrasybulus at the head of his followers, by this time about one thousand strong, descended from Phyle and reached Piraeus in the night. The Thirty, on their side, informed of this new move, were not slow to rally to the rescue, with the Laconian guards, supported by their own cavalry and hoplites. And so they advanced, marching down along the broad carriage road which leads into Piraeus. The men from Phyle seemed at first inclined to dispute their passage, but as the wide circuit of the walls needed a defence beyond the reach of their still scanty40 numbers, they fell back in a compact body upon Munychia.108 Then the troops from the city poured into the Agora of Hippodmus.109 Here they formed in line, stretching along and filling the street which leads to the temple of Artemis and the Bendideum.110 This line must have been at least fifty shields deep; and in this formation they at once began to march up. As to the men of Phyle, they too blocked the street at the opposite end, and facing the foe. They presented only a thin line, not more than ten deep, though behind these, certainly, were ranged a body of targeteers and light-armed javelin41 men, who were again supported by an artillery42 of stone-throwers — a tolerably numerous division drawn from the population of the port and district itself. While his antagonists43 were still advancing, Thrasybulus gave the order to ground their heavy shields, and having done so himself, whilst retaining the rest of his arms, he stood in the midst, and thus addressed them: “Men and fellow-citizens, I wish to inform some, and to remind others of you, that of the men you see advancing beneath us there, the right division are the very men we routed and pursued only five days ago; while on the extreme left there you see the Thirty. These are the men who have not spared to rob us of our city, though we did no wrong; who have hounded us from our homes; who have set the seal of proscription44 on our dearest friends. But today the wheel of fortune has revolved45; that has come about which least of all they looked for, which most of all we prayed for. Here we stand with our good swords in our hands, face to face with our foes46; and the gods themselves are with us, seeing that we were arrested in the midst of our peaceful pursuits; at any moment, whilst we supped, or slept, or marketed, sentence of banishment47 was passed upon us: we had done no wrong — nay48, many of us were not even resident in the country. To-day, therefore, I repeat, the gods do visibly fight upon our side; the great gods, who raise a tempest even in the midst of calm for our benefit, and when we lay to our hand to fight, enable our little company to set up the trophy of victory over the multitude of our foes. On this day they have brought us hither to a place where the steep ascent49 must needs hinder our foes from reaching with lance or arrow further than our foremost ranks; but we with our volley of spears and arrows and stones cannot fail to reach them with terrible effect. Had we been forced to meet them vanguard to vanguard, on an equal footing, who could have been surprised? But as it is, all I say to you is, let fly your missiles with a will in right brave style. No one can miss his mark when the road is full of them. To avoid our darts50 they must be for ever ducking and skulking51 beneath their shields; but we will rain blows upon them in their blindness; we will leap upon them and lay them low. But, O sirs! let me call upon you so to bear yourselves that each shall be conscious to himself that victory was won by him and him alone. Victory — which, God willing, shall this day restore to us the land of our fathers, our homes, our freedom, and the rewards of civic52 life, our children, if children we have, our darlings, and our wives! Thrice happy those among us who as conquerors53 shall look upon this gladdest of all days. Nor less fortunate the man who falls today. Not all the wealth in the world shall purchase him a monument so glorious. At the right instant I will strike the keynote of the paean54; then, with an invocation to the God of battle,111 and in return for the wanton insults they put upon us, let us with one accord wreak55 vengeance56 on yonder men.”
Having so spoken, he turned round, facing the foemen, and kept quiet, for the order passed by the soothsayer enjoined58 on them, not to charge before one of their side was slain or wounded. “As soon as that happens,” said the seer, “we will lead you onwards, and the victory shall be yours; but for myself, if I err16 not, death is waiting.” And herein he spoke57 truly, for they had barely resumed their arms when he himself as though he were driven by some fatal hand, leapt out in front of the ranks, and so springing into the midst of the foe, was slain, and lies now buried at the passage of the Cephisus. But the rest were victorious59, and pursued the routed enemy down to the level ground. There fell in this engagement, out of the number of the Thirty, Critias himself and Hippomachus, and with them Charmides,112 the son of Glaucon, one of the ten archons in Piraeus, and of the rest about seventy men. The arms of the slain were taken; but, as fellow-citizens, the conquerors forebore to despoil60 them of their coats. This being done, they proceeded to give back the dead under cover of a truce61, when the men, on either side, in numbers stept forward and conversed62 with one another. Then Cleocritus (he was the Herald63 of the Initiated,113 a truly “sweet-voiced herald,” if ever there was), caused a deep silence to reign64, and addressed their late combatants as follows: “Fellow-citizens — Why do you drive us forth? why would you slay65 us? what evil have we wrought66 you at any time? or is it a crime that we have shared with you in the most solemn rites67 and sacrifices, and in festivals of the fairest: we have been companions in the chorus, the school, the army. We have braved a thousand dangers with you by land and sea in behalf of our common safety, our common liberty. By the gods of our fathers, by the gods of our mothers, by the hallowed names of kinship, intermarriage, comradeship, those three bonds which knit the hearts of so many of us, bow in reverence68 before God and man, and cease to sin against the land of our fathers: cease to obey these most unhallowed Thirty, who for the sake of private gain have in eight months slain almost more men than the Peloponnesians together in ten years of warfare69. See, we have it in our power to live as citizens in peace; it is only these men, who lay upon us this most foul70 burthen, this hideous71 horror of fratricidal war, loathed72 of God and man. Ah! be well assured, for these men slain by our hands this day, ye are not the sole mourners. There are among them some whose deaths have wrung73 from us also many a bitter tear.”
So he spoke, but the officers and leaders of the defeated army who were left, unwilling74 that their troops should listen to such topics at that moment, led them back to the city. But the next day the Thirty, in deep down-heartedness and desolation, sat in the council chamber75. The Three Thousand, wherever their several divisions were posted, were everywhere a prey to discord76. Those who were implicated77 in deeds of violence, and whose fears could not sleep, protested hotly that to yield to the party in Piraeus were preposterous78. Those on the other hand who had faith in their own innocence79, argued in their own minds, and tried to convince their neighbours that they could well dispense80 with most of their present evils. “Why yield obedience81 to these Thirty?” they asked, “Why assign to them the privilege of destroying the State?” In the end they voted a resolution to depose82 the government, and to elect another. This was a board of ten, elected one from each tribe.
B.C. 403. As to the Thirty, they retired to Eleusis; but the Ten, assisted by the cavalry officers, had enough to do to keep watch over the men in the city, whose anarchy83 and mutual84 distrust were rampant85. The Knights did not return to quarters at night, but slept out in the Odeum, keeping their horses and shields close beside them; indeed the distrust was so great that from evening onwards they patrolled the walls on foot with their shields, and at break of day mounted their horses, at every moment fearing some sudden attack upon them by the men in Piraeus. These latter were now so numerous, and of so mixed a company, that it was difficult to find arms for all. Some had to be content with shields of wood, others of wicker-work, which they spent their time in coating with whitening. Before ten days had elapsed guarantees were given, securing full citizenship86, with equality of taxation87 and tribute to all, even foreigners, who would take part in the fighting. Thus they were presently able to take the field, with large detachments both of heavy infantry88 and light-armed troops, besides a division of cavalry, about seventy in number. Their system was to push forward foraging89 parties in quest of wood and fruits, returning at nightfall to Piraeus. Of the city party no one ventured to take the field under arms; only, from time to time, the cavalry would capture stray pillagers from Piraeus or inflict90 some damage on the main body of their opponents. Once they fell in with a party belonging to the deme Aexone,114 marching to their own farms in search of provisions. These, in spite of many prayers for mercy and the strong disapprobation of many of the knights, were ruthlessly slaughtered91 by Lysimachus, the general of cavalry. The men of Piraeus retaliated92 by putting to death a horseman, named Callistratus, of the tribe Leontis, whom they captured in the country. Indeed their courage ran so high at present that they even meditated93 an assault upon the city walls. And here perhaps the reader will pardon the record of a somewhat ingenious device on the part of the city engineer, who, aware of the enemy’s intention to advance his batteries along the racecourse, which slopes from the Lyceum, had all the carts and waggons94 which were to be found laden95 with blocks of stone, each one a cartload in itself, and so sent them to deposit their freights “pele-mele” on the course in question. The annoyance96 created by these separate blocks of stone was enormous, and quite out of proportion to the simplicity97 of the contrivance.
But it was to Lacedaemon that men’s eyes now turned. The Thirty despatched one set of ambassadors from Eleusis, while another set representing the government of the city, that is to say the men on the list, was despatched to summon the Lacedaemonians to their aid, on the plea that the people had revolted from Sparta. At Sparta, Lysander, taking into account the possibility of speedily reducing the party in Piraeus by blockading them by land and sea, and so cutting them off from all supplies, supported the application, and negotiated the loan of one hundred talents115 to his clients, backed by the appointment of himself as harmost on land, and of his brother, Libys, as admiral of the fleet. And so proceeding39 to the scene of action at Eleusis, he got together a large body of Peloponnesian hoplites, whilst his brother, the admiral, kept watch and ward22 by sea to prevent the importation of supplies into Piraeus by water. Thus the men in Piraeus were soon again reduced to their former helplessness, while the ardour of the city folk rose to a proportionally high pitch under the auspices98 of Lysander.
Things were progressing after this sort when King Pausanias intervened. Touched by a certain envy of Lysander —(who seemed, by a final stroke of achievement, about to reach the pinnacle99 of popularity, with Athens laid like a pocket dependency at his feet)— the king persuaded three of the ephors to support him, and forthwith called out the ban. With him marched contingents100 of all the allied9 States, except the Boeotians and Corinthians. These maintained, that to undertake such an expedition against the Athenians, in whose conduct they saw nothing contrary to the treaty, was inconsistent with their oaths. But if that was the language held by them, the secret of their behaviour lay deeper; they seemed to be aware of a desire on the part of the Lacedaemonians to annex101 the soil of the Athenians and to reduce the state to vassalage102. Pausanias encamped on the Halipedon,116 as the sandy flat is called, with his right wing resting on Piraeus, and Lysander and his mercenaries forming the left. His first act was to send an embassage to the party in Piraeus, calling upon them to retire peacably to their homes; when they refused to obey, he made, as far as mere103 noise went, the semblance104 of an attack, with sufficient show of fight to prevent his kindly105 disposition106 being too apparent. But gaining nothing by the feint, he was forced to retire. Next day he took two Laconian regiments107, with three tribes of Athenian horse, and crossed over to the Mute117 Harbour, examining the lie of the ground to discover how and where it would be easiest to draw lines of circumvallation round Piraeus. As he turned his back to retire, a party of the enemy sallied out and caused him annoyance. Nettled108 at the liberty, he ordered the cavalry to charge at the gallop109, supported by the ten-year-service118 infantry, whilst he himself, with the rest of the troops, followed close, holding quietly back in reserve. They cut down about thirty of the enemy’s light troops and pursued the rest hotly to the theatre in Piraeus. Here, as chance would have it, the whole light and heavy infantry of the Piraeus men were getting under arms; and in an instant their light troops rushed out and dashed at the assailants; thick and fast flew missiles of all sorts — javelins110, arrows and sling111 stones. The Lacedaemonians finding the number of their wounded increasing every minute, and sorely called, slowly fell back step by step, eyeing their opponents. These meanwhile resolutely112 pressed on. Here fell Chaeron and Thibrachus, both polemarchs, here also Lacrates, an Olympic victor, and other Lacedaemonians, all of whom now lie entombed before the city gates in the Ceramicus.119
Watching how matters went, Thrasybulus began his advance with the whole of his heavy infantry to support his light troops and quickly fell into line eight deep, acting113 as a screen to the rest of his troops. Pausanias, on his side, had retired, sorely pressed, about half a mile towards a bit of rising ground, where he sent orders to the Lacedaemonians and the other allied troops to bring up reinforcements. Here, on this slope, he reformed his troops, giving his phalanx the full depth, and advanced against the Athenians, who did not hesitate to receive him at close quarters, but presently had to give way; one portion being forced into the mud and clay at Halae,120 while the others wavered and broke their line; one hundred and fifty of them were left dead on the field, whereupon Pausanias set up a trophy and retired. Not even so, were his feelings embittered114 against his adversary115. On the contrary he sent secretly and instructed the men of Piraeus, what sort of terms they should propose to himself and the ephors in attendance. To this advice they listened. He also fostered a division in the party within the city. A deputation, acting on his orders, sought an audience of him and the ephors. It had all the appearance of a mass meeting. In approaching the Spartan116 authorities, they had no desire or occasion, they stated, to look upon the men of Piraeus as enemies, they would prefer a general reconciliation117 and the friendship of both sides with Lacedaemon. The propositions were favourably118 received, and by no less a person than Nauclidas. He was present as ephor, in accordance with the custom which obliges two members of that board to serve on all military expeditions with the king, and with his colleague shared the political views represented by Pausanias, rather than those of Lysander and his party. Thus the authorities were quite ready to despatch19 to Lacedaemon the representatives of Piraeus, carrying their terms of truce with the Lacedaemonians, as also two private individuals belonging to the city party, whose names were Cephisophon and Meletus. This double deputation, however, had no sooner set out to Lacedaemon than the “de facto” government of the city followed suit, by sending a third set of representatives to state on their behalf: that they were prepared to deliver up themselves and the fortifications in their possession to the Lacedaemonians, to do with them what they liked. “Are the men of Piraeus,” they asked, “prepared to surrender Piraeus and Munychia in the same way? If they are sincere in their profession of friendship to Lacedaemon, they ought to do so.” The ephors and the members of assembly at Sparta121 gave audience to these several parties, and sent out fifteen commissioners119 to Athens empowered, in conjunction with Pausanias, to discover the best settlement possible. The terms122 arrived at were that a general peace between the rival parties should be established, liberty to return to their own homes being granted to all, with the exception of the Thirty, the Eleven, and the Ten who had been governors in Piraeus; but a proviso was added, enabling any of the city party who feared to remain at Athens to find a home in Eleusis.
And now that everything was happily concluded, Pausanias disbanded his army, and the men from Piraeus marched up under arms into the acropolis and offered sacrifice to Athena. When they were come down, the generals called a meeting of the Ecclesia,123 and Thrasybulus made a speech in which, addressing the city party, he said: “Men of the city! I have one piece of advice I would tender to you; it is that you should learn to know yourselves, and towards the attainment120 of that self-knowledge I would have you make a careful computation of your good qualities and satisfy yourselves on the strength of which of these it is that you claim to rule over us. Is it that you are more just than ourselves? Yet the people, who are poorer — have never wronged you for the purposes of plunder18; but you, whose wealth would outweight the whole of ours, have wrought many a shameful121 deed for the sake of gain. If, then, you have no monopoly of justice, can it be on the score of courage that you are warranted to hold your heads so high? If so, what fairer test of courage will you propose than the arbitrament of war — the war just ended? Or do you claim superiority of intelligence?— you, who with all your wealth of arms and walls, money and Peloponnesian allies, have been paralysed by men who had none of these things to aid them! Or is it on these Laconian friends of yours that you pride yourselves? What! when these same friends have dealt by you as men deal by vicious dogs. You know how that is. They put a heavy collar round the neck of the brutes122 and hand them over muzzled123 to their masters. So too have the Lacedaemonians handed you over to the people, this very people whom you have injured; and now they have turned their backs and are gone. But” (turning to the mass) “do not misconceive me. It is not for me, sirs, coldly to beg of you, in no respect to violate your solemn undertakings124. I go further; I beg you, to crown your list of exploits by one final display of virtue125. Show the world that you can be faithful to your oaths, and flawless in your conduct.” By these and other kindred arguments he impressed upon them that there was no need for anarchy or disorder126, seeing that there were the ancient laws ready for use. And so he broke up124 the assembly.
At this auspicious127 moment, then, they reappointed the several magistrates128; the constitution began to work afresh, and civic life was recommenced. At a subsequent period, on receiving information that the party at Eleusis were collecting a body of mercenaries, they marched out with their whole force against them, and put to death their generals, who came out to parley129. These removed, they introduced to the others their friends and connections, and so persuaded them to come to terms and be reconciled. The oath they bound themselves by consisted of a simple asseveration: “We will remember past offences no more;” and to this day125 the two parties live amicably130 together as good citizens, and the democracy is steadfast131 to its oaths.
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tyrant
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| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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din
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| n.喧闹声，嘈杂声 | |
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retirement
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| n.退休，退职 | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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prosecutor
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| n.起诉人；检察官，公诉人 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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overflowed
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| 溢出的 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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repel
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| v.击退，抵制，拒绝，排斥 | |
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invader
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| n.侵略者，侵犯者，入侵者 | |
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knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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err
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| vi.犯错误，出差错 | |
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prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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despatch
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| n./v.(dispatch)派遣；发送；n.急件；新闻报道 | |
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corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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ward
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| n.守卫，监护，病房，行政区，由监护人或法院保护的人（尤指儿童）；vt.守护，躲开 | |
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murmur
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| n.低语，低声的怨言；v.低语，低声而言 | |
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grooms
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| n.新郎( groom的名词复数 )；马夫v.照料或梳洗（马等）( groom的第三人称单数 )；使做好准备；训练；（给动物）擦洗 | |
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currying
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| 加脂操作 | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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trophy
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| n.优胜旗，奖品，奖杯，战胜品，纪念品 | |
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vestige
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| n.痕迹，遗迹，残余 | |
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foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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asylum
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| n.避难所，庇护所，避难 | |
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pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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incumbent
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| adj.成为责任的，有义务的；现任的，在职的 | |
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36
condemnation
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| n.谴责; 定罪 | |
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37
peremptorily
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| adv.紧急地，不容分说地，专横地 | |
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38
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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39
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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40
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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41
javelin
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| n.标枪，投枪 | |
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42
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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43
antagonists
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| 对立[对抗] 者，对手，敌手( antagonist的名词复数 )； 对抗肌； 对抗药 | |
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44
proscription
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| n.禁止，剥夺权利 | |
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45
revolved
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| v.（使）旋转( revolve的过去式和过去分词 )；细想 | |
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46
foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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47
banishment
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| n.放逐，驱逐 | |
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48
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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49
ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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50
darts
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| n.掷飞镖游戏；飞镖( dart的名词复数 )；急驰，飞奔v.投掷，投射( dart的第三人称单数 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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51
skulking
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| v.潜伏，偷偷摸摸地走动，鬼鬼祟祟地活动( skulk的现在分词 ) | |
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52
civic
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| adj.城市的，都市的，市民的，公民的 | |
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53
conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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54
paean
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| n.赞美歌，欢乐歌 | |
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55
wreak
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| v.发泄；报复 | |
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56
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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57
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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58
enjoined
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| v.命令( enjoin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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59
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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60
despoil
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| v.夺取，抢夺 | |
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61
truce
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| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
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62
conversed
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| v.交谈，谈话( converse的过去式 ) | |
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63
herald
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| vt.预示...的来临，预告，宣布，欢迎 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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65
slay
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| v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮 | |
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66
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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67
rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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68
reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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69
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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70
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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71
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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72
loathed
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| v.憎恨，厌恶( loathe的过去式和过去分词 )；极不喜欢 | |
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73
wrung
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| 绞( wring的过去式和过去分词 )； 握紧（尤指别人的手）； 把（湿衣服）拧干； 绞掉（水） | |
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74
unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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75
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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76
discord
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| n.不和，意见不合，争论，（音乐）不和谐 | |
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77
implicated
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| adj.密切关联的；牵涉其中的 | |
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78
preposterous
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| adj.荒谬的，可笑的 | |
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79
innocence
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| n.无罪；天真；无害 | |
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80
dispense
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| vt.分配，分发；配(药)，发(药)；实施 | |
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81
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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82
depose
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| vt.免职；宣誓作证 | |
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83
anarchy
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| n.无政府状态；社会秩序混乱，无秩序 | |
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84
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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85
rampant
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| adj.(植物)蔓生的；狂暴的，无约束的 | |
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86
citizenship
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| n.市民权，公民权，国民的义务(身份) | |
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87
taxation
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| n.征税，税收，税金 | |
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88
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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89
foraging
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| v.搜寻（食物），尤指动物觅（食）( forage的现在分词 )；（尤指用手）搜寻（东西） | |
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90
inflict
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| vt.(on)把…强加给，使遭受，使承担 | |
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91
slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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92
retaliated
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| v.报复，反击( retaliate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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93
meditated
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| 深思，沉思，冥想( meditate的过去式和过去分词 )； 内心策划，考虑 | |
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94
waggons
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| 四轮的运货马车( waggon的名词复数 )； 铁路货车； 小手推车 | |
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95
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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96
annoyance
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| n.恼怒，生气，烦恼 | |
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97
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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98
auspices
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| n.资助，赞助 | |
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99
pinnacle
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| n.尖塔，尖顶，山峰；(喻)顶峰 | |
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100
contingents
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| （志趣相投、尤指来自同一地方的）一组与会者( contingent的名词复数 )； 代表团； （军队的）分遣队； 小分队 | |
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101
annex
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| vt.兼并，吞并；n.附属建筑物 | |
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102
vassalage
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| n.家臣身份，隶属 | |
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103
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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104
semblance
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| n.外貌，外表 | |
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105
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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106
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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107
regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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108
nettled
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| v.拿荨麻打，拿荨麻刺（nettle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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109
gallop
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| v./n.(马或骑马等)飞奔；飞速发展 | |
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110
javelins
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| n.标枪( javelin的名词复数 ) | |
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111
sling
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| vt.扔；悬挂；n.挂带；吊索，吊兜；弹弓 | |
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112
resolutely
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| adj.坚决地，果断地 | |
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113
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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114
embittered
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| v.使怨恨，激怒( embitter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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115
adversary
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| adj.敌手，对手 | |
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116
spartan
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| adj.简朴的，刻苦的；n.斯巴达；斯巴达式的人 | |
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117
reconciliation
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| n.和解，和谐，一致 | |
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118
favourably
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| adv. 善意地，赞成地 =favorably | |
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119
commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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120
attainment
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| n.达到，到达；［常pl.］成就，造诣 | |
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121
shameful
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| adj.可耻的，不道德的 | |
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122
brutes
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| 兽( brute的名词复数 )； 畜生； 残酷无情的人； 兽性 | |
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123
muzzled
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| 给（狗等）戴口套( muzzle的过去式和过去分词 )； 使缄默，钳制…言论 | |
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124
undertakings
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| 企业( undertaking的名词复数 )； 保证； 殡仪业； 任务 | |
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125
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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126
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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127
auspicious
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| adj.吉利的；幸运的，吉兆的 | |
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128
magistrates
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| 地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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129
parley
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| n.谈判 | |
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130
amicably
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| adv.友善地 | |
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131
steadfast
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| adj.固定的，不变的，不动摇的；忠实的；坚贞不移的 | |
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