Dismay In Gasca’s Camp. — His Winter Quarters. — Resumes His March. — Crosses The Apurimac. — Pizarro’s Conduct In Cuzco. — He Encamps Near The City. — Rout2 Of Xaquixa Guana.
1547–1548.
While the events recorded in the preceding chapter were passing, President Gasca had remained at Xauxa, awaiting further tidings from Centeno, little doubting that they would inform him of the total discomfiture3 of the rebels. Great was his dismay, therefore, on learning the issue of the fatal conflict at Huarina, — that the royalists had been scattered4 far and wide before the sword of Pizarro, while their commander had vanished like an apparition5, 1 leaving the greatest uncertainty6 as to his fate.
1 “Y salio a la Ciudad de los Reyes, sin que Carbajal, ni alguno de los suyos supiesse por donde fue, sino que parecio encantamiento.” Garcilasso, Com. Real. Parte 2, lib. 5, cap. 22.
The intelligence spread general consternation7 among the soldiers, proportioned to their former confidence; and they felt it was almost hopeless to contend with a man who seemed protected by a charm that made him invincible8 against the greatest odds9. The president, however sore his disappointment, was careful to conceal10 it, while he endeavoured to restore the spirits of his followers12. “They had been too sanguine,” he said, “and it was in this way that Heaven rebuked13 their presumption14. Yet it was but in the usual course of events, that Providence15, when it designed to humble16 the guilty, should allow him to reach as high an elevation17 as possible, that his fall might be the greater!”
But while Gasca thus strove to reassure18 the superstitious19 and the timid, he bent20 his mind, with his usual energy, to repair the injury which the cause had sustained by the defeat at Huarina. He sent a detachment under Alvarado to Lima, to collect such of the royalists as had fled thither21 from the field of battle, and to dismantle22 the ships of their cannon23, and bring them to the camp. Another body was sent to Guamanga, about sixty leagues from Cuzco, for the similar purpose of protecting the fugitives24, and also of preventing the Indian caciques from forwarding supplies to the insurgent25 army in Cuzco. As his own forces now amounted to considerably26 more than any his opponent could bring against him, Gasca determined27 to break up his camp without further delay, and march on the Inca capital 2
2 Gasca, according to Ondegardo, supported his army, during his stay at Xauxa, from the Peruvian granaries in the valley, as he found a quantity of maize28 still remaining in them sufficient for several years’ consumption. It is passing strange that these depositaries should have been so long respected by the hungry Conquerors29. — “Cuando el Senor Presidente Gasca passo con1 la gente de castigo de Gonzalo Pizarro por el Valle de Jauja, estuvo alli siete semanas a lo que me acuerdo, se hallaron en deposito maiz de cuatro y de tres y de dos anos mas de 15,000 hanegas junto31 al camino, e alli comio la gente.” Ondegardo, Rel. Seg., Ms.
Quitting Xauxa, December 29, 1547, he passed through Guamanga, and after a severe march, rendered particularly fatiguing32 by the inclement33 state of the weather and the badness of the roads, he entered the province of Andaguaylas. It was a fair and fruitful country, and since the road beyond would take him into the depths of a gloomy sierra, scarcely passable in the winter snows, Gasca resolved to remain in his present quarters until the severity of the season was mitigated34. As many of the troops had already contracted diseases from exposure to the incessant35 rains, he established a camp hospital; and the good president personally visited the quarters of the sick, ministering to their wants, and winning their hearts by his sympathy. 3
3 Zarate, Conq. del Peru, lib. 7, cap. 4. — Fernandez, Hist. del Peru, Parte 1, lib. 2, cap. 82–85. — Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., Ms. — Cieza de Leon, cap. 90]
Meanwhile, the royal camp was strengthened by the continual arrival of reinforcements; for notwithstanding the shock that was caused throughout the country by the first tidings of Pizarro’s victory, a little reflection convinced the people that the right was the strongest, and must eventually prevail. There came, also, with these levies36, several of the most distinguished37 captains in the country. Centeno, burning to retrieve38 his late disgrace, after recovering from his illness, joined the camp with his followers from Lima. Benalcazar, the conqueror30 of Quito, who, as the reader will remember, had shared in the defeat of Blasco Nunez in the north, came with another detachment; and was soon after followed by Valdivia, the famous conqueror of Chili39, who, having returned to Peru to gather recruits for his expedition, had learned the state of the country, and had thrown himself, without hesitation40, into the same scale with the president, though it brought him into collision with his old friend and comrade, Gonzalo Pizarro. The arrival of this last ally was greeted with general rejoicing by the camp; for Valdivia, schooled in the Italian wars, was esteemed41 the most accomplished42 soldier in Peru; and Gasca complimented him by declaring “he would rather see him than a reinforcement of eight hundred men!” 4
4 At least, so says Valdivia in his letter to the emperor. “I dixo publico que estimara mas mi persona que a los mejores ochocientos hombres de guerra que l pudieran venir aquella hora.” Carta de Valdivia, Ms.]
Besides these warlike auxiliaries43, the president was attended by a train of ecclesiastics44 and civilians45, such as was rarely found in the martial46 fields of Peru. Among them were the bishops47 of Quito, Cuzco, and Lima, the four judges of the new Audience, and a considerable number of churchmen and monkish48 missionaries49. 5 However little they might serve to strengthen his arm in battle, their presence gave authority and something of a sacred character to the cause, which had their effect on the minds of the soldiers.
5 Zarate, Ms.]
The wintry season now began to give way before the mild influence of spring, which makes itself early felt in these tropical, but from their elevation temperate50, regions; and Gasca, after nearly three months’ detention51 in Andaguaylas, mustered52 his levies for the final march upon Cuzco. 6 Their whole number fell little short of two thousand, — the largest European force yet assembled in Peru. Nearly half were provided with fire-arms; and infantry53 was more available than horse in the mountain countries which they were to traverse. But his cavalry54 was also numerous, and he carried with him a train of eleven heavy guns. The equipment and discipline of the troops were good; they were well provided with ammunition55 and military stores; and were led by officers whose names were associated with the most memorable56 achievements in the New World. All who had any real interest in the weal of the country were to be found, in short, under the president’s banner, making a striking contrast to the wild and reckless adventurers who now swelled59 the ranks of Pizarro.
6 Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 90.
The old chronicler, or rather geographer60, Cieza de Leon, was present in the campaign, he tells us; so that his testimony61, always good, becomes for the remaining events of more than usual value]
Gasca, who did not affect a greater knowledge of military affairs than he really possessed62, had given the charge of his forces to Hinojosa, naming the Marshal Alvarado as second in command. Valdivia, who came after these dispositions63 had been made, accepted a colonel’s commission, with the understanding that he was to be consulted and employed in all matters of moment. 7 — Having completed his arrangements, the president broke up his camp in March, 1548, and moved upon Cuzco.
7 Valdivia, indeed, claims to have had the whole command intrusted to him by Gasca “Luego me dio el autoridad toda que traia de parte de V. M. para en los casos ocantes a la guerra, i me encargo todo el exercito, i le puso baxo de mi mano rogando i pidiendo por merced de su parte a todos aquellos caballeros capitanes e gente de guerra, i de la de V. M. mandandoles me obedesciesen en todo lo que les mandase acerca de la guerra, i cumpliesen mis mandamientos como los suyos.” (Carta de Valdivia, Ms.) But other authorities state it, with more probability, as given in the text. Valdivia, it must be confessed, loses nothing from modesty65. The whole of his letter to the emperor is written in a strain of self-glorification, rarely matched even by a Castilian hidalgo.
The first obstacle to his progress was the river Abancay, the bridge over which had been broken down by the enemy. But as there was no force to annoy them on the opposite bank, the army was not long in preparing a new bridge, and throwing it across the stream, which in this place had nothing formidable in its character. The road now struck into the heart of a mountain region, where woods, precipices66, and ravines were mingled68 together in a sort of chaotic69 confusion, with here and there a green and sheltered valley, glittering like an island of verdure amidst the wild breakers of a troubled ocean! The bold peaks of the Andes, rising far above the clouds, were enveloped70 in snow, which descending71 far down their sides, gave a piercing coldness to the winds that swept over their surface, until men and horses were benumbed and stiffened72 under their influence. The roads, in these regions, were in some places so narrow and broken, as to be nearly impracticable for cavalry. The cavaliers were compelled to dismount; and the president, with the rest, performed the journey on foot, so hazardous73, that, even in later times, it has been no uncommon74 thing for the sure-footed mule75 to be precipitated76, with its cargo64 of silver, thousands of feet down the sheer sides of a precipice67. 8
8 Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 91.]
By these impediments of the ground, the march was so retarded77, that the troops seldom accomplished more than two leagues a day. 9 Fortunately, the distance was not great; and the president looked with more apprehension78 to the passage of the Apurimac, which he was now approaching. This river, one of the most formidable tributaries79 of the Amazon, rolls its broad waters through the gorges80 of the Cordilleras, that rise up like an immense rampart of rock on either side, presenting a natural barrier which it would be easy for an enemy to make good against a force much superior to his own. The bridges over this river, as Gasca learned before his departure from Andaguaylas, had been all destroyed by Pizarro. The president, accordingly, had sent to explore the banks of the stream, and determine the most eligible81 spot for reestablishing communications with the opposite side.
9 Ms. de Caravantes 2 L 2]
The place selected was near the Indian village of Cotapampa, about nine leagues from Cuzco; for the river, though rapid and turbulent from being compressed within more narrow limits, was here less than two hundred paces in width; a distance, however, not inconsiderable. Directions had been given to collect materials in large quantities in the neighbourhood of this spot as soon as possible; and at the same time, in order to perplex the enemy and compel him to divide his forces, should he be disposed to resist, materials in smaller quantities were assembled on three other points of the river. The officer stationed in the neighbourhood of Cotapampa was instructed not to begin to lay the bridge, till the arrival of a sufficient force should accelerate the work, and insure its success.
The structure in question, it should be remembered, was one of those suspension bridges formerly82 employed by the Incas, and still used in crossing the deep and turbulent rivers of South America. They are made of osier withes, twisted into enormous cables, which, when stretched across the water, are attached to heavy blocks of masonry83, or, where it will serve, to the natural rock. Planks84 are laid transversely across these cables, and a passage is thus secured, which, notwithstanding the light and fragile appearance of the bridge, as it swings at an elevation sometimes of several hundred feet above the abyss, affords a tolerably safe means of conveyance85 for men, and even for such heavy burdens as artillery86. 10
10 Fernandez, Hist. del Peru, Parte 1, lib. 2, cap. 86, 87. — Zarate, Conq. del Peru, lib. 7, cap. 5. — Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., Ms. — Ms. de Caravantes. — Carta de Valdivia, Ms. — Relacion del Lic. Gasca, Ms.]
Notwithstanding the peremptory87 commands of Gasca, the officer intrusted with collecting the materials for the bridge was so anxious to have the honor of completing the work himself, that he commenced it at once. The president, greatly displeased88 at learning this, quickened his march, in order to cover the work with his whole force. But, while toiling89 through the mountain labyrinth90, tidings were brought him that a party of the enemy had demolished91 the small portion of the bridge already made, by cutting the cables on the opposite bank. Valdivia, accordingly, hastened forward at the head of two hundred arquebusiers, while the main body of the army followed with as much speed as practicable.
That officer, on reaching the spot, found that the interruption had been caused by a small party of Pizarro’s followers, not exceeding twenty in number assisted by a stronger body of Indians. He at once caused balsas, broad and clumsy barks, or rather rafts, of the country, to be provided, and by this means passed his men over, without opposition92 to the other side of the river. The enemy, disconcerted by the arrival of such a force, retreated and made the best of their way to report the affair to their commander at Cuzco. Meanwhile, Valdivia, who saw the importance of every moment in the present crisis, pushed forward the work with the greatest vigor93. Through all that night his weary troops continued the labor94, which was already well advanced, when the president and his battalions95, emerging from the passes of the Cordilleras, presented themselves at sunrise on the opposite bank.
Little time was given for repose96, as all felt assured that the success of their enterprise hung on the short respite97 now given them by the improvident98 enemy. The president, with his principal officers, took part in the labor with the common soldiers; 11 and before ten o’clock in the evening, Gasca had the satisfaction to see the bridge so well secured, that the leading files of the army, unencumbered by their baggage, might venture to cross it. A short time sufficed to place several hundred men on the other bank. But here a new difficulty, not less formidable than that of the river, presented itself to the troops. The ground rose up with an abrupt99, almost precipitous, swell58 from the river-side, till, in the highest peaks, it reached an elevation of several thousand feet. This steep ascent100, though not to its full height, indeed, was now to be surmounted101. The difficulties of the ground, broken up into fearful chasms102 and water-courses, and tangled103 with thickets104, were greatly increased by the darkness of the night; and the soldiers, as they toiled105 slowly upward, were filled with apprehension, akin57 to fear, from the uncertainty whether each successive step might not bring them into an ambuscade, for which the ground was so favorable. More than once, the Spaniards were thrown into a panic by false reports that the enemy were upon them. But Hinojosa and Valdivia were at hand to rally their men, and cheer them on, until, at length, before dawn broke, the bold cavaliers and their followers placed themselves on the highest point traversed by the road, where they waited the arrival of the president. This was not long delayed; and in the course of the following morning, the royalists were already in sufficient strength to bid defiance106 to their enemy.
11 “La gente que estaua, de la vna parte y de la otra, todos tirauan y trabajauan al poner, y apretar de las Criznejas: sin que el Presidente ni Obispos, ni otra persona quisiesse tener preuilegio para dexar de trabajar.” Fernandez, Hist. del Peru, Parte 1, lib. 2, cap. 87.
The passage of the river had been effected with less loss than might have been expected, considering the darkness of the night, and the numbers that crowded over the aerial causeway. Some few, indeed, fell into the water, and were drowned; and more than sixty horses, in the attempt to swim them across the river, were hurried down the current, and dashed against the rocks below. 12 It still required time to bring up the heavy train of ordnance107 and the military wagons108; and the president encamped on the strong ground which he now occupied, to await their arrival, and to breathe his troops after their extraordinary efforts. In these quarters we must leave him, to acquaint the reader with the state of things in the insurgent army, and with the cause of its strange remissness109 in guarding the passes of the Apurimac. 13
12 “Aquel dia pasaron mas de quatrocientos Hombres, Ilevando los Caballos a nado, encima de illos atadas sus armas, i arcabuces, caso que se perdieron mas de sesenta Caballos, que con la corriente grande se desataron, i luego daban en vnas penas, donde se hacian pedacos, sin darles lugar el impetu del rio, a que pudiesen nadar.” Zarate, Conq. del Peru, lib. 7, cap. 5. — Gomara, Hist. de las Indias, cap. 184.]
13 Ibid., ubi supra. — Fernandez Hist del Peru, Parte 1, lib. 2, cap. 87. — Zarate, Conq. del Peru, lib. 7, cap. 5. — Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., Ms. — Ms. de Caravantes. — Carta de Valdivia, Ms. — Cieza de Leon, Cronica, cap. 91. — Relacion del Lic. Gasca, Ms.
From the time of Pizarro’s occupation of Cuzco, he had lived in careless luxury in the midst of his followers, like a soldier of fortune in the hour of prosperity; enjoying the present, with as little concern for the future as if the crown of Peru were already fixed110 irrevocably upon his head. It was otherwise with Carbajal. He looked on the victory at Huarina as the commencement, not the close, of the struggle for empire; and he was indefatigable111 in placing his troops in the best condition for maintaining their present advantage. At the first streak112 of dawn, the veteran might be seen mounted on his mule, with the garb113 and air of a common soldier, riding about in the different quarters of the capital, sometimes superintending the manufacture of arms, or providing military stores, and sometimes drilling his men, for he was most careful always to maintain the strictest discipline. 14 His restless spirit seemed to find no pleasure but in incessant action; living, as he had always done, in the turmoil114 of military adventure, he had no relish115 for any thing unconnected with war, and in the city saw only the materials for a well-organized camp.
14 “Andaua siempre en vna mula crescida de color entre pardo y bermejo, yo no le vi en otra caualgadura en todo el tiempo que estuuo en el Cozco antes de la batalla de Sacsahuana. Era tan contino y diligete en solicitar lo que a su exercito conuenia, que a todas horas del dia y de la roche le topauan sus soldados haziendo su oficio, y los agenos.” Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte 1, lib. 5 cap. 27.]
With these feelings, he was much dissatisfied at the course taken by his younger leader, who now professed116 his intention to abide117 where he was, and, when the enemy advanced, to give him battle. Carbajal advised a very different policy. He had not that full confidence, it would seem, in the loyalty118 of Pizarro’s partisans119, at least, not of those who had once followed the banner of Centeno. These men some three hundred in number, had been in a manner compelled to take service under Pizarro. They showed no heartiness120 in the cause, and the veteran strongly urged his commander to disband them at once; since it was far better to go to battle with a few faithful followers than with a host of the false and faint-hearted.
But Carbajal thought, also, that his leader was not sufficiently121 strong in numbers to encounter his opponent, supported as he was by the best captains of Peru. He advised, accordingly, that he should abandon Cuzco, carrying off all the treasure, provisions, and stores of every kind from the city, which might, in any way, serve the necessities of the royalists. The latter, on their arrival, disappointed by the poverty of a place where they had expected to find so much booty, would become disgusted with the service. Pizzaro, meanwhile, might take refuge with his men in the neighbouring fastnesses, where, familiar with the ground, it would be easy to elude122 the enemy; and if the latter persevered123 in the pursuit, with numbers diminished by desertion, it would not be difficult in the mountain passes to find an opportunity for assailing124 him at advantage. — Such was the wary125 counsel of the old warrior126. But it was not to the taste of his fiery127 commander, who preferred to risk the chances of a battle, rather than turn his back on a foe128.
Neither did Pizarro show more favor to a proposition, said to have been made by the Licentiate Cepeda, — that he should avail himself of his late success to enter into negotiations129 with Gasca. Such advice, from the man who had so recently resisted all overtures130 of the president, could only have proceeded from a conviction, that the late victory placed Pizarro on a vantage-ground for demanding terms far better than would have been before conceded to him. It may be that subsequent experience had also led him to distrust the fidelity131 of Gonzalo’s followers, or, possibly, the capacity of their chief to conduct them through the present crisis. Whatever may have been the motives132 of the slippery counsellor, Pizarro gave little heed133 to the suggestion, and even showed some resentment134, as the matter was pressed on him. In every contest, with Indian or European, whatever had been the odds, he had come off victorious135. He was not now for the first time to despond; and he resolved to remain in Cuzco, and hazard all on the chances of a battle. There was something in the hazard itself captivating to his bold and chivalrous136 temper. In this, too, he was confirmed by some of the cavaliers who had followed him through all his fortunes; reckless young adventurers, who, like himself, would rather risk all on a single throw of the dice137, than adopt the cautious, and, as it seemed to them, timid, policy of graver counsellors. It was by such advisers138, then, that Pizarro’s future course was to be shaped. 15
15 Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte 2, lib. 5, cap. 27. — Gomara, Hist. de las Indias, cap. 182. — Fernandez, Hist. del Peru, Parte 1, lib. 2, cap. 88.
“Finalmente, Goncalo Pizarro dixo que queria prouar su ventura: pues siempre auia sido vencedor, y lamas vencido.” Ibid., ubi supra.
Such was the state of affairs in Cuzco, when Pizarro’s soldiers returned with the tidings, that a detachment of the enemy had crossed the Apurimac, and were busy in reestablishing the bridge. Carbajal saw at once the absolute necessity of maintaining this pass. “It is my affair,” he said; “I claim to be employed on this service. Give me but a hundred picked men, and I will engage to defend the pass against an army, and bring back the chaplain — the name by which the president was known in the rebel camp — a prisoner to Cuzco.” 16 “I cannot spare you, father,” said Gonzalo, addressing him by this affectionate epithet139, which he usually applied140 to his aged141 follower11, 17 “I cannot spare you so far from my own person”; and he gave the commission to Juan de Acosta, a young cavalier warmly attached to his commander, and who had given undoubted evidence of his valor142 on more than one occasion, but who, as the event proved, was signally deficient143 in the qualities demanded for so critical an undertaking144 as the present. Acosta, accordingly, was placed at the head of two hundred mounted musketeers, and, after much wholesome145 counsel from Carbajal, set out on his expedition.
16 “Paresceme vuestra Senoria se vaya a la vuelta del Collao y me deje cien hombres, los que yo escojiere, que yo me ire a vista146 deste capellan, que ansi llamaba el al presidente.” Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., Ms.]
17 Garcilasso, Com. Real., Parte 2, lib. 5, cap. 31
But he soon forgot the veteran’s advice, and moved at so dull a pace over the difficult roads, that, although the distance was not more than nine leagues, he found, on his arrival, the bridge completed, and so large a body of the enemy already crossed, that he was in no strength to attack them. Acosta did, indeed, meditate147 an ambuscade by night; but the design was betrayed by a deserter, and he contented148 himself with retreating to a safe distance, and sending for a further reinforcement from Cuzco. Three hundred men were promptly149 detached to his support; but when they arrived, the enemy was already planted in full force on the crest150 of the eminence151. The golden opportunity was irrecoverably lost; and the disconsolate152 cavalier rode back in all haste to report the failure of his enterprise to his commander in Cuzco. 18
18 Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., Ms. — Fernandez, Hist. del Peru, Parte 1, lib. 2, cap. 88.
Zarate, Conq. del Peru, lib. 7, cap. 5. — Carta de Valdivia, Ms. Valdivia’s letter to the emperor, dated at Concepcion, was written about two years after the events above recorded. It is chiefly taken up with his Chilian conquests, to which his campaign under Gasca, on his visit to Peru, forms a kind of brilliant episode. This letter, the original of which is preserved in Simancas, covers about seventy folio pages in the copy belonging to me. It is one of that class of historical documents, consisting of the despatches and correspondence of the colonial governors, which, from the minuteness of the details and the means of information possessed by the writers, are of the highest worth. The despatches addressed to the Court, particularly, may compare with the celebrated153 Relazioni made by the Venetian ambassadors to their republic, and now happily in the course of publication, at Florence, under the editorial auspices154 of the learned Alberi.]
收听单词发音 |
1
con
|
|
| n.反对的观点，反对者，反对票，肺病；vt.精读，学习，默记；adv.反对地，从反面；adj.欺诈的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
rout
|
|
| n.溃退，溃败；v.击溃，打垮 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
discomfiture
|
|
| n.崩溃；大败；挫败；困惑 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
scattered
|
|
| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
apparition
|
|
| n.幽灵，神奇的现象 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
uncertainty
|
|
| n.易变，靠不住，不确知，不确定的事物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
consternation
|
|
| n.大为吃惊，惊骇 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
invincible
|
|
| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
odds
|
|
| n.让步，机率，可能性，比率；胜败优劣之别 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
conceal
|
|
| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
follower
|
|
| n.跟随者；随员；门徒；信徒 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
followers
|
|
| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
rebuked
|
|
| 责难或指责( rebuke的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
presumption
|
|
| n.推测，可能性，冒昧，放肆，[法律]推定 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
providence
|
|
| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
humble
|
|
| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
elevation
|
|
| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
reassure
|
|
| v.使放心，使消除疑虑 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
superstitious
|
|
| adj.迷信的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
bent
|
|
| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
thither
|
|
| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
dismantle
|
|
| vt.拆开，拆卸；废除，取消 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
cannon
|
|
| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
fugitives
|
|
| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
insurgent
|
|
| adj.叛乱的，起事的；n.叛乱分子 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
26
considerably
|
|
| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
determined
|
|
| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
28
maize
|
|
| n.玉米 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
conquerors
|
|
| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
conqueror
|
|
| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
31
junto
|
|
| n.秘密结社；私党 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
32
fatiguing
|
|
| a.使人劳累的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
33
inclement
|
|
| adj.严酷的，严厉的，恶劣的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
34
mitigated
|
|
| v.减轻，缓和( mitigate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
35
incessant
|
|
| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
36
levies
|
|
| （部队）征兵( levy的名词复数 )； 募捐； 被征募的军队 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
37
distinguished
|
|
| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
38
retrieve
|
|
| vt.重新得到，收回；挽回，补救；检索 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
39
chili
|
|
| n.辣椒 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
40
hesitation
|
|
| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
41
esteemed
|
|
| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
42
accomplished
|
|
| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
43
auxiliaries
|
|
| n.助动词 ( auxiliary的名词复数 )；辅助工，辅助人员 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
44
ecclesiastics
|
|
| n.神职者，教会，牧师( ecclesiastic的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
45
civilians
|
|
| 平民，百姓( civilian的名词复数 )； 老百姓 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
46
martial
|
|
| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
47
bishops
|
|
| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
48
monkish
|
|
| adj.僧侣的，修道士的，禁欲的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
49
missionaries
|
|
| n.传教士( missionary的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
50
temperate
|
|
| adj.温和的，温带的，自我克制的，不过分的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
51
detention
|
|
| n.滞留，停留；拘留，扣留；(教育)留下 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
52
mustered
|
|
| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
53
infantry
|
|
| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
54
cavalry
|
|
| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
55
ammunition
|
|
| n.军火，弹药 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
56
memorable
|
|
| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
57
akin
|
|
| adj.同族的，类似的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
58
swell
|
|
| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
59
swelled
|
|
| 增强( swell的过去式和过去分词 )； 肿胀； （使）凸出； 充满（激情） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
60
geographer
|
|
| n.地理学者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
61
testimony
|
|
| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
62
possessed
|
|
| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
63
dispositions
|
|
| 安排( disposition的名词复数 )； 倾向； （财产、金钱的）处置； 气质 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
64
cargo
|
|
| n.(一只船或一架飞机运载的)货物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
65
modesty
|
|
| n.谦逊，虚心，端庄，稳重，羞怯，朴素 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
66
precipices
|
|
| n.悬崖，峭壁( precipice的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
67
precipice
|
|
| n.悬崖，危急的处境 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
68
mingled
|
|
| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
69
chaotic
|
|
| adj.混沌的，一片混乱的，一团糟的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
70
enveloped
|
|
| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
71
descending
|
|
| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
72
stiffened
|
|
| 加强的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
73
hazardous
|
|
| adj.(有)危险的，冒险的；碰运气的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
74
uncommon
|
|
| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
75
mule
|
|
| n.骡子，杂种，执拗的人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
76
precipitated
|
|
| v.（突如其来地）使发生( precipitate的过去式和过去分词 )；促成；猛然摔下；使沉淀 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
77
retarded
|
|
| a.智力迟钝的，智力发育迟缓的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
78
apprehension
|
|
| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
79
tributaries
|
|
| n. 支流 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
80
gorges
|
|
| n.山峡，峡谷( gorge的名词复数 )；咽喉v.（用食物把自己）塞饱，填饱( gorge的第三人称单数 )；作呕 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
81
eligible
|
|
| adj.有条件被选中的；(尤指婚姻等)合适(意)的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
82
formerly
|
|
| adv.从前，以前 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
83
masonry
|
|
| n.砖土建筑；砖石 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
84
planks
|
|
| （厚）木板( plank的名词复数 )； 政纲条目，政策要点 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
85
conveyance
|
|
| n.(不动产等的)转让，让与；转让证书；传送；运送；表达；（正）运输工具 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
86
artillery
|
|
| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
87
peremptory
|
|
| adj.紧急的，专横的，断然的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
88
displeased
|
|
| a.不快的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
89
toiling
|
|
| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的现在分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
90
labyrinth
|
|
| n.迷宫；难解的事物；迷路 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
91
demolished
|
|
| v.摧毁( demolish的过去式和过去分词 )；推翻；拆毁（尤指大建筑物）；吃光 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
92
opposition
|
|
| n.反对，敌对 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
93
vigor
|
|
| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
94
labor
|
|
| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
95
battalions
|
|
| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
96
repose
|
|
| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
97
respite
|
|
| n.休息，中止，暂缓 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
98
improvident
|
|
| adj.不顾将来的，不节俭的，无远见的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
99
abrupt
|
|
| adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
100
ascent
|
|
| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
101
surmounted
|
|
| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
102
chasms
|
|
| 裂缝( chasm的名词复数 )； 裂口； 分歧； 差别 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
103
tangled
|
|
| adj. 纠缠的，紊乱的 动词tangle的过去式和过去分词 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
104
thickets
|
|
| n.灌木丛( thicket的名词复数 )；丛状物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
105
toiled
|
|
| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的过去式和过去分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
106
defiance
|
|
| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
107
ordnance
|
|
| n.大炮，军械 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
108
wagons
|
|
| n.四轮的运货马车( wagon的名词复数 )；铁路货车；小手推车 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
109
remissness
|
|
| n.玩忽职守；马虎；怠慢；不小心 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
110
fixed
|
|
| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
111
indefatigable
|
|
| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
112
streak
|
|
| n.条理，斑纹，倾向，少许，痕迹；v.加条纹，变成条纹，奔驰，快速移动 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
113
garb
|
|
| n.服装，装束 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
114
turmoil
|
|
| n.骚乱，混乱，动乱 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
115
relish
|
|
| n.滋味，享受，爱好，调味品；vt.加调味料，享受，品味；vi.有滋味 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
116
professed
|
|
| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
117
abide
|
|
| vi.遵守；坚持；vt.忍受 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
118
loyalty
|
|
| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
119
partisans
|
|
| 游击队员( partisan的名词复数 )； 党人； 党羽； 帮伙 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
120
heartiness
|
|
| 诚实，热心 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
121
sufficiently
|
|
| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
122
elude
|
|
| v.躲避，困惑 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
123
persevered
|
|
| v.坚忍，坚持( persevere的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
124
assailing
|
|
| v.攻击( assail的现在分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
125
wary
|
|
| adj.谨慎的，机警的，小心的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
126
warrior
|
|
| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
127
fiery
|
|
| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
128
foe
|
|
| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
129
negotiations
|
|
| 协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
130
overtures
|
|
| n.主动的表示，提议；（向某人做出的）友好表示、姿态或提议( overture的名词复数 )；（歌剧、芭蕾舞、音乐剧等的）序曲，前奏曲 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
131
fidelity
|
|
| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
132
motives
|
|
| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
133
heed
|
|
| v.注意，留意；n.注意，留心 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
134
resentment
|
|
| n.怨愤，忿恨 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
135
victorious
|
|
| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
136
chivalrous
|
|
| adj.武士精神的；对女人彬彬有礼的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
137
dice
|
|
| n.骰子；vt.把（食物）切成小方块，冒险 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
138
advisers
|
|
| 顾问，劝告者( adviser的名词复数 )； （指导大学新生学科问题等的）指导教授 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
139
epithet
|
|
| n.（用于褒贬人物等的）表述形容词，修饰语 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
140
applied
|
|
| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
141
aged
|
|
| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
142
valor
|
|
| n.勇气，英勇 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
143
deficient
|
|
| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
144
undertaking
|
|
| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
145
wholesome
|
|
| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
146
vista
|
|
| n.远景，深景，展望，回想 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
147
meditate
|
|
| v.想，考虑，（尤指宗教上的）沉思，冥想 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
148
contented
|
|
| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
149
promptly
|
|
| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
150
crest
|
|
| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
151
eminence
|
|
| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
152
disconsolate
|
|
| adj.忧郁的，不快的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
153
celebrated
|
|
| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
154
auspices
|
|
| n.资助，赞助 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
| 欢迎访问英文小说网 |